Response of apple trees to fertigation-induced soil acidification

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
P. Parchomchuk ◽  
E. J. Hogue ◽  
W. D. Wolk ◽  
O. L. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
First Year ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Basic Cation ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Tree Vigour

Summerland McIntosh apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.)on M.9 rootstock were fertigated for the first 3 yr after planting with all combinations of two rates of N (23.5 and 47.0 g tree−1) and three rates of P (0, 17.5 and 35 g tree−1). During this period, soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) beneath and near the drip emitters declined from 5.8 to < 4.0. Rate of fertigated N had few measurable effects on the trees. In contrast, fertigated P increased first-year tree vigour, second-year tree yield, and sometimes leaf Ca and Mg and leaf and fruit P concentrations. None of these nutrient concentrations were near critical values. Fertigated P also decreased leaf concentrations of K and Cu, which reached deficiency after 3 yr, and did not ameliorate the decline in tree vigour attributed to soil acidification. Increased Mn concentration in leaves was the most distinctive plant indicator of soil acidification, while decreased leaf K was the most important basic cation affected. Fruit Ca was not affected by the decrease in soil Ca availability. Key words: Vigour, yield, fruit Ca, leaf K, Mn and Cu

MANGANESE SOIL TESTS FOR BOTH DEFICIENT AND TOXIC LEVELS IN APPLE ORCHARDS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. NEILSEN ◽  
P. B. Hoyt ◽  
B. G. DROUGHT ◽  
G. H. NEILSEN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Key Words Manganese ◽  
Mn Concentration ◽  
Extractable Soil ◽  
Mn Concentrations

Soil pH and Mn extracted by 1.0 M NH4OAc (pH 7.0), 0.02 M CaCl2, 0.25 M MgCl2, 0.03 M H3PO4, DTPA and HF/HC1 (total Mn) from two soil depths (0–15 cm, 15–30 cm) were compared to leaf Mn concentrations of Delicious apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) from 34 Okanagan Valley orchards. Leaf Mn concentrations ranged from deficient (below 25 μg g−1) to toxic (above 60 μg g−1). For all orchards (pH 3.5–8.4), leaf Mn concentration varied directly with soil Mn extracted from 15–30 cm depth by all extractants except HF/HCl (total Mn) and 0.03 M H3PO4, and inversely with pH at both depths. For soils with pH > 6.5, DTPA and 0.25 M MgCl2 extractable soil Mn (15–30 cm depth) was most closely related to leaf Mn concentration, whereas for soils with pH < 6.5, pH (15–30 cm depth) was the best indicator of Mn availability. Thus soil tests for Mn availability to apple trees may not perform equally well in toxic and deficient situations. Key words: Manganese, soil test, apple trees, Malus domestica Borkh

Effects of drip fertigation of NH4-N and P on soil pH and cation leaching

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Parchomchuk ◽  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Cation Leaching ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Drip Fertigation

Mixtures of ammonium nitrate and ammonium polyphosphate fertilizers were used to drip fertigate Summerland McIntosh apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown on M.9 rootstocks in gravelly sandy loam. Levels of N corresponding to 25 and 50% of the recommended broadcast rate (23.5 and 47.0 g tree−1, respectively) and three levels of P (0, 17.5 and 35.0 g tree−1) were applied in a factorial randomized complete block design. Soil acidification began within 1 yr in a zone extending approximately 60 cm vertically and horizontally from the drip source. Acidification was most severe at 20–30 cm directly beneath the emitter where the soil pH decreased from 5.8 to 4.5 after 1 yr and to 3.7 after three seasons of fertigation. Rate and magnitude of pH decline were equal for both rates of N and acidification was not enhanced by the simultaneous addition of P. Calcium, Mg and K were leached to the periphery of the acidified zone. The rapid displacement of K may be of concern, particularly when NH4 forms of N are drip-fertigated in coarse-textured soils with marginal K levels. Key words: Fertigation, soil acidification, cation leaching, nitrogen fertilizer

scholarly journals Efficacy of Fungicide Treatments for Control of Anthracnose Canker in Young Cider Apple Trees in Western Washington

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Whitney J. Garton ◽  
Mark Mazzola ◽  
Travis R. Alexander ◽  
Carol A. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
First Year ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Maritime Climate ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Treatment Application

Anthracnose canker, caused by Neofabraea malicorticis, threatens the sustainability of cider apple (Malus ×domestica) production in the maritime climate of western Washington. In the short-term, the disease reduces overall orchard productivity and in the long-term it reduces an orchard’s economic life span. The disease is difficult to manage using cultural practices, and information on fungicide efficacy is limited and contradictory. To address this situation, a 2-year study was conducted to evaluate efficacy of zinc (4.49 lb/acre), basic copper sulfate (2.49 lb/acre), captan (2.94 lb/acre), thiophanate-methyl (0.69 lb/acre), pyraclostrobin plus boscalid (0.38 lb/acre), and combinations of these fungicides to manage anthracnose canker infection in young cider apple trees cultivated in a maritime climate. Trees used in the first year of the study (2016) were found to be infected by anthracnose canker on receipt, so the first year was a measure of disease control and the second year (2017) was a measure of disease prevention. In 2016, when fungicide treatments were applied every 3 weeks from March through October, none of the treatments evaluated inhibited the development of new infections or the expansion of existing cankers (77% increase in canker size on average for all treatments). In 2017, when fungicide treatments were applied every 3 weeks from February through April, two to three new cankers were observed 3 weeks after final treatment application for all treatments. Results from this study demonstrate that the current fungicides recommended for control of anthracnose canker are not reliably effective in the orchard environment of northwest Washington. Future studies should assess the fungicides evaluated in this study applied in rotation with additional systemic fungicides.

The phosphorus nutrition of the apple tree. III. Influence of phosphate timing treatments on the performance of Jonathan/MM.104 apple trees in two years

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1115
Author(s):  
BK Taylor ◽  
DG Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
First Year ◽  
P Nutrition ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
P Content ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Bench grafted JonathanlMM104 apple trees were grown in perlite culture in a glasshouse for up to 2 years and the effects of adding � phosphate (PO or P50 ppm nutrient solutions) in spring, summer, autumn, or during the second growing season were determined. Phosphate timing treatments produced marked differences in tree performance and P uptake. Thus, spring P significantly increased the growth of tree tops, the top/root ratio, P uptake and flowering in the second year. Summer P increased the growth of tree tops, the top/root ratio and P uptake, while autumn P increased P uptake but not tree growth in the first year. Strong carryover effects were note for all first year P treatments on the growth and P content of the trees in the second year consistent with the mobilization of P reserves. Significant interaction effects between treatments were found and P uptake in a given period was influenced by the P treatment given in the previous period. Thus, P uptake and the tree growth response were greater in P stressed trees than in high P trees. All times of application of P were effective in increasing the P status of tree parts including leaves and fruit. Tree P content at the end of the second year was dependent upon both residual and current year P treatments. These findings are briefly discussed in relation to earlier published work on the P nutrition of apple trees and also in relation to their significance to apple growers.

Comparison of white clover and mixed sodgrass as orchard floor vegetation

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Key Words Apple ◽  
Tree Vigour ◽  
Leaf N

Spartan apple trees on M•26 (Malus domestica Borkh.) rootstock, planted in 1983, were grown for 8 yr (1985–1992) at 60 and 180 kg N ha−1 yr−1 with five orchard floor vegetation management treatments. A white clover cover over the whole orchard floor increased leaf N concentration relative to complete sod cover, but had negative effects on tree vigour and yield. Maximum vigour and yield occurred when in-row weed competition was controlled in a 1.5-m-strip, regardless of orchard floor vegetation beyond the strip. Key words: Apple, leaf N, orchard floor vegetation management, vigour, yield

Effects of environmental variables on the competition between inoculum strains and naturalized populations of Rhizobium trifolii for nodulation of Trifolium subterraneum L. and on rhizobia persistence in the soil

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Brockwell ◽  
RR Gault ◽  
M Zorin ◽  
MJ Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
First Year ◽  
Rhizobium Trifolii ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Second Year

Experiments were conducted at six field sites in south-eastern Australia with three cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum L, inoculated with diverse strains of Rhizobium trifolii. The various locations provided different edaphic and climatic conditions for plant growth, and naturalized populations of R. trifolii provided competition in forming nodules for the inoculum strains. Success of the inocula in forming nodules in the first year was used as an index of competitiveness, and success in the second year as an index of persistence. Inoculum strains formed a majority of nodules in the first year but fewer in the second. Inocula generally persisted better at those sites which had smaller populations of naturalized rhizobia. Competitiveness and persistence did not appear to be related characteristics, although some strains were superior to others especially in terms of persistence. Values for strain persistence tended to be similar at locations where the Mt Barker cultivar was grown, indicating an effect of host on the expression of this character. Significant effects of soil texture, soil pH, or growth temperature (individually) on the relative competitiveness and persistence of the inoculum strains could not be measured, although the cumulative effects of these (and other) environmental variables may have been substantial. The inoculum strains could be assembled into groups according to strong relationships of nodulating performance at each harvest. Within these distinct groups, the nodulation behaviour of the strains relative to each other remained approximately constant, irrespective of the absolute levels of competitiveness or persistence, the location of the experiment, or the year of the harvest.

scholarly journals Mulch and Fertilizer Management Practices for Organic Production of Highbush Blueberry. II. Impact on Plant and Soil Nutrients during Establishment

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1484-1495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Handell Larco ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
David R. Bryla ◽  
Dan M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
First Year ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Feather Meal ◽  
Leaf Nutrients ◽  
Second Year

A systems trial was established in Oct. 2006 to evaluate management practices for organic production of northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The practices included: flat and raised planting beds; feather meal and fish emulsion fertilizer each applied at rates of 29 and 57 kg·ha−1 nitrogen (N); sawdust mulch, compost topped with sawdust mulch (compost + sawdust), or weed mat; and two cultivars, Duke and Liberty. Each treatment was irrigated by drip and weeds were controlled as needed. The planting was certified organic in 2008. Bed type affected most leaf nutrients measured in one or both cultivars during the first year after planting, including N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), but had less of an effect on leaf nutrients and no effect on soil pH, organic matter, or soil nutrients measured the next year. Feather meal contained 12 times more Ca and seven times more B than fish emulsion and resulted in higher levels of soil Ca and soil and leaf B in both cultivars, whereas fish emulsion contained three times more P, 100 times more K, and 60 times more copper (Cu) and resulted in higher levels of soil P, K, and Cu as well as a higher level of leaf P and K. Fish emulsion also reduced soil pH. Compost + sawdust mulch increased soil pH and organic matter and resulted in higher levels of soil nitrate-N (NO3-N), P, K, Ca, B, Cu, and Zn than sawdust alone and increased leaf K and B. Weed mat, in contrast, resulted in the lowest soil pH and increased soil ammonium-N (NH4-N). Weed mat also reduced soil Ca and Mg, but its effects on leaf nutrients were variable. Leaf Ca, Mg, and B were below levels recommended for blueberry the first year after planting when plants were fertilized with fish emulsion, whereas leaf N was low or deficient on average in the second year when plants were fertilized with feather meal. Leaf B was also low the second year in all treatments, and leaf Cu was marginally low. Leaf K, conversely, increased from the previous year and was becoming marginally high with fish emulsion. Fish emulsion, weed mat, and compost were generally the most favorable practices in terms of plant and soil nutrition. However, given the impact of each on soil pH and/or plant and soil K, further investigation is needed to determine whether these practices are sustainable over the long term for both conventional and organic production of highbush blueberry.

Nutrient problems in sown pasture on an acid soil. 3. Thermal phosphates

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (110) ◽  
pp. 318
Author(s):  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
First Year ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Second Year

Two thermal silico-phosphates, Rhenania phoshate and Mitsui phosphate, were compared with superphosphate, in the presence and absence of lime, as phosphate fertilizers for an infertile acid soil. The field evidence suggested that silico-phosphates, up to rates supplying 193 kg P ha-1, can be as effective as the lime-superphosphate combination. The combination, supplying 386 kg P ha-1 yielded 4.9 and 8.0 t dry matter ha-1 in the first and second years respectively. Rhenania and Mitsui phosphates, each supplying 193 kg P ha-1, respectively yielded 3.1 and 2.8 t ha-1 in the first year and 4.4 and 5.2 t ha-1 in the second year. There was no evidence that thermal phosphates were superior to the limesuperphosphate combination. All three phosphates had a good residual value in the field. Lime-superphosphate, lime-silicate, and Rhenania phosphate dressings increased soil pH and reduced titratable soil acidity, which in this case was principally exchangeable aluminium. Supplying calcium and raising soil pH appeared to be more important effects of these fertilizers than the effect of their silicate content, though there was some evidence of a positive interaction between the effects of calcium and pH, and the effect of the silicate. Plant growth increased the titratable acidity in proportion to the growth made and the evidence was consistent with the formation of an aluminium-phosphorus complex providing an important source of phosphorus. The role of such a complex in the heavy phosphate applications required and the good residual value of these dressings are-discussed.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Possibilities of Using Cross-Linked Polyacrylamide (Agro Hydrogel) and Preparations with Biostimulation in Building the Quality Potential of Newly Planted Apple Trees

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kapłan ◽  
Agnieszka Lenart ◽  
Kamila Klimek ◽  
Andrzej Borowy ◽  
Dariusz Wrona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
First Year ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Second Year ◽  
One Year ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Positive Effect

The research was carried out in a commercial apple orchard in southeastern Poland. The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of fertilizer with biostimulation and humic acids with algae extracts and agrogel on the reception and growth of newly planted maiden apple trees of the ‘Gala Must’ variety. One-year-old budwoods were planted annually on the site where fruit trees had grown for 20 years. For the purpose of the experiment, old trees were grubbed up every year in autumn. The experiment assessed the growth and quality of apple trees in the fall of the first year after planting them permanently using a biostimulator in the form of fertilizer and agrogel. On the basis of 3-year studies, it was shown that the application of the assessed preparations had a positive effect on the quality parameters of the trees. The experiment showed the positive effect of the preparation with biostimulation on the best growth and quality parameters every year, which was confirmed by the multidimensional cluster analysis. The fact that the use of agrogel significantly modified the height of the evaluated apple trees in the second year of the study, when lower amounts of rainfall were recorded, is particularly noteworthy.

An inevitable crisis? From first to second year in counsellor training

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-89
Author(s):  
Hugh Crago
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
First Year ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Counsellor Training ◽  
Student Dropout ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
And Control

In a seminal 1973 paper, Robert Clark described the very different “cultures” of the first and second year students in a four year clinical psychology PhD programme. The author applies Clark’s template to his own experiences as trainee or trainer in five different counsellor education programmes, one in the US and four in Australia. Each of the programmes, to varying degrees, demonstrates key features of the pattern identified by Clark, where the first year is “therapeutic” and other-oriented, the second is “professional” and self-focused. The author concludes that all the surveyed programmes exhibited some level of “second year crisis”, in which a significant number of students felt abandoned, dissatisfied, or rebellious. The author extends and refines Clark’s developmental analogy (first year = childhood; second year = adolescence) to reflect recent neurological research, in particular, the shift from a right hemisphere-dominant first year of life, prioritising affiliative needs, to a left hemisphere-dominant second year, prioritising autonomy and control. This shift is paralleled later by a more gradual move from a protective, supportive childhood to necessary, but sometimes conflictual, individuation in adolescence. The first two years of a counsellor training programme broadly echo this process, a process exacerbated by the second year internship/placement, in which students must “leave home” and adjust to unfamiliar, potentially less nurturing, authority figures. Finally, the author suggests introducing more rigorous “academic holding” into the first year, and greater attention to “therapeutic holding” of dissident students in the second, hopefully decreasing student dropout, and achieving a better balanced training experience.

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