Long-term effects of preplant liming on apple trees and soil cation levels

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-549
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue ◽  
P. B. Hoyt
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Key Words Apple

Nine years after liming a sandy loam orchard soil to pH 6.0 with calcium hydroxide or dolomitic lime, pH and extractable Ca and Mg were still higher where limed than where unlimed. However, pH had decreased below 5.0 in the limed and N-fertilized plots. Delicious (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple tree nutrition benefited from the two soil amendments. Leaf Mg was increased by dolomite. Leaf Ca was increased by calcium hydroxide. Leaf Mn, although highest in unlimed soils, increased over time for both limed and unlimed soil. Key words: Apple, lime application, reacidification

Long-term effects of lime application on soil acidity and crop yields on a red soil in Central Zhejiang

2004 ◽  
Vol 265 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Cifu ◽  
Lu Xiaonan ◽  
Cao Zhihong ◽  
Hu Zhengyi ◽  
Ma Wanzhu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Red Soil ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Lime Application

scholarly journals The Long-term Effects of Instruction on EFL Learners' Use of Complaining Formulas

10.29007/5xsb ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Martínez-Flor ◽  
Esther Usó-Juan
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Foreign Language Learners ◽  
Over Time

Studies analysing the positive role of pragmatic instruction in formal settings have increased over the last decades. Within this area of interventional pragmatics, some studies have particularly examined whether the effectiveness of the instruction implemented is sustained over time. In order to shed more light on the long-term effects of instruction, this research investigates English as a Foreign Language learners’ use of complaining formulas not only after immediately receiving instruction, but also two months later. Results show that learners keep using a variety of appropriate complaining formulas two months after having participated in the instructional period. These findings are discussed and directions for future research suggested.

China's Economic Growth and Innovation in Globalization

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Bryan Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the potential long-term effects of contemporary globalization on the Chinese economy and innovation in an era of global hypercompetition. Globalization today is basically accepted as the process that removes geographical boundaries and enables the economic integration and interdependence of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, migration, and capital flows. Since productivity remains the critical determinant of long-term national growth and prosperity, the effects of today's globalism on productivity demands the need for business organizations in particular to sustain a competitive advantage and to remain profitable over time. Based on an integrative literature review, this chapter explores why China must continue to develop its innovation capabilities as well as to provide opportunities for foreign businesses over the long-term via responsible economic development that also benefits the nation's domestic population.

The Final Score

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-210
Author(s):  
Steven M. Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Professional Athlete ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personal Empowerment ◽  
Final Score ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Over Time

The conclusion provides some final observations about the longitudinal research itself and its short- and long-term effects on the women involved. It briefly touches on the few areas of the sport marriage that have seen improvement in the past few decades, discusses the conscious decisions the women make to continue normalizing the career-dominated marriage, and reports on how the marriages fared over time. It also describes the women’s personal empowerment as a result of their participation in the research. Finally, it summarizes the advice and suggested keys to a successful sport marriage that the wives in both studies offered, based on their lived experience. This overview essentially describes how and why the wife of a male professional athlete must adapt to realities if she wants her marriage to survive her husband’s career and retirement.

When the Rich Don't Get Richer: Equalizing Tendencies of Creative Networks

Leonardo ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bell ◽  
Jon Ippolito
Keyword(s):  
Online Environment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Rich ◽  
User Ratings ◽  
Over Time

Analysis of the collaborative online environment The Pool suggests that inequalities in some creative networks may level out over time due to the long-term effects of user ratings.

scholarly journals Анализ навигационной аварии с использованием аппарата современной теории катастроф

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Yanchin
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristic ◽  
Catastrophe Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Geometric Interpretation ◽  
Estimation Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Future ◽  
Over Time

В работе рассматривается метод оценки маршрута судна с точки зрения безопасности и оптимальности. Оценка выполняется за счёт вычисления характеристических коэффициентов, которые описывают свойства маршрута, важные для оценки этих качеств. Также в работе даётся описание метода прогнозирования дальнейшего маршрута судна на основе предписанного маршрута рейса и информации о существующем отклонении фактического маршрута от предписанного. На основе прогнозирования дальнейшего маршрута, и с использованием характеристических коэффициентов, становится возможным анализ долгосрочного влияния отклонения фактического маршрута от предписанного. Маршрут рассматривается как динамическая характеристика судна, эволюционирующая с течением времени. Обсуждаются особенности развития маршрута судна при стремлении к стабильному либо катастрофичному состоянию с позиций современной теории катастроф. Геометрическая интерпретация эволюционной динамики предусматривает использование когнитивных образов. В работе приводится анализ произошедшей аварии круизного судна Costa Concordia с использованием предложенного метода с целью исследования влияния изменения маршрута на безопасность рейса. Выполняется сравнение предписанного маршрута с фактическим.The paper presents a method to analyze a ships route in terms of safety and optimality. The route is examined using the characteristic coefficients that represent routes properties essential for assessment of these aspects. The paper also presents a method to estimate the future route based on the prescribed route and the existing discrepancy between the actual route and the prescribed one. With such estimation technique and using the characteristic coefficients it is possible to determine the long-term effects of the discrepancy. The route is considered as a dynamic characteristic of the ship, evolving over time. Peculiarities of the development of the ships route when striving for a stable or catastrophic state from the standpoint of the modern catastrophe theory are discussed. A geometric interpretation of evolutionary dynamics involves the use of cognitive images. As an example, the paper provides analysis of the Costa Concordias accident using the described method in order to determine the effects of the route discrepancy. A comparison is made of the prescribed route with the actual one that the crew planned to move.

Organic matter characteristics and water-stable aggregation of a sandy loam soil after 9 years of wood-residue applications

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N'dayegamiye ◽  
D. A. Angers
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Wood Residue ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Wood Residues ◽  
Heavy Fractions

The long-term effects of wood-residue applications on soil properties are not well documented. This study was undertaken to characterize the organic matter and aggregation of a sandy loam after 9 yr of biennial application of wood residues (tree clippings) at rates of 25, 50 and 100 Mg ha−1 with and without nitrogen fertilization. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents of the whole soil were determined as well as the C content of the density fractions and of the fractions soluble and insoluble to Na4P2O7. In comparison with the control, the whole-soil C content was 16–24% higher following application of wood residues alone and 16–37% higher for application of wood residues supplemented with nitrogen. The treatments had no effect on soil water-stable macroaggregation (> 250 μm). Wood-residue applications had no effect on the humic material (soluble in Na4P2O7) but favored the humin-C content (the fractions insoluble in Na4P2O7) by 25–60% relative to the control. The light-fraction organic matter was on average 68% larger, and the heavy fraction 17% larger, in the treated soils than in the control. On average, 80% of the differences in total organic C induced by residue application could be attributed to differences in the humin and heavy fractions. The long-term effect of wood-residue applications to the soil was, therefore, reflected in an accumulation of the more stable organic matter present as heavy and humin fractions. In addition, the differences in the light fractions suggested a short-term effect of wood-residue applications.Key words: Light and heavy fractions, wood residues, organic C, water-stable aggregates, humic acids, humins

scholarly journals Short-term, medium-term and long-term effects of early parenting interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. e004067
Author(s):  
Joshua Jeong ◽  
Helen O Pitchik ◽  
Günther Fink
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Interventions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Development Outcomes ◽  
Over Time

IntroductionParenting interventions during early childhood are known to improve various child development outcomes immediately following programme implementation. However, less is known about whether these initial benefits are sustained over time.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review of parenting interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) that were delivered during the first 3 years of life and had completed a follow-up evaluation of the intervention cohort at least 1 year after the primary postintervention endpoint. We summarized intervention effects over time by child-level and parent-level outcomes as well as by timing of follow-up rounds in the short-term (1–3 years after programme completion), medium-term (4–9 years), and long-term (10+ years). We also conducted exploratory meta-analyses to compare effects on children’s cognitive and behavioral development by these subgroups of follow-up rounds.ResultsWe identified 24 articles reporting on seven randomised controlled trials of parenting interventions delivered during early childhood that had at least one follow-up study in seven LMICs. The majority of follow-up studies were in the short-term. Three trials conducted a medium-term follow-up evaluation, and only two trials conducted a long-term follow-up evaluation. Although trials consistently supported wide-ranging benefits on early child development outcomes immediately after programme completion, results revealed a general fading of effects on children’s outcomes over time. Short-term effects were mixed, and medium-term and long-term effects were largely inconclusive. The exploratory meta-analysis on cognitive development found that pooled effects were significant at postintervention and in the short-term (albeit smaller in magnitude), but the effects were not significant in the medium-term and long-term. For behavioural development, the effects were consistently null over time.ConclusionsThere have been few longer-term follow-up studies of early parenting interventions in LMICs. Greater investments in longitudinal intervention cohorts are needed in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of parenting interventions over the life course and to improve the design of future interventions so they can have greater potential for achieving and sustaining programme benefits over time.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Calcium-Based Liming Materials on Soil Fertility Sustainability and Rye Production as Soil Quality Indicators on a Typic Palexerult

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1181
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Olego ◽  
Miguel Javier Quiroga ◽  
Cristina Mendaña-Cuervo ◽  
Jorge Cara-Jiménez ◽  
Roberto López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Yield Trends ◽  
Properties Of Soil ◽  
Term Field

Liming is a common practice used to improve acidic soil properties, as is essential for agricultural quality. A long-term field experiment with one lime rate (6000 kg/ha of carbonate calcium equivalent) and three calcium-based liming amendments (gypsum, limestone and sugar foam) was maintained on a Typic Palexerult for 10 years in order to determine changes in soil acidity and to assess the effects on crop (rye) yields. The soil acidity conditions decreased with all the amendments tested, but the sugar foam and limestone was more effective than gypsum over a long-term period. No significant changes in organic soil matter levels between the treatments tested were found. Interestingly, an increase in the leaching of organic soil matter was observed in limed soils. Lime application significantly increased the total rye biomass compared to the control soils during the whole experiment (2002–2011). Yield trends observed in spike and stem biomass were similar to those reported for total rye biomass. In this respect, at the end of the research, gypsum, limestone and sugar foam increased in relation to the total production of rye biomass by 16%, 32% and 38%, respectively, as compared to the control soils. Additionally, a significant and prolonged difference in calcium concentrations in rye stems between unlimed and limed subplots was observed. However, in spite of the results presented here, further investigations are needed to gain a better understanding of the long-term effects of liming on the chemical properties of soil.

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