PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF α- AND γ-CHLORDANE IN SOILS FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH HIGH-PURITY CHLORDANE (VELSICOL HCS-3260)

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. WILSON ◽  
P. C. OLOFFS
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Limited Movement ◽  
Percentage Loss ◽  
Leaching Experiments

Residues from high-purity chlordane (Velsicol HCS-3260) were determined in British Columbia soils for 16 mo following applications in June 1971 at two rates of 5.6 and 11.2 kg active ingredients (a.i.)/ha. Residues from a cool, moist location declined rapidly during the 1st mo following application, with greater percentage loss from the lower application rate. From the 2nd mo until 16 mo after application, decay rates were linear with time. Although 225 cm rain fell during this period, less than 2% of the total residues reached the 15–23-cm horizon. Calculated half-lives were 4 and 11 mo, respectively. Residues from a semiarid location were more persistent and did not decline rapidly within the 1st mo after application. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Leaching experiments with five different soil types in the laboratory confirmed the limited movement of chlordane observed in field soil.

Five-Year Soil Concentrations of Seven Termiticides in Two Mississippi Soil Types

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Jarratt ◽  
Jim Haskins ◽  
Reba Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Mississippi State University ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
State University ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Soil Residue

Two Mississippi soil types were treated with seven termiticides representing six active ingredients. Soil locations and types were Gulfport, MS (Poarch fine sandy loam) and Mississippi State University (Faulkner silt loam). Active ingredients used in the study are cypermethrin-D, permethrin-Dr, chlorpyrifos, isofenphos, fenvalerate, cypermethrin-Pr, and bifenthrin. The lowest registered label concentration was used for the treatments. Treatments were applied to the outside and inside walls of test foundations. Test foundations were covered after treatment to provide a simulated crawl space area and the areas were sampled independently of each other. Treated soils were sampled on day of treatment and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months post treatment, with the exception of isofenphos. This treatment was not sampled at 24 and 36 months. Soil samples were extracted with acetone and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Initial soil residue concentrations for all products were high and related to the dilution rate at which the compounds were mixed. Dilutions varied from a low of 0.06% (bifenthrin) to a high of 1.0% (chlorpyrifos). The products showed a gradual decline over time, with the exception of isofenphos. Most of the isofenphos degraded within the first 9 months.

scholarly journals Effects of some heavy metals on oats in pot experiments with three different soil types

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-334
Author(s):  
Asbjørn Sorteberg
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Soil Clay

An account is given of two pot experiments, of which one has included all combinations of 5 heavy metals (cadmium, cobalt, lead, mercury and nickel), 3 rates of each metal, 2 rates of lime, and 3 types of soil (clay soil, peat soil and sandy soil). The experiment has run for 4 years (1973 —1976). Two parallels have been used for each treatment. A third parallel without crop has been used for soil sampling only. The second experiment has run for 3 years (1974 —1976), and has included the same soil types and lime rates, but only cadmium and mercury of the metals. The crop grown in all years has been oats. 250 mg/pot of all metals except lead have had a distinct yield reducing effect. In the case of mercury, the reducing effect ceases from the third year. It decreases gradually after nickel throughout the experimental period, but not after cadmium and cobalt. Heavy liming (pH 6—7) has almost eliminated the yield reduction after nickel, and has considerably reduced it after cobalt. The contents of cadmium, nickel, cobalt, and mercury in the yield have been multiplied with the application of 250 mg/pot of the metals mentioned. Application of even 0.5 mg/pot of cadmium resulted in a distinct increase of content both in grain and straw. 0.5 and 5 mg mercury, however, had only slight effect. The content of the metals decreased throughout the experimental period. The effect of mercury in the fourth year has been minimal, even after the highest application rate. Lead application led to only moderate increase in the content of the yield. Roughly 45—55 percent of the added rates of cadmium, nickel and cobalt, as a mean value for the soil series, has been recovered as AL-soluble at light liming with pH approximately 5. Heavy liming has reduced the uptake by 3—7 percent for cadmium, by 16—20 percent for nickel, and by 22—24 percent for cobalt. Generally, the amounts of AL-soluble metal in soils have decreased in the order: series peat > sand > clay.

scholarly journals Mineral Concentration of Yellow Squash Responds to Irrigation Method and Fertilization Management

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 725-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Clough ◽  
S.J. Locascio ◽  
S.M. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
Irrigation Method ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
K Fertilization

Squash (Cucurbita pepo L. var. melopepo) was grown at two locations with different soil types as a second crop in a succession cropping study that used previously cropped polyethylene-mulched beds. Squash was produced with drip or overhead irrigation and with concurrent N-K fertilization or residual fertilizer from the previous crop. Tissue mineral concentration responses to irrigation method were variable; in early fruit, N and K concentrations were higher with overhead than for drip, but leaf Ca and Mg concentrations were higher with drip than with overhead irrigation. Concentrations of N and K were higher with concurrent than with residual fertilization and increased with an increase in application rate. In contrast, concentrations of P, Ca, and Mg decreased with concurrent fertilization and an increase in application rate.

CARRY-OVER EFFECTS OF HIGH FERTILIZER RATES ON NATIVE SEDGE BOG VEGETATION IN INTERIOR BRITISH COLUMBIA

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Pringle ◽  
A. L. van Ryswyk
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Complete Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

A factorial fertilizer trial using rates of 0, 224 and 448 kg/ha of N, P2O5 and K2O in all combinations, was established on a sedge bog in the Cariboo area of British Columbia. Yields taken in the subsequent 5 years showed that a complete fertilizer in a 1:1:2 ratio was most efficient. The most limiting of the three elements was P, followed by K. Nitrogen had an effect in the first year only. Yearly fluctuations in yields and certain fertilizer response could be related to monthly precipitation. Tissue analysis revealed that, where supplied, N and P were increased in the first year only while K was increased in all years by the higher application rate. Presumably, it was taken up in luxury amounts in the first year. Digestibility of the forage was not affected by fertilizer treatment. It was concluded that hay quantity increased through the use of complete fertilizers and that elemental ratio is of equal importance to the rate. The entire picture was not complete as the test was still giving significant carry–over responses 5 years after the initial harvest.

scholarly journals Study on Soil Mobility of Two Neonicotinoid Insecticides

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Mörtl ◽  
Orsolya Kereki ◽  
Béla Darvas ◽  
Szandra Klátyik ◽  
Ágnes Vehovszky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Neonicotinoid Insecticide

Movement of two neonicotinoid insecticide active ingredients, clothianidin (CLO) and thiamethoxam (TMX), was investigated in different soil types (sand, clay, or loam) and in pumice. Elution profiles were determined to explore differences in binding capacity. Soil characterized by high organic matter content retained the ingredients, whereas high clay content resulted in long release of compounds. Decrease in concentration was strongly influenced by soil types: both CLO and TMX were retained in loam and clay soils and showed ready elution through sandy soil and pumice. Elution capability of the active ingredients in sandy soil correlated with their water solubility, indicating approximately 30% higher rapidity for TMX than for CLO. Soil organic carbon-water partitioning coefficients (Koc) determined were in good agreement with literature values with somewhat lower value for CLO in sandy soil and substantially higher values for TMX in clay soil. High mobility of these neonicotinoid active ingredients in given soil types urges stronger precautionary approach taken during their application.

Coarse Particulate Detritus Dynamics in Small, Montane Streams Southwestern British Columbia

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Montane Streams

The dynamics of coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) were studied for 2 yr in three second-order streams in the Coast Range of British Columbia. Estimates of direct litterfall ranged from 201 to 481 g ash-free dry mass∙m−2∙yr−1. The magnitude of deciduous leaf litter input was similar among streams. Input of conifer needles to a stream with an old-growth canopy was higher than in two streams which drained second-growth forests. There was over a 60-fold seasonal change in deciduous leaf standing stock, but woody debris and total CPOM showed less seasonal variation. Decomposition of alder leaf packs in two of the streams showed a large temperature-dependent component and significant differences between streams, with the more retentive stream having lower rates of decomposition. From estimates of input and decay rates, models of leaf loss were made to predict benthic standing stocks of deciduous leaf litter. Comparisons of the model predictions with actual measures indicate that 70–94% of leaf material was unaccounted for and presumably lost from the study reach by export, floodplain deposition, and burial. The seasonal changes in standing stock of CPOM emphasize the variation in food supply potentially available to detritivorous stream organisms.

scholarly journals Systems and rates of aerial application of fungicides in irrigated rice

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147
Author(s):  
Tânia Bayer ◽  
Milton F. Cabezas-Guerrero ◽  
Casimiro D. Gadanha Junior ◽  
Alci E. Loeck
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Droplet Density ◽  
Leaf Canopy

ABSTRACT The present research studied the performance of flat-fan and hollow-cone nozzles, with application rates of 20 and 30 L ha-1, and rotary disc atomizer with application rates of 10 and 15 L ha-1. The test was conducted with a fungicide spray tank composed of Azoxystrobin + Difenoconazole, in which the density and penetration of droplets into the canopy were evaluated using a water-sensitive paper and the distribution of the active ingredients in the plant was evaluated through the chromatographic analysis. Higher application rates resulted in higher droplet density in the upper stratum of plants. In all treatments, the penetration of the droplets was 26% into the middle stratum and 23% into the lower stratum, in relation to the top of the crop, resulting in an average 25% penetration of droplets into the leaf canopy. The active ingredients were distributed in greater quantity in the upper stratum of the plant. For the same weight, the upper part of the ‘Puitá Inta CL’ rice cultivar has a leaf area 6.4 times larger than the lower part. It was concluded that higher application rate leads to higher droplet density in the upper stratum of the leaf canopy and that all systems and application rates promoted similar penetration of droplets into the canopy.

scholarly journals Maize Growth and Grain Yield Responses to a Micronized Humic Product Across Soil Types and Annual Weather Patterns in Central Iowa, United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Olk ◽  
Dana L. Dinnes ◽  
J. Rene Scoresby ◽  
Jerald W. Darlington ◽  
Charles R. Hurburgh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Maize Growth ◽  
Product Application ◽  
Humic Products

Despite growing interest in humic products as crop amendments, very few field evaluations have considered environmental factors of humic product efficacy. We determined the spatial and temporal variability in the efficacy of a micronized humic product on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and grain yield in two rainfed fields supporting a maize−soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation in 2012–2014, and 2016 in central Iowa, U.S. Crop management in both fields otherwise followed conventional farmer practices. In two dry growing seasons, mechanized combine measurements of grain yield increased significantly (P < 0.10) with humic product application on an eroded hilltop soil, amounting for two application rates to 930 and 1,600 kg ha–1 (11 and 19% of the control grain yield) in 2012, the droughtiest season, and 700 kg ha–1 (7% of the control) for the higher application rate in the somewhat droughty 2013 season. On a fertile side slope soil in the 2012 field, though, only a faint numeric response occurred in 2012, while on a toe slope soil the sole significant increase was in 2012, 870 kg ha–1 (14% increase above the control) for one application rate. With favorable rainfall in 2014 and 2016, significant grain yield increases with product application were small in the upland soil of 2014 and absent in 2016. Yield components analysis on 1-m row lengths of hand-collected samples attributed these yield boosts primarily to increased ear length, especially of the shorter ears. Combine grain yields, yield components, and total leaf area all demonstrated numerically slightly greater values for humic product treatments compared to the control in the vast majority of comparisons across years and soil types, with better distinction in the upland transects. Statistical significance, though, was reached only in the droughtier settings. The humic product had no consistent effects on nutrient concentrations of the grain, stover, or young leaves. Grain quality parameters showed a slight shift from protein to carbohydrates in the droughtier settings. Fifteen soil properties showed no response to the humic product. This humic product demonstrated the capability to improve maize growth in rainfed conditions in a high-yielding region, and its efficacy varied predictably with environmental conditions. This finding provides one potential explanation for inconsistent reports elsewhere of crop responses to humic products.

Foliar nutrient status and fascicle weight of lodgepole pine after nitrogen and sulphur fertilization in the interior of British Columbia

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 792-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P. Brockley ◽  
F.J. Sheran
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Elemental Sulphur ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sulphur Concentration ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Nitrogen Additions

The effects of nitrogen and nitrogen + sulphur fertilization on the first-year fascicle weight and foliar nutrient status of immature, thinned lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) were evaluated at seven locations in the interior of British Columbia. The results indicate that sulphur deficiencies, either aggravated or induced by nitrogen fertilization, may limit the responsiveness of lodgepole pine to nitrogen additions. At four locations, combined sulphur and nitrogen additions improved the sulphur status of fertilized trees and significantly increased the weight of fascicles produced during the first year after treatment compared with that achieved with nitrogen alone. Ammonium sulphate was a superior sulphur source compared with elemental sulphur–sodium bentonite prills and also was readily taken up by trees. The oxidation of the elemental sulphur prills was apparently too slow to satisfy sulphur requirements in the first year. Increasing the sulphur application rate from 50 to 100 kg/ha generally gave only small improvements in first-year fascicle weight response despite a significant improvement in foliar sulphur concentration and content. The responsiveness to sulphur fertilization was not consistent across all sites. Further characterization of sites that are responsive and unresponsive to sulphur additions is needed to more accurately diagnose sulphur deficiencies and predict responsiveness to sulphur additions.

Influence of initial chemistry on decomposition of foliar litter in contrasting forest types in British Columbia

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1714-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
C E Prescott ◽  
L Vesterdal ◽  
C M Preston ◽  
S W Simard
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
First Year ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Litter Chemistry ◽  
Initial Litter Chemistry

We compare rates of decay of foliar litters of British Columbia tree species in two field studies, and assess which initial litter chemistry parameters best predict the decay rates. Nutrient concentrations, tannins, and carbon fractions (based on proximate analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) were measured in fresh litter of 14 tree species in one experiment and seven species in a second experiment. Each study was replicated in a different site in order to assess the transferability of results. Broadleaf litters decayed faster than needle litters only during the first year; thereafter, they decayed slower. Lignin concentration was a good predictor of mass loss only during the first year and only in one of the two experiments, which may have resulted from all foliar litters having high lignin concentrations (>170 mg·kg–1). Litter chemistry effects on first-year decay were consistent and transferable among sites. None of the initial litter chemistry parameters were good predictors of mass remaining after 4 or 5 years, because mass loss of most litters was similar by this time. The convergence in mass losses of litters after 4–5 years despite initial differences indicates that decomposition estimates extrapolated from early rates or initial chemistry may not accurately predict long-term decay.

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