EFFECT OF CROP ROTATIONS AND FERTILIZERS ON MOISTURE CONSERVED AND MOISTURE USE BY SPRING WHEAT IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
R. P. ZENTNER ◽  
H. STEPPUHN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Moisture Storage

The effects of crop rotation and fertilization on moisture conserved and moisture use efficiency (MUE) were assessed on a loam soil in the Brown soil zone of southwestern Saskatchewan over the period 1967–1984. Six spring wheat rotations were examined that were either fertilized at soil test recommended rates of N and P, or N or P was withheld according to rotation specifications. MUE in this study was calculated as grain yield divided by sum of 1 May to 31 Aug. precipitation plus soil moisture used between seeding and harvest. In the first fall after harvest 8–11 % of the precipitation received was stored in soil in all rotations. During the first winter 3–5 times as much moisture was stored as was stored in the fall; compared to continuous wheat receiving only P, continuous wheat fertilized with N and P increased moisture storage by 12 mm due to a larger amount of crop residues left in the field. In the first 9 mo of summer-fallow, 33% of the precipitation was stored, but over the entire 21-mo fallow period only 18% was stored. At seeding, fallow-seeded crops receiving P annually had 43 mm more moisture in the 120-cm profile than stubble-seeded wheat that received N and P. Failure to apply P to wheat grown on fallow in the F-W-W rotations reduced spring soil moisture at seeding by about 8 mm. Wheat seeded on fallow retained more moisture in soil compared to wheat seeded on stubble until the shot blade stage, but at harvest and fall sampling there was no difference. At harvest there was no available moisture in the top 90 cm of soil. Wheat made greater use of stored soil moisture in dry years than in wet. Wheat grown on fallow that received P used 102 mm of soil moisture per year; wheat on fallow receiving no P used 93 mm; wheat on stubble receiving N and P used 61 mm and continuous wheat receiving no N used 50 mm. The 18-yr average MUE was as high as 6.9 kg ha−1 mm−1 for wheat on fallow that received P and as low as 5.1 kg ha−1 mm−1 for continuous wheat receiving no N. These values were much greater than those reported 30–40 yr ago for this area and reflect improved crop management and crop varieties now used. The improvement in MUE due to fertilizer was greater in later years due to the cumulative effect of fertilizer on soil quality, crop production and crop residues which enhanced moisture available for use. When efficiency was based on the precipitation received from harvest to harvest continuous wheat receiving N and P had the highest efficiency (3.75 kg ha−1 mm−1) and the 2-yr fallow-wheat rotation the lowest (2.60 kg ha−1 mm−1). Key words: Water use efficiency, WUE, nitrogen, phosphorus and moisture use, summerfallow and moisture conservation

Water use efficiency of spring wheat in the semi-arid Canadian prairies: Effect of legume green manure, type of spring wheat, and cropping frequency

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kröbel ◽  
R. Lemke ◽  
C. A. Campbell ◽  
R. Zentner ◽  
B. McConkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Cropping Frequency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Legume Green Manure

Kröbel, R., Lemke, R., Campbell, C. A., Zentner, R., McConkey, B., Steppuhn, H., De Jong, R. and Wang, H. 2014. Water use efficiency of spring wheat in the semi-arid Canadian prairies: Effect of legume green manure, type of spring wheat, and cropping frequency. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 223–235. In the semi-arid Canadian prairie, water is the main determinant of crop production; thus its efficient use is of major agronomic interest. Previous research in this region has demonstrated that the most meaningful way to measure water use efficiency (WUE) is to use either precipitation use efficiency (PUE) or a modified WUE that accounts for the inefficient use of water in cropping systems that include summer fallow. In this paper, we use these efficiency measures to determine how cropping frequency, inclusion of a legume green manure, and the type of spring wheat [high-yielding Canada Prairie Spring (CPS) vs. Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS)] influence WUE using 25 yr of data (1987–2011) from the “New Rotation” experiment conducted at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. This is a well-fertilized study that uses minimum and no-tillage techniques and snow management to enhance soil water capture. We compare these results to those from a 39-yr “Old Rotation” experiment, also at Swift Current, which uses conventional tillage management. Our results confirmed the positive effect on WUE of cropping intensity, and of CPS wheat compared with CWRS wheat, while demonstrating the negative effect on WUE of a green manure crop in wheat-based rotations in semiarid conditions. Furthermore, we identified a likely advantage of using reduced tillage coupled with water conserving snow management techniques for enhancing the efficiency of water use.

EFFECT OF SUMMERFALLOW TILLAGE ON SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND YIELD OF WHEAT

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Dew
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Loam Soil

On a fallow–wheat rotation on a loam soil in the Black soil zone of central Alberta, increased tillage over that required to control weeds had no effect on the yield of wheat. Four operations usually controlled weeds. Extra tillage had little or no effect on soil moisture conserved, wind-erodible aggregates, compaction or nitrate accumulation. Insufficient tillage adversely affected yield, moisture conservation and nitrate accumulation.

REGRESSIONS FOR ESTIMATING STRAW YIELDS AND N AND P CONTENTS OF SPRING WHEAT AND N MINERALIZATION IN A BROWN LOAM SOIL

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
R. P. ZENTNER ◽  
F. SELLES
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

Data from an 18-yr crop rotation study carried out on a Brown loam soil at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, were used to estimate equations that relate spring wheat straw yields, and N and P content of grain and straw to moisture use (MU). Moisture use was defined as soil moisture content in 0- to 120-cm depth at seeding, less soil moisture content at harvest, plus growing season precipitation. Grain yields were also related to straw yields and to N content of the straw. Potential net N mineralization (Nmin) in summerfallow (periods during the growing season with negative Nmin omitted) was related (r = 0.74**) to precipitation received during the spring to fall period. An attempt to relate apparent net Nmin (determined by N balance) in cropped systems to growing season precipitation or to MU was not successful. Highly significant linear regressions were obtained for straw yields, grain N and P contents vs. MU, and for grain yield vs. straw yield (r = 0.66** – 0.83**), but the other relationships were less reliable (r = 0.41** – 0.55**) though still significant. We discussed how these relationships might be used to estimate fertilizer N requirements, for examining N immobilization-mineralization, and for estimating residue sufficiency for erosion control on summerfallowed land. Key words: Straw:grain ratio, N uptake, P uptake, crop residues, N mineralization

Influence of tillage systems and nitrogen management on grain yield, grain protein and nitrogen-use efficiency in UK spring wheat

2016 ◽  
Vol 154 (8) ◽  
pp. 1437-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. RIAL-LOVERA ◽  
W. P. DAVIES ◽  
N. D. CANNON ◽  
J. S. CONWAY
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

SUMMARYEffects of soil tillage systems and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management on spring wheat yield components, grain yield and N-use efficiency (NUE) were evaluated in contrasting weather of 2013 and 2014 on a clay soil at the Royal Agricultural University's Harnhill Manor Farm, Cirencester, UK. Three tillage systems – conventional plough tillage (CT), high intensity non-inversion tillage (HINiT) and low intensity non-inversion tillage (LINiT) for seedbed preparation – were compared at four rates of N fertilizer (0, 70, 140 and 210 kg N/ha). Responses to the effects of the management practices were strongly influenced by weather conditions and varied across seasons. Grain yields were similar between LINiT and CT in 2013, while CT produced higher yields in 2014. Nitrogen fertilization effects also varied across the years with no significant effects observed on grain yield in 2013, while in 2014 applications up to 140 kg N/ha increased yield. Grain protein ranged from 10·1 to 14·5% and increased with N rate in both years. Nitrogen-use efficiency ranged from 12·6 to 49·1 kg grain per kg N fertilizer and decreased as N fertilization rate increased in both years. There was no tillage effect on NUE in 2013, while in 2014 NUE under CT was similar to LINiT and higher than HINiT. The effect of tillage and N fertilization on soil moisture and soil mineral N (SMN) fluctuated across years. In 2013, LINiT showed significantly higher soil moisture than CT, while soil moisture did not differ between tillage systems in 2014. Conventional tillage had significantly higher SMN at harvest time in 2014, while no significant differences on SMN were observed between tillage systems in 2013. These results indicate that LINiT can be used to produce similar spring wheat yield to CT on this particular soil type, if a dry cropping season is expected. Crop response to N fertilization is limited when soil residual N is higher, while in conditions of lower residual SMN, a higher N supply is needed to increase yield and improve grain protein content.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Effects of In-situ Rainwater Harvesting Techniques on Soil Moisture Conservation and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Fedis District, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amisalu Milkias ◽  
Teshale Tadesse ◽  
Habtamu Zeleke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soil Moisture Storage ◽  
Soil Moisture Conservation ◽  
Moisture Storage ◽  
Harvesting Techniques

In the drier farming regions of the world, where crop production is constrained by short growing period, unpredictable and short rainfall with sporadic run-off, in-situ rainwater harvesting is vital for successful crop production. In connection to this, a study was conducted in Fedis district of Oromia region during the main rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the effects of in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques (Ridge Furrow (RF), Contour Ridge (CR), and Tied Ridge (TR)) on soil moisture conservation and grain yield of maize. A spilt-plot design was used and soil moisture content was measured at three growth stages of the crop to a depth of 60 cm with 20 cm interval. The results showed that water harvesting techniques significantly increased moisture conservation compared to the control, which was flat bed preparation. Averaged over the three stages, the TR, CR and RF treatments increased soil moisture storage by 134.59, 128.57, and 121.87%, respectively, compared to the control. The study also revealed that the in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques, due to the improved soil moisture storage, significantly affected grain yield of the maize. Averaged over the two years, the TR, CR, and FR increased the grain yield 143.14, 131.47 and 121.16%, respectively, over the control treatment. Therefore, in drier environments, such as Fedis, in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques can be recommended for better moisture conservation and subsequent improvement in crop production.

scholarly journals Effects of Organic Residues on Soil Properties and Sesame Water Use Efficiency

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Anguria ◽  
George N. Chemining’wa ◽  
Richard N. Onwonga ◽  
Michael A. Ugen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Short Rains

A study was conducted at the National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute-Serere, Uganda for three seasons (2013 short rains, 2014 long rains and 2014 short rains) to investigate the effect of crop residues and animal manure on soil bulk density (SBD), soil moisture content (SMC) and water use efficiency (WUE) of sesame. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments comprised: control, 4 crop residues, 2 animal manures and combinations of 2 animal manures and 4 crop residues all applied at two rates of 3 and 6 t/ha. Plots treated with 6 t/ha of millet husks produced the highest SMC (37.46%) and lowest SBD (1.1717 g/cm3) across seasons; while plots treated with 3 t/ha of millet husks produced the highest WUE of sesame (9.92 kg ha-1 mm-1) across seasons compared with other crop residue and animal manure treatments applied singly. Soil moisture content was highest (38.09%) and SBD lowest (1.0520 g/cm3) across seasons in plots treated with 6 t/ha of poultry manure plus millet husks; while plots amended with 3 t/ha of poultry manure plus millet husks produced the highest WUE of sesame (9.40 g/cm3) across seasons compared with other treatments. Crop residues influenced SMC and SBD in the order; millet husks > cowpea husks > sorghum husks > groundnut shells. Crop residues affected WUE of sesame in the order; millet husks > sorghum husks > groundnut shells > cowpea husks. This study has demonstrated that poultry manure plus millet husks have a potential to enhance WUE of sesame.

Zero vs. conventional tillage and their effects on crop yield and soil moisture

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Use Efficiency

A study comparing zero tillage (ZT) with conventional tillage (CT) crop production in two rotations; fallow–oilseed–wheat, and oilseed–wheat–wheat, was conducted during 1979–1990. In 36 comparisons of ZT with CT over three rotation phases and 12 yr, ZT increased spring soil moisture in nine cases and resulted in no decreases; increased yield in nine cases while decreasing yield in three; and increased moisture use efficiency in six cases with two decreases. Increases in spring soil moisture were not related to precipitation during the non-growing season but may have been influenced by weeds. Increased spring soil moisture with ZT occurred more frequently on fallow than on stubble, presumably because precipitation was greater. Yield increases with ZT generally occurred where spring soil moisture was increased and weeds were adequately controlled. Yield decreases with ZT were normally associated with poor weed control, but in one case poor seed placement with ZT reduced yield. Throughout the study, inadequate weed control with ZT was a major factor limiting responses. Implications of these results on future research required to improve adoption of this important soil–conserving practice are discussed.Key words: Zero tillage, wheat, canola, flax, available moisture, weeds

scholarly journals Consumptive Use, Water Use Efficiency, Moisture Depletion Pattern of Wheat under Semi-arid Eastern Plain Zone of Rajasthan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Lal Prajapat ◽  
Rani Saxena ◽  
R. R. Choudhary ◽  
Manoj Kumhar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Consumptive Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Background: India has the largest area under wheat cultivation but variability in climate is one of the major environmental threat to agriculture particularly wheat crop. The growth and yield of wheat crop is adversely affected by environmental stresses such as soil moisture deficit, high temperature, low light intensity etc. Among these stresses irrigation water is a scare resource, it’s optimization is fundamental to water resources use. It permits better utilization of all other production factors and thus leads to increased yields per unit area and time. The higher requirement of food to feed the increased population with reduced water availability for crop production forces the irrigation researchers and managers to use water-saving irrigation strategies to improve the water productivity (WP) in recent years. Thus, an assessment of the potential for reducing water needs and increasing production is the need of time. The current study aimed to study of this province in order to manage and control related problems. Method: In this context a field experiment was conducted during Rabi season 2016 and 2017, Soil moisture studies were started right from sowing and continued up to maturity of wheat crop. The soil moisture content under all the treatments of three replications was determined just before irrigation and twenty four hours after irrigation from 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm soil depths and calculate consumptive use of water, soil moisture depletion pattern and water use efficiency. Result: Results revealed that the maximum consumptive use (350.01 mm) of water found with irrigation schedule at 1.2 ETc and highest water use efficiency (15.32 kg ha-1 mm-1) obtained with irrigation schedule at 1.0 ETc. Among the different wheat cultivars Raj-4120 registered higher consumptive use (332.57 mm) and Raj- 4238 obtained highest water use efficiency (16.13 kg ha-1 mm-1) while crop sown on 15th November recorded higher consumptive use (333.04 mm) and water use efficiency (15.69 kg ha-1 mm-1). Wheat is a surface feeder with fibrous root system, the maximum amount of moisture was depleted in shallow depth (0-15 cm) than deeper layers of soil.

EFFECT OF SOIL TYPE, SOIL MOISTURE, AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH OF SPRING WHEAT

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dubetz
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Rates ◽  
Percentage Protein

Spring wheat was grown in the greenhouse on two soil types with nitrogen rates of 0, 30, 60, and 90 pounds per acre and at three moisture levels. Significant increases in yield of grain and significant decreases in percentage protein were obtained with increasing soil moisture on a loam soil but not on a loamy sand. Apparently, the difference in plant growth between soils may be attributed to the greater changes in moisture tension of the loam soil within the moisture ranges studied. The loam soil was also watered less frequently and the high moisture tensions were of longer duration.Both soils showed significant increases in yield of grain with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, but significant increases in percentage protein were obtained on the loam soil only. The largest yield increase per unit of nitrogen was obtained on the loamy sand. The growth of wheat on the loam soil was significantly superior in all respects except for the roots to that on the loamy sand. This is explained on the basis of differences in the original fertility of the two soils before treatment.

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