scholarly journals Consumptive Use, Water Use Efficiency, Moisture Depletion Pattern of Wheat under Semi-arid Eastern Plain Zone of Rajasthan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Lal Prajapat ◽  
Rani Saxena ◽  
R. R. Choudhary ◽  
Manoj Kumhar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Consumptive Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

Background: India has the largest area under wheat cultivation but variability in climate is one of the major environmental threat to agriculture particularly wheat crop. The growth and yield of wheat crop is adversely affected by environmental stresses such as soil moisture deficit, high temperature, low light intensity etc. Among these stresses irrigation water is a scare resource, it’s optimization is fundamental to water resources use. It permits better utilization of all other production factors and thus leads to increased yields per unit area and time. The higher requirement of food to feed the increased population with reduced water availability for crop production forces the irrigation researchers and managers to use water-saving irrigation strategies to improve the water productivity (WP) in recent years. Thus, an assessment of the potential for reducing water needs and increasing production is the need of time. The current study aimed to study of this province in order to manage and control related problems. Method: In this context a field experiment was conducted during Rabi season 2016 and 2017, Soil moisture studies were started right from sowing and continued up to maturity of wheat crop. The soil moisture content under all the treatments of three replications was determined just before irrigation and twenty four hours after irrigation from 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm soil depths and calculate consumptive use of water, soil moisture depletion pattern and water use efficiency. Result: Results revealed that the maximum consumptive use (350.01 mm) of water found with irrigation schedule at 1.2 ETc and highest water use efficiency (15.32 kg ha-1 mm-1) obtained with irrigation schedule at 1.0 ETc. Among the different wheat cultivars Raj-4120 registered higher consumptive use (332.57 mm) and Raj- 4238 obtained highest water use efficiency (16.13 kg ha-1 mm-1) while crop sown on 15th November recorded higher consumptive use (333.04 mm) and water use efficiency (15.69 kg ha-1 mm-1). Wheat is a surface feeder with fibrous root system, the maximum amount of moisture was depleted in shallow depth (0-15 cm) than deeper layers of soil.

scholarly journals Increasing the Productivity and Efficiency of Water Use by Reserving Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-189
Author(s):  
Ali Hassan Hommadi ◽  
Wisam Abdulabbas Abidalla ◽  
Ahmed Sami Naser
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Irrigation Period ◽  
Use Efficiency

One use of technology in agriculture involves setting up a reserving sheet for subsurface moisture under the root zone of wheat crops, which is symbolized by SWRT, to conserve the water in the root zone. This reduces the field water losses by raising the efficiency of water use (WUE) and economical water productivity (EWP). For this study, an SWRT membrane sheet was put under the root zone of wheat crops throughout the growing season, from the winter of November 2019 to the end of the season in April 2020, in a free field. The study was conducted on a private farm located in the province of Babylon in Sadat Al-Hindya Town, which is approximately 70 km from the capital (Baghdad). Surface irrigation was utilized for the irrigation of the wheat crops. Two methods were used: method A1 utilized the SWRT sheet and method A2 was conducted without the SWRT sheet. The irrigation water supply, irrigation period, and soil water content before and after irrigation were computed and recorded every day for the A1 and A2 methods. The values of wheat crop production (yield), water use efficiency, and economical water productivity from the two plots were computed and compared. The results obtained for water use efficiency for the two methods, A1 and A2, were 0.51 and 0.47 kg/m3, respectively. The increment in yield of plot A1 compared with plot A2 was 6.45%. The increment in WUE of plot A1 compared with plot A2 was 8.55%. In addition, the WP of the wheat crop for plots A1 and A2 were 144.44 and 119.16 ID/m3, respectively, while the increment in WP of plot A1 compared with plot A2 was 21.21%. The findings show that the SWRT method prevents the environmental effects of pesticide and fertilizers that enter the groundwater and pollute it. This technology assists in saving water and plant nutrients, and prevents pollution of the groundwater from pesticides and excess fertiliser.

scholarly journals Effect of different soil moisture regimes on plant growth and water use efficiency of Sunflower: experimental study and modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar Soothar ◽  
Ashutus Singha ◽  
Shakeel Ahmed Soomro ◽  
Azhar-u-ddin Chachar ◽  
Faiza Kalhoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Aquacrop Model ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Background Climate change and increasing demand in non-agricultural sectors profoundly affect the availability and quality of water resources for irrigated agriculture. The FAO AquaCrop simulation model provides a sound theoretical framework to investigate crop yield response to environmental stress. This model has successfully simulated crop growth and yield as influenced by varying soil moisture environments for crops. Integrating crop models that simulate the effects of water on crop yield with targeted experimentation can facilitate the development of irrigation strategies for high yield procurement and improving farm level water management and water use efficiency (WUE) under climatic condition of District Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Results This study was based on completely randomized block design with three treatments including T1 (30% soil moisture depletion), T2 (50% soil moisture depletion) and T3 (70% soil moisture depletion) with three replicates. In order to determine the crop water requirements under desired treatments, the gypsum blocks were used for computing the daily soil moisture depletion. The result shows that total volume of water applied to crop under T1, T2 and T3 was 9689, 5200 and 2045 m3 ha−1, respectively. As a result, the grain yield under T1, T2 and T3 was 13.2, 12.1 and 14.3 t ha−1, respectively. These results advocate that total yield of crop under T1 and T2 was less as compared to T3. The T3 gave higher yield and WUE compared than other treatments. On the other hand, results revealed that the simulated sunflower yields showed a good agreement with their measured under T3. The simulated grain yield was 15.5 t ha−1, while the measured yield varied from 12.1 to 14.3 t ha−1. This study suggested that WUE under T3 was more as compared to T1 and T2. The results showed that the T3 gave the highest crop yield in relation to WUE and optimize yield of sunflower crop under water scarcity. Conclusion The Aquacrop model could very well predict crop yield and WUE at T3 under experiential region for sunflower production.

scholarly journals Determination of optimum irrigation scheduling for sorghum in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, Southern Ethiopia

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
TM Lebiso ◽  
MM Mada
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Furrow Irrigation ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Use Efficiency

Scarcity of water is the most severe constraint for sustainable development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas. Hence, novel irrigation water application systems need to be developed so that high crop yield and water productivity per unit of land can be increased. Thus, the field experiment was conducted with the objective of determining the effect of different soil moisture depletion levels on yield and water use efficiency of sorghum crop in Benna-Tsemay woreda at Enchete kebele, Southern Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2019-2020). It was arranged in RCBD with three replications and treatment was rated for five levels of available soil moisture depletion (ASMD), where T1 = 60%, T2 = 80%, T3 = 100%, T4 = 120%, and T5 = 140% of ASMD. Analysis of variance has shown that yield and water use efficiency of sorghum crop was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by irrigation scheduling. As observed in this study, the most economically attractive and environmentally accepted for small scale farmers with tolerable cost of production and higher net benefit was obtained by application of T3 (100% ASMD) under conventional furrow irrigation system. Therefore, for this particular sorghum crop (teshale variety), it could be concluded that increased water saving and water productivity through irrigation at 100% ASMD under conventional furrow irrigation system can solve the problem of water shortage and would ensure the opportunity of further irrigation development in the study area and similar agro-ecology. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(2): 95-102, Dec 2021

Effect of irrigation scheduling and live mulching of cowpea on root characteristics, consumptive use and water use efficiency of upland rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
RA Aparna ◽  
V Jayakrishnakumar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Consumptive Use ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Use Efficiency

The field experiment was conducted in the farmer's field, Peringammala, Kalliyoor, Thiruvananthapuram during the Virippu 2017 to study the effect of irrigation scheduling and live mulching with cowpea on root and soil moisture characteristics of upland rice. The results revealed that root characters like root volume, root dry weight and root shoot ratio significantly increased under the irrigation treatment I1 [irrigation at 3 cm depth at 10 mm cumulative pan evaporation (CPE)]. The root length was the highest for rain fed control (I7). Among the mulches, live mulching with cowpea (M2) recorded the highest root length and root shoot ratio. The treatments and their interaction had a significant influence on soil moisture. Irrigation at 3 cm depth at 10 mm CPE, live mulching with cowpea and their interaction recorded the highest consumptive use. The highest water use efficiency was recorded by the treatment irrigation at 2 cm depth at 20 mm CPE (I5) and live mulching with cowpea (M2).

scholarly journals Coloured plastic mulches: impact on soil properties and crop productivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Amare ◽  
Bizuayehu Desta
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Use Efficiency

AbstractMulches are materials applied in a soil surface for different roles and purposes. Plastic mulches with different colour have been developed and utilized in different crop production systems. Using coloured plastic mulches is mainly focused in modifying the radiation budget and decreasing the soil water loss. Besides, it helps to regulate soil temperature, water use efficiency, plant growth, yield, quality and weed and insect infestation. In this review, the knowledge and possible application of coloured plastic mulches, which can improve the soil physical properties, growth, yield, and quality crops has been reviewed and discussed. The role of coloured plastic mulches to mitigate the harmful effect of environmental stress in crops is also examined. Various physicochemical processes leading to improved crop production under the effect of coloured plastic mulches are also discussed. The combined results indicated that, effect of coloured plastic mulches is highly significant on soil temperature, moisture and water holding capacity. While black and blue plastics increase soil temperature, clear and white decreases it. Higher number of fruits, number of roots, tubers and bulbs was recorded in use of coloured plastic mulches. Similarly, the TSS, Vitamin C and juice percentage of different plants also showed significant improvement. It is also reported that weed infestation and viral diseases is highly reduced. Coloured plastic mulches also have some negative impacts like, decrease growth and yield in some plants, increase pest infestation, microplastics contamination, soil puddling, soil structural loss and reduce activity of soil-microorganisms. Therefore, use of coloured plastic mulches require close inspection of interaction with factors like; cropping season, root zone temperature, crop type, insect pest infestation and water use efficiency factors.

scholarly journals Yield and water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.) relative to scheduling of irrigations

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaik Jaffar Basha* ◽  
Sitha Rama Sarma A.
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Aerobic Rice ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Use Efficiency

Irrigation scheduled at seven days’ interval during vegetative stage and four days’ interval during reproductive stage resulted in significantly higher panicle number and panicle weight, filled grains panicle-1 and grain yield. Permanent irrigation and interval irrigation methods had higher yield in comparison with saturated irrigation method in rice. Dry seeded rice significantly increased the water productivity with respect to irrigation water over wet seeded and transplanted rice. Intermittent irrigation in rice cultivation may reduce irrigation water use considerably (27-37%) compared with flooded rice cultivation. aerobic rice significantly required less water (67.91 ha-1 cm) to produce higher or on par yield as compared to transplanted puddled rice (122.59 ha-1 cm). Similarly, WUE was significantly higher in aerobic rice (81.31 kg ha-1 cm) as compared to transplanted rice (36.12 kg ha-1 cm). The irrigation schedule having three days’ drainage period after disappearance of ponded water yielded rice higher with maximum water use efficiency compared to continuous submergence or submergence at critical stages such as tillering, panicle initiation, flowering and milk, followed by saturation or field capacity between intermittent periods.

scholarly journals The carbon isotopic signature of C4 crops and its applicability in breeding for climate resilience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Eggels ◽  
Sonja Blankenagel ◽  
Chris-Carolin Schön ◽  
Viktoriya Avramova
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Carbon Isotopic ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Key message Carbon isotope discrimination is a promising trait for indirect screening for improved water use efficiency of C4 crops. Abstract In the context of a changing climate, drought is one of the major factors limiting plant growth and yield. Hence, breeding efforts are directed toward improving water use efficiency (WUE) as a key factor in climate resilience and sustainability of crop production. As WUE is a complex trait and its evaluation is rather resource consuming, proxy traits, which are easier to screen and reliably reflect variation in WUE, are needed. In C3 crops, a trait established to be indicative for WUE is the carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of plant material, which reflects the preferential assimilation of the lighter carbon isotope 12C over 13C during photosynthesis. In C4 crops, carbon fixation is more complex and δ13C thus depends on many more factors than in C3 crops. Recent physiological and genetic studies indicate a correlation between δ13C and WUE also in C4 crops, as well as a colocalization of quantitative trait loci for the two traits. Moreover, significant intraspecific variation as well as a medium to high heritability of δ13C has been shown in some of the main C4 crops, such as maize, sorghum and sugarcane, indicating its potential for indirect selection and breeding. Further research on physiological, genetic and environmental components influencing δ13C is needed to support its application in improving WUE and making C4 crops resilient to climate change.

scholarly journals Development of Crop Geometry for Drip Irrigated Rice Cultivation

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
S. Vallal Kannan ◽  
V. Ravikumar
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Raised Bed

Aims: To determine the effectiveness of the selected dripper spacing and dripper discharge rate on crop growth and yield parameters of rice crop and to determine the suitable variety and crop geometry for higher productivity and use efficiency of drip irrigations system. Study design: Experiment was conducted in strip plot design, method of establishment as main plot treatment viz., Direct seeded under raised bed (M1) and Transplanting under raised bed, varieties as sub-plot treatment viz., ‘ADT 54’, ‘TKM 13’ and‘ CR 1009 sub-1’(medium and long duration variety)and spacing as sub- sub-plot treatment viz., 20 x 10 cm , 20 x 20 cm , 25 x 25 cm and 20 x 40 x 10 cm (Paired row) . Place and duration of the study: Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute, Kumulur, Tiruchirapalli district of Tamil Nadu during 2019-2021(two years) in sandy clay loam soil during Samba season Methodology: The growth and yield parameters viz., plant height, number of tillers and productivity tillers, number of filled grains, test weight and grain and straw yield was observed and economics on cost of cultivation, gross return, net return and BCR were calculated and water use efficiency and water productivity were calculated. Results: Studies showed that 90 cm lateral and 60 cm dripper spacing with 4lph is the optimum for rice cultivation under sandy clay loam soil. Combination of direct seeded rice in raised bed with medium duration variety ‘TKM 13’ in the spacing of 20x40x10 cm(paired row)was recorded higher grain yield(7075 kg/ha) and net return(Rs. 82526/ha), BCR (2.76 )and higher water use efficiency (7.69 kg./ha-mm) in drip irrigated paddy cultivation during Samba season. Conclusion: Direct seeding in raised bed with medium duration variety at the spacing of 20x40x10 cm along with other agronomic practices is the best for getting higher yield parameters, yield, net return, higher water use efficiency and water productivity in Samba (Rabi) season under drip irrigated rice cultivation.

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