EFFECT OF SOIL TYPE, SOIL MOISTURE, AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH OF SPRING WHEAT

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dubetz
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Rates ◽  
Percentage Protein

Spring wheat was grown in the greenhouse on two soil types with nitrogen rates of 0, 30, 60, and 90 pounds per acre and at three moisture levels. Significant increases in yield of grain and significant decreases in percentage protein were obtained with increasing soil moisture on a loam soil but not on a loamy sand. Apparently, the difference in plant growth between soils may be attributed to the greater changes in moisture tension of the loam soil within the moisture ranges studied. The loam soil was also watered less frequently and the high moisture tensions were of longer duration.Both soils showed significant increases in yield of grain with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, but significant increases in percentage protein were obtained on the loam soil only. The largest yield increase per unit of nitrogen was obtained on the loamy sand. The growth of wheat on the loam soil was significantly superior in all respects except for the roots to that on the loamy sand. This is explained on the basis of differences in the original fertility of the two soils before treatment.

EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION ON WILD OATS AND SPRING WHEAT

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Sexsmith ◽  
G. C. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Loam Soil

Spring wheat, with fertilizer applied in the drill rows, was grown in wild-oat-infested stubble on a Shallow Lethbride loam soil for 4 years, Phosphorus had no measurable effect on the height, straw weight, seed yield, or number of wild-oat plants. In contrast, nitrogen increased the number of seed-bearing stems, plant height, straw weight, and seed yield, but did not change the wild-oat stand. Wheat yields were increased by nitrogen and further increased by the addition of phosphorus at the rate of 20 pounds of P2O5 per acre in 3 of the 4 years. Measured bushel weight of the wheat increased with nitrogen fertilizer additions and was further increased by phosphorus except at the high rate of both materials. Fertilizer applications, under conditions similar to those encountered in this test, may be useful for increasing wheat production, but only at the expense of producing increased quantities of wild-oat seed.

REGRESSIONS FOR ESTIMATING STRAW YIELDS AND N AND P CONTENTS OF SPRING WHEAT AND N MINERALIZATION IN A BROWN LOAM SOIL

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
R. P. ZENTNER ◽  
F. SELLES
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

Data from an 18-yr crop rotation study carried out on a Brown loam soil at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, were used to estimate equations that relate spring wheat straw yields, and N and P content of grain and straw to moisture use (MU). Moisture use was defined as soil moisture content in 0- to 120-cm depth at seeding, less soil moisture content at harvest, plus growing season precipitation. Grain yields were also related to straw yields and to N content of the straw. Potential net N mineralization (Nmin) in summerfallow (periods during the growing season with negative Nmin omitted) was related (r = 0.74**) to precipitation received during the spring to fall period. An attempt to relate apparent net Nmin (determined by N balance) in cropped systems to growing season precipitation or to MU was not successful. Highly significant linear regressions were obtained for straw yields, grain N and P contents vs. MU, and for grain yield vs. straw yield (r = 0.66** – 0.83**), but the other relationships were less reliable (r = 0.41** – 0.55**) though still significant. We discussed how these relationships might be used to estimate fertilizer N requirements, for examining N immobilization-mineralization, and for estimating residue sufficiency for erosion control on summerfallowed land. Key words: Straw:grain ratio, N uptake, P uptake, crop residues, N mineralization

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF NO3- AND NH4-N ONGROWTH, YIELD, AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF MANITOU SPRING WHEAT AND CONQUEST BARLEY

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1063-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. LEYSHON ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
F. G. WARDER
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Inherent Nature ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of NO3 and NH4 forms of nitrogen on the growth and yield of spring wheat and barley. Two growth-room experiments were carried out using spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Manitou’) in both experiments and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Conquest’) in the second. NO3 or NH4-N plus the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin were applied at rates from 23 to 360 kg N/ha. Temperatures were 27/12 °C (day/night) and soil moisture was maintained at between −0.05 and −1.0 bars by frequent watering. NO3-N-treated plants were taller, and had thicker stems and more spikelets/spike than NH4-N-treated plants. The NH4-N-treated plants produced more spikes and matured faster initially, although by anthesis stage there was little difference in maturity between the NO3- and NH4-N-treated plants. There was no differential effect of nitrogen source on total dry matter at maturity, although dry matter increased in proportion to nitrogen rate. Grain yield of the NH4-N-fed plants was higher than that of the NO3-N-fed plants, especially at the higher nitrogen rates. This was due primarily to the effect on number of spikes produced and secondarily on seed set. It is suspected that denitrification losses of nitrogen from the NO3-N-treated soil contributed to the differential response to the two sources, but there was circumstantial evidence to suggest that some of the difference may have been due to the inherent nature of the two sources which might have affected their ease of metabolism by the plant.

EFFECT OF CROP ROTATIONS AND FERTILIZERS ON MOISTURE CONSERVED AND MOISTURE USE BY SPRING WHEAT IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
R. P. ZENTNER ◽  
H. STEPPUHN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Moisture Storage

The effects of crop rotation and fertilization on moisture conserved and moisture use efficiency (MUE) were assessed on a loam soil in the Brown soil zone of southwestern Saskatchewan over the period 1967–1984. Six spring wheat rotations were examined that were either fertilized at soil test recommended rates of N and P, or N or P was withheld according to rotation specifications. MUE in this study was calculated as grain yield divided by sum of 1 May to 31 Aug. precipitation plus soil moisture used between seeding and harvest. In the first fall after harvest 8–11 % of the precipitation received was stored in soil in all rotations. During the first winter 3–5 times as much moisture was stored as was stored in the fall; compared to continuous wheat receiving only P, continuous wheat fertilized with N and P increased moisture storage by 12 mm due to a larger amount of crop residues left in the field. In the first 9 mo of summer-fallow, 33% of the precipitation was stored, but over the entire 21-mo fallow period only 18% was stored. At seeding, fallow-seeded crops receiving P annually had 43 mm more moisture in the 120-cm profile than stubble-seeded wheat that received N and P. Failure to apply P to wheat grown on fallow in the F-W-W rotations reduced spring soil moisture at seeding by about 8 mm. Wheat seeded on fallow retained more moisture in soil compared to wheat seeded on stubble until the shot blade stage, but at harvest and fall sampling there was no difference. At harvest there was no available moisture in the top 90 cm of soil. Wheat made greater use of stored soil moisture in dry years than in wet. Wheat grown on fallow that received P used 102 mm of soil moisture per year; wheat on fallow receiving no P used 93 mm; wheat on stubble receiving N and P used 61 mm and continuous wheat receiving no N used 50 mm. The 18-yr average MUE was as high as 6.9 kg ha−1 mm−1 for wheat on fallow that received P and as low as 5.1 kg ha−1 mm−1 for continuous wheat receiving no N. These values were much greater than those reported 30–40 yr ago for this area and reflect improved crop management and crop varieties now used. The improvement in MUE due to fertilizer was greater in later years due to the cumulative effect of fertilizer on soil quality, crop production and crop residues which enhanced moisture available for use. When efficiency was based on the precipitation received from harvest to harvest continuous wheat receiving N and P had the highest efficiency (3.75 kg ha−1 mm−1) and the 2-yr fallow-wheat rotation the lowest (2.60 kg ha−1 mm−1). Key words: Water use efficiency, WUE, nitrogen, phosphorus and moisture use, summerfallow and moisture conservation

Diffusion of Atrazine, Propachlor, and Diazinon in a Silt Loam Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 381-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Ritter ◽  
H. P. Johnson ◽  
W. G. Lovely
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Silt Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

The effect of soil temperature, soil moisture content, and soil bulk density on the diffusion of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide), and diazinon [O,O-diethylO-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate] in Ida silt loam soil was studied in the laboratory. Diffusion coefficients of 1.90, 1.36, and 0.63 mm2/day at 27 C for propachlor, atrazine, and diazinon, respectively, show in a relative way the expected movement of these chemicals in Ida silt loam soil. The greatest amount of movement occurred with high temperatures and high moisture contents. Soil moisture had more effect on atrazine movement than on propachlor movement, and very little effect on diazinon movement. Movement for all chemicals decreased with an increase in bulk density.

scholarly journals Experimental assessment of influence of soil moisture on the 137Cs accumulation in shoots of spring wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-238
Author(s):  
A. N. Nikitin ◽  
O. A. Shurankova ◽  
I. A. Cheshyk ◽  
H. A. Leferd ◽  
Ya. V. Mishchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Moisture Capacity ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Soil Moisture Regime ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Plant Transfer ◽  
The Difference

The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of soil moisture regime on the intensity of 137Cs transfer into cereals using spring wheat as a model species. Accumulation of 137Cs in shoots of spring wheat grown on soil substrates differ by water and nutrients content was analyzed. The investigated water regimes were 40 % (insufficient moisture supply), 70 % (optimal moisture supply) and 85 % (excessive moisture supply) of full moisture capacity of the soils; substrates with optimal and low content of essential mineral nutrients were used in the experiment. The plants were grown in a chamber with controlled climate conditions. Increasing water content in the soil from 40 to 85 % of the total moisture capacity significantly reduces the 137Cs content in plants. The shape of the relationship between soil moisture and the soil-to-plant transfer of 137Cs depends on the agrochemical characteristics of the soil. The difference in the radioisotope accumulation in the shoots of wheat grown on extreme water regimes is about four times when substrate with optimum content of nutrients was used. The difference is less than two times when substrate with a low content of essential nutrients was used; moreover, there are no differences between the 70 and 85 % variants on a substrate with low content of nutrients. The revealed dependencies cannot be explained by the change in the share of bioavailable forms of 137Cs in the soil since it does not significantly change in soils with different moisture regimes.

scholarly journals CROP PROPERTIES AND QUALITY OF SPRING WHEAT SEEDS DEPENDING ON THE FOOD BACKGROUND IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
Игорь Сержанов ◽  
Igor Serzhanov ◽  
Фарит Шайхутдинов ◽  
Farit Shaykhutdinov ◽  
Альбина Сержанова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Spring Soft Wheat ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Favorable Weather ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
Wheat Seeds

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of nutritional background on productivity and quality of spring soft wheat seeds of Yoldyz variety. The agrometeorological conditions of the growing season had a decisive influence on the harvest of spring wheat. In more favorable weather conditions in 2017 and 2018 years, the difference in yield compared to the dry 2016 was 0.4-0.42 tons and 0.48-0.59 per hectare on fertilized backgrounds. The use of calculated rates of fertilizers for 3 tons per hectare of grain contributed to an increase in yield of 0.55 tons per hectare. A further increase in the fertilizer dose to obtain 4 tons per hectare of grain did not give a significant increase to the fertilizer background of 3 tons per hectare. The level of mineral nutrition has improved the seed sowing qualities. With an estimated nutrition level of 3 tons per hectare, on average for three years, the seed germination energy increased by 4.8% compared to the control, on the 4 tons per hectare variant - 5.2%, laboratory germination, respectively, by 1.8-1, 4%, growth rate - 4.1-5.7 percent. Seeds grown on fertilized backgrounds per 3 and 4 tons per hectare of spring wheat grain had increased yield properties. The yield increase to the control was 0.67-0.75 tons per hectare. Under the conditions of gray forest soils of Kama of the Republic of Tatarstan, spring wheat of Yoldyz variety should be grown on seed crops at the background of the application of calculated norms for fertilizers of 3 tons per hectare of grain.

scholarly journals The influence of the combined coulter operation on the quality and yield of grain

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
A.A. Kem ◽  
◽  
M.S. Chekusov ◽  
A.N. Shmidt ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Starting Dose ◽  
The Difference

The article presents the results of the studies of the effect of the combined paw coulter for multi-level sowing of grain crops and the simultaneous introduction of a starting dose of mineral fertilizers on the quality and yield of grain of soft spring wheat Omskaya 36 carried out in 2019-2020. When sowing using the SKP-2.1M seeder, which was reequipped with combined coulters, where mineral fertilizers were applied below the seeds of spring wheat, the yield increase in the experiments carried out in 2019 by 14% average in comparison with the control sowing with the SKP-2.1 seeder with serial coulters, where mineral fertilizers were applied to the same soil horizon with seeds. The conducted field experiment in 2020 confirmed the previously obtained results of the coulter performance; the increase in grain when using the combined coulters on the SPK-2.1M seeder was 12.5%. The difference in grain yield happened due to the different weather conditions in 2019 and 2020. The qualitative indicators of spring soft wheat when sowing with combined openers in comparison with a serial seeder gave an average increase in protein by 7.9% and 4.7%, and the highest gluten values on the control seeder were in the range of 25.8-27.1%, and on the experi-mental SKP-2.1M seeder it was 26.1−28.5% in 2019-2020, respectively. Thus, according to the re-sults of the laboratory field studies carried out over two years, it was found that the proposed design of the combined coulter for sowing and applying mineral fertilizers below the sowing of seeds is efficient and it contributes to an increase in yield and quality of grain of soft spring wheat.

Responses of Corn (Zea mays L.) Nitrogen Status Indicators to Nitrogen Rates and Soil Moisture

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1259-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan-Juan ZHU ◽  
Yin-Li LIANG ◽  
TREMBLAY Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Nitrogen Status ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

Evaluation of Presswheels and Seed Coverers for Direct Seeding of Brassica

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 599E-600
Author(s):  
Regina P. Bracy ◽  
Richard L. Parish
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Determine Effect

Improved stand establishment of direct-seeded crops has usually involved seed treatment and/or seed covers. Planters have been evaluated for seed/plant spacing uniformity, singulation, furrow openers, and presswheel design; however, effects of presswheels and seed coverers on plant establishment have not been widely investigated. Five experiments were conducted in a fine sandy loam soil to determine effect of presswheels and seed coverers on emergence of direct-seeded cabbage and mustard. Seed were planted with Stanhay 870 seeder equipped with one of four presswheels and seed coverers. Presswheels included smooth, mesh, concave split, and flat split types. Seed coverers included standard drag, light drag, paired knives, and no coverer. Soil moisture at planting ranged from 8% to 19% in the top 5 cm of bed. Differences in plant counts taken 2 weeks after planting were minimal with any presswheel or seed coverer. Visual observation indicated the seed furrow was more completely closed with the knife coverer in high soil moisture conditions. All tests received at least 14 mm of precipitation within 6 days from planting, which may account for lack of differences in plant emergence.

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