scholarly journals Effects of some heavy metals on oats in pot experiments with three different soil types

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-334
Author(s):  
Asbjørn Sorteberg
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Soil Clay

An account is given of two pot experiments, of which one has included all combinations of 5 heavy metals (cadmium, cobalt, lead, mercury and nickel), 3 rates of each metal, 2 rates of lime, and 3 types of soil (clay soil, peat soil and sandy soil). The experiment has run for 4 years (1973 —1976). Two parallels have been used for each treatment. A third parallel without crop has been used for soil sampling only. The second experiment has run for 3 years (1974 —1976), and has included the same soil types and lime rates, but only cadmium and mercury of the metals. The crop grown in all years has been oats. 250 mg/pot of all metals except lead have had a distinct yield reducing effect. In the case of mercury, the reducing effect ceases from the third year. It decreases gradually after nickel throughout the experimental period, but not after cadmium and cobalt. Heavy liming (pH 6—7) has almost eliminated the yield reduction after nickel, and has considerably reduced it after cobalt. The contents of cadmium, nickel, cobalt, and mercury in the yield have been multiplied with the application of 250 mg/pot of the metals mentioned. Application of even 0.5 mg/pot of cadmium resulted in a distinct increase of content both in grain and straw. 0.5 and 5 mg mercury, however, had only slight effect. The content of the metals decreased throughout the experimental period. The effect of mercury in the fourth year has been minimal, even after the highest application rate. Lead application led to only moderate increase in the content of the yield. Roughly 45—55 percent of the added rates of cadmium, nickel and cobalt, as a mean value for the soil series, has been recovered as AL-soluble at light liming with pH approximately 5. Heavy liming has reduced the uptake by 3—7 percent for cadmium, by 16—20 percent for nickel, and by 22—24 percent for cobalt. Generally, the amounts of AL-soluble metal in soils have decreased in the order: series peat > sand > clay.

scholarly journals The effect of some heavy metals on oats in a pot experiment with three different soil types

1974 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-288
Author(s):  
Asbjørn Sorteberg
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Relative Content ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Soil Series

An account is given of a pot experiment comprising all combinations of 5 heavy metals (cadmium, cobalt, lead, mercury and nickel), 3 rates of each metal (0, 50 and 250 mg/pot), 2 rates of lime, and 3 types of soil (clay soil, peat soil, and sandy soil). Crop yields of grain and straw are given in Table 2. Low addition of the metal (50 mg/pot) has had slight or no effect on the yield size. The high rate of metal (250 mg/ pot) of some of the metals has induced definite to heavy yield reductions. Nickel has led to a heavy yield decrease in all soil series both in grain and straw afterlight liming. The yield reduction is to a certain extent or completely eliminated after heavier liming. Mercury has induced a near complete crop failure in the sandy soil series at both lime rates. Some yield reduction is obvious also in the other soil series, in clay soil only after light liming. Cadmium has reduced the straw yields in peat soil after both lime rates. Clay soil shows grain yield reduction at heaviest liming, while no yield reduction is detectable in the sandy soil. Cobalt has induced some degree of yield reduction in all soil types, most of all in clay soil after light liming. Lead has had no effect on the yield size. The heavy metal content in the crop is presented in Table 3. Apart from lead, the relative content increases very heavily with increased metal application. The content at times proves essentially higher in the crop from peat soil and sandy soil than in crop from clay soil. The content of cadmium, nickel and cobalt is lower at heavy liming compared to light liming. This is particularly characteristic of the crop from clay soil and sandy soil. The effect of heavier liming on the mercury and lead uptake is equivocal. For nickel, the relative content is essentially higher in the grain than in straw. The content of other metals is higher in the straw. The lead content in particular is much higher in straw than in the grain. In addition to the crop experiment, all treatments have included one parallel pot without plants. At the harvesting time, samples were taken from these pots for chemical analysis. The heavy metal content was determined after extraction by an AL-solution (Table 4). Wide variations appear between metals and soil types with regard to the recovered amounts of applied metal. Mercury shows a characteristically low AL-soluble recovery, only 1 to 2 per cent at the highest application rate. Also of lead, only a small amount of the applied substance exists as AL-soluble. With regard to the remaining metals, nearly all have been recovered as AL-soluble by a heavy application of cadmium to sandy soil at light liming. In other cases the percentage recovery falls within the 20—70 range, the lower figures often pertaining to clay soil and the higher ones to peat soil. A description of plants influenced by retarded growth, and symptoms of toxicity, are given.

Effects of heavy metals on soil invertase enzyme activity in different soil types

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
Rajesh K. Verma ◽  
Dharam Veer Yadav ◽  
Chandra Pal Singh ◽  
Archna Suman ◽  
Asha Gaur
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Soil Types

Dinitrogen fixation and nodulation by Frankia in Alnus incana as affected by inorganic nitrogen in pot experiments with peat

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 2956-2963 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Granhall ◽  
T. Ericsson ◽  
M. Clarholm
Keyword(s):  
Acetylene Reduction ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Alnus Incana ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Ph Level

The effects of single large or repeated, exponentially increasing applications of nutrients, with or without inorganic nitrogen and at two pH levels, on the growth, nodulation, acetylene reduction, and nutrient uptake in Alnus incana (L.) Moench were investigated in pot experiments with peat under controlled laboratory conditions. The repeated application of inorganic nitrogen did not suppress nitrogenase activity until the last 2 weeks, whereas an initial, large, nitrogen application effectively inhibited nodulation and activity throughout the 40-day experimental period. The mode of nitrogen application was thus found to be more important than the total amounts applied. Shoot length, leaf area, shoot–root relations, dry-matter production, and nitrogen contents of plants were determined at the end of the experiment, as well as the effect of Frankia inoculations. Nitrogenase activity was determined three times, at 0, 3, and 5 weeks. N2 fixation (balance/acetylene reduction) was found to be maximal, 55% of total nitrogen uptake, in minus-N pots with single applications of essential nutrients. The fastest growth was, however, noted in pots with single applications of all nutrients, including N. Among the latter, pots inoculated with Frankia showed the best growth, in spite of low nitrogenase activity. The only noticeable effect of a raised pH level was a reduced endophyte activity in minus-N pots with single applications of essential nutrients, due to increased N mineralization in the peat.

Functional zones of Peyer’s patch (PPs) in rabbits’ caecum

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-86
Author(s):  
M. O. Nikitina ◽  
M. V. Kravtsova ◽  
A. A. Bohomaz
Keyword(s):  
Germinal Center ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Vermiform Appendix ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Mantle Zone ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

A feature of rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissue is that its structure is more developed than in other animal species. In rabbits it is composed of sacculus rotundus, vermiform appendix and Peyer’s patches. These immune formations contain an organized component of lymphoid tissue – lymphoid nodules (B-cell zone) and interfollicular region (T-cell). Secondary lymphoid nodules with germinal centers presented in them are formed due to antigen stimulation. The caecum of Hyplus rabbits at the age of 30 -, 60 - and 90-days was investigated. Each age group consisted of 5 rabbits. Experimental rabbits are clinically healthy, unvaccinated and untreated against ecto- and endoparasites. Peyer’s patches of the caecum were selected for the study and fixed in 10% of formalin. Subsequently, the specimens stained with hematoxylin-eosin were prepared from the obtained samples. On the 30th day of life, Peyer’s patches in the cecum were detected by gross examination. On the histological level, they had formed interfollicular region and lymphoid nodules. In turn, lymphoid nodules were divided into primary and secondary ones. A well-defined mantle zone and germinal centers were observed in the secondary lymphoid nodules. The regularities of their area indicators increase (mean value, median and interquartile range (IQR)) and their correlation were studied. The most intensive growth of the mantle area and the germinal center was observed from the 30th to the 60th day. The relative area of the mantle zone and the germinal center as part of the secondary lymphoid nodule was determined. Its value did not change during the experimental period.

scholarly journals Populasi Serangga Penyerbuk Kelapa Sawit Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Nilai Fruit Set pada Tanah Berliat, Berpasir dan Gambut di Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia

Agrikultura ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fizrul Indra Lubis ◽  
Sudarjat Sudarjat ◽  
Danar Dono
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Palm Weevil ◽  
Elaeidobius Kamerunicus ◽  
Set Value

ABSTRACTPopulation of soil palm weevil pollinator Elaeidobius kamerunicus FAUST and its impact on fruit setvalue at clay, sandy and peat soil types in central Kalimantan, di IndonesiaOil palm weevil pollinator Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust plays an important role in the increasing oilpalm fruit set value. Along with the development of oil palm, fruit set problems occurred in recentdecades in some parts of Indonesia. An experiment was carried out on a seven years old oil palmplantation located at Selangkun Estate, Kotawaringin Barat, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia to find outthe influence of population E. kamerunicus on pollination efficiency at clay, sandy and peat soil types.Relative to other soil types, a high weevil population on male (50,811 weevils/ha ; 72 weevils/spikelet)and female (219 weevils) inflorescences had been recorded at clay soil. Fruit set value on clay soil 58.9%and significantly different with sandy soil of 49.8% and peat soil of 46.4%. Population E. kamerunicusper ha influenced fruit set value at clay, sandy and peat soil types. Number of E. kamerunicus visitedfemale inflorescences did not influenced fruit set value at clay, sandy and peat soil types.Keywords: Clay soil, Elaeidobius kamerunicus, fruit set, peat soil, population, sandy soil ABSTRAKSerangga penyerbuk kelapa sawit Elaeidobius kamerunicus FAUST berperan penting dalam peningkatannilai fruit set kelapa sawit. Seiring dengan perkembangan kelapa sawit, adanya permasalahan nilai fruitset telah terjadi dalam beberapa kurun waktu di beberapa wilayah Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan diperkebunan kelapa sawit yang telah berumur tujuh tahun, berlokasi di Selangkung, Kotawaringin Barat,Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia dan bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh populasi E. Kamerunicusterhadap efisiensi penyerbukan pada tipe tanah liat, pasir dan gambut. Berdasarkan tipe tanahdilaporkan bahwa tingginya populasi kumbang pada bunga jantan yaitu (50.811 kumbang/ha; 72kumbang/spikelet) dan bunga betina yang sedang mekar (219 kumbang) pada tipe tanah berliat.Adapun, nilai fruit set pada tanah liat sebesar 58,9% dan berbeda nyata dibandingkan dengan tanahberpasir (49,8%) dan gambut (46,4%). Populasi E. kamerunicus per ha berpengaruh terhadap nilai fruitset pada tipe tanah liat, pasir dan gambut. Namun, jumlah E. kamerunicus yang mengunjungi bungabetina yang sedang mekar tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai fruit set pada tipe tanah liat, pasir dangambut.Kata Kunci : Elaeidobius kamerunicus, Fruit set , Populasi, Tanah Gambut, Tanah liat, Tanah Pasir

scholarly journals Investigation of Heavy Metals Level in selected Boreholes around the Vicinity of some Cemeteries in Benin City, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 841-845
Author(s):  
C.A.E. Ibhadode ◽  
I.R. Ilaboya
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Groundwater pollution by heavy metals such as lead, copper, nickel and iron is one of the major environmental issues of concern which has developed into a widely studied area. In this study, attempt was made to investigate the level of heavy metals in selected boreholes around the vicinity of cemeteries in Benin City. Seventy-two (72) samples of groundwater were taken from boreholes in 9 stations around the three cemeteries in Benin City on monthly basis. The samples were analysed for 7 heavy metals, in accordance with standard procedures. The heavy metals include; Zinc, Lead Iron, Copper, Cadmium, Nickel and Mercury. From the results of the study, a variation in the mean concentration of zinc was observed. The mean concentration of zinc in site 1 was 0.450mg/l, for site 2, it was 0.140mg/l and for site 3, it was 1.0533mg/l. For iron, mean concentration was 0.072mg/l in site 1. For site 2, mean concentration of iron was 2.140mg/l and for site 3, mean concentration of iron was 0.560mg/l. It was further revealed based on the results that mean value of heavy metals in groundwater around cemeteries in Benin City were generally lower during dry season compared to wet season. In addition, result of computed pollution index (Pi) revealed that the heavy metal with the highest potential to pollute groundwater is Cadmium, with Pi of 0.5333 and 0.400 representing dry season and wet season respectively.

Heat-treated serpentine-reached materials: application for sorption of heavy metals and remediation of industrially polluted peat soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Slukovskaya ◽  
Irina Kremenetskaya ◽  
Andrey Novikov ◽  
Tatiana Ivanova ◽  
Svetlana Drogobuzhskaya
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Metal Mobility ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Serpentine Minerals ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Murmansk Region ◽  
Metal Fractions

<p>Serpentine minerals are widely distributed in the Earth’s crust, forming in some provinces with specific vegetation. Like clay minerals, serpentine minerals can be referred to as eco-friendly materials and can be used for the sorption of heavy metals in contaminated soil. The sorption of metals by serpentine minerals can occur by adsorption on the surface, entering into the mineral’s structure, and the precipitation of low-soluble compounds in an alkaline environment. It is possible to intensify these processes by modifying serpentines, namely by heat treatment. Our study used two types of serpentine-reached materials from mining wastes: ortho-chrysotile from overburden rocks of Khalilovsky magnesite deposit (Cht) and lizardite from host rocks of Khabozersky olivine deposit (Lt) (Russia), thermally activated in a tube furnace at 650-750 ºC.</p><p>The process of hydration occurs in the field conditions when serpentine interacts with soil solutions. Therefore, the process of nickel sorption by Cht and hydrated Cht was studied. Results indicated the formation of magnesium silicates during hydration. These chemical compounds were found to be more stable than components of initial Cht (test for leaching in 1N ammonium acetate solution, pH 4.68). Hydration of Cht reduced the activity of nickel sorption processes in the initial period of interaction. However, the nickel sorption value of hydrated Cht eventually was similar to the initial Cht when reactive phases’ contact increased up to 30 days.</p><p>In the field experiment, the topsoil (0-5 cm) of industrially polluted peat near the active Cu/Ni plant (Murmansk region, Russia) was mixed with Cht and Lt in 3:1 proportion. Initial polluted peat contained more than 500 mg/kg of exchangeable Ni and 6300 mg/kg of Cu. After eight years of the experiment in conditions of continuing aerial metal emissions, the concentration of exchangeable metal fractions in soil mixtures was lower than in peat soil by 3-5 times for Cu and by 1.3 times for Ni. Simultaneously, the concentration of immobile metal fractions (bound by organic matter, Fe/Mn (hydr)oxides, and included in other insoluble compounds) was 1.5 times higher than in peat soil. The lack of nutrients (mostly Mg and Ca) in the polluted soil causes vegetation degradation in the smelter’s impact zone. Soil mixed with heat-treated serpentine minerals led to increased plant-available Mg compounds (by 11-42 times) and Ca (by 2.6-4.4 times). These findings indicate the fixation of metal pollutants by heat-treated serpentine minerals and soil enrichment in essential elements. The use of the heat-treated serpentine-reached materials is promising for the long-term decrease of metal mobility and remediation of industrially polluted soils.</p><p>The research was conducted with the support of the Russian Science Foundation grant 19-77-00077.</p>

scholarly journals Contaminants Leaching from Fresh Poultry Waste: A Lysimeter Study on Sandy Soils under Tropical Conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Peter Aderemi Adeoye ◽  
Hasfalina Che Man ◽  
Mohd. Soom Amin Soom ◽  
Ahmad Mohamed Thamer ◽  
Akinbile Christopher Oluwakunmi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Arsenic Copper

A lysimeter study was conducted on sandy soil of Minna, North central Nigeria to assess the migration of nitrates, phosphates, bacteriological parameters and heavy metals contents of poultry manure through Minna soil. This is with a view to examining the environmental effect of indiscriminate land application of excessive poultry manure on shallow groundwater quality. A lysimeter and rainfall simulator assembly was installed on an undisturbed 0.9m diameter, 3m depth soil core after which 50kg of characterized poultry manure was applied at the top. Rainfall of 125mm was simulated and water samples were collected at different depths of the soil core through the lysimeter and were taken to laboratory for analysis. Results showed that nitrate and phosphate in poultry manure were able to leach to a depth of 2.5m of the soil core four months after poultry manure application while turbidity and electrical conductivity reached their maximum value at depth 2.5m after three months. Faecal coliform, total coliform and faecal streptococci were detected at depth 2.5m also two months after the application. Statistical analysis using New Duncan Multiple Range test showed significant variation (p<0.05) of all the parameters tested with depth of sample collection and months after application of poultry manure. Spearman’s correlation coefficient established both positive and negative correlation between the parameters studied in this research. Heavy metals tested, Arsenic, copper, zinc, chromium and manganese were not able to leach beyond 0.5m depth of the soil core throughout the experimental period.

Water relations of Pinus radiata under plantation conditions

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Autumn Leaf ◽  
Leaf Water Deficit ◽  
Old Trees

Two groups of four 9-year-old trees of P. radiata were isolated "droughted" by lining trenches, and covering the soil surface, with plastic film. Two similar groups served as controls. Soils in the control plots dried out to above pF 4.2 during a 6 weeks' drought in late summer, and again in a shorter dry period in autumn. Leaf water deficit (L.W.D.) was correlated with soil moisture tension (S.M.T.) while there was available soil moisture, and rose during the drought to a maximum of 22.8. Autumn rain which wet the upper part of the soil profile reduced the L.W.D. to a mean value of 12. In the droughted plots, S.M.T. rose to above pF 4.2 in the first six weeks and remained high for the rest of the experimental period. During normal weather with occasional light falls of rain, L.W.D. was maintained at about 17-significantly higher than the corresponding values for the control plots. With the onset of dry weather, L.W.D. in the droughted plots rose further, but not significantly higher than in the controls. L.W.D. decreased when rain occurred, although less than in the control plots. P. radiata is able to maintain moderate turgidity in its needles, even under very dry soil conditions, as long as there is frequent precipitation sufficient to wet the foliage.

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