THE RESIDUAL EFFECT OF LIME ON CROP YIELDS, pH, AND OTHER CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A GREY WOODED SOIL BROKEN TO DIFFERENT DEPTHS

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Herman A. Hamilton ◽  
M. Levesque ◽  
J. R. Lessard
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
First Year ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Predominant Effect

A virgin Grey Wooded soil in which soil pH increased with depth of profile was ploughed to different depths on first breaking the land. It was observed that irrespective of depth of ploughing, calcitic limestone applied at 2 and 4 tons per acre respectively still exerted an effect on crop yields 7 years after application. The predominant effect of increases in soil pH and crop yields were attributable to lime, though with 6-in. ploughing nitrogen had a significant effect in increasing soil pH but no significant effect on crop yields. Phosphorus did not significantly affect soil pH with any of the ploughing treatments imposed, but had some effect on crop yields with 6-in. ploughing and 24-in. ploughing. In the absence of lime application, soil pH decreased substantially in the first year of cropping and then remained fairly constant. An application of 2 tons of lime per acre was just sufficient to maintain the natural pH of the different soil layers and yet caused substantial increases in crop yields. With 4 tons of lime per acre, the increase in soil pH was at a maximum in the first year after application, and with 6-in. ploughing was maintained at this level. However with 12-in. ploughing and 24-in. ploughing the maximum pH attained was not maintained.Lime applied to the surface soil affected soil pH in the subsurface soil.Irrespective of initial ploughing treatment on breaking the land, lime decreased organic matter and increased Bray 'acid-soluble' phosphorus in the surface soil. With 6-in. and 12-in. ploughing, lime increased Bray 'adsorbed' phosphorus, but caused a decrease with 24-in. ploughing. On the application of lime, increases in Bray 'acid-soluble' phosphorus were in general more pronounced than increases in Bray 'adsorbed' phosphorus.

PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS IN A SOIL SAMPLED AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS AND THE EFFECT OF LIME AND FERTILIZER ON OATS AND CLOVER IN A GREENHOUSE TEST

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
H. A. Hamilton ◽  
J. R. Lessard
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Iron Phosphate ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Total Soil Phosphorus

Soil samples were collected at four different depths from a virgin soil, and in a region where deep ploughing has been a common practice. Chemical analyses revealed that the sub-surface samples were more highly saturated with bases than were the surface samples. In the 0–6 inch layer the percentage contribution of calcium, aluminium and iron phosphate to total soil phosphorus was 41.1, 10.4 and 2.8 respectively; while, in the 18–24 inch layer the percentages were 88.4, 2.8 and 0.5 respectively. Organic phosphorus decreased with depth.In the greenhouse there were highly significant differences between oat yields on the various layers, the surface soil giving the highest yields. Clover crop yields tended to be better as depth of profile increased. Phosphorus increased oat yields and clover yields on all soil layers. As a result of over-liming in certain instances clover yields were depressed in the absence of applied phosphate fertilizer, whereas oat yields were unaffected.

A LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT WITH COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND MANURE: I. Fertility levels and crop yields in a rotation of swedes, oats and hay

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. MacLeod ◽  
R. F. Bishop ◽  
L. P. Jackson ◽  
C. R. MacEachern ◽  
E. T. Goring
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Initial Content ◽  
Term Field

In a field experiment, conducted from 1936 to 1957, a rotation of swedes, oats and hay was followed and treatments included commercial fertilizers and manure.Changes in the chemical composition of the soil during the experiment included significant decreases in soil organic matter, total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity. In no case was the initial content of exchangeable potassium maintained and although changes in adsorbed and easily acid-soluble phosphorus were negligible with a number of treatments only one resulted in a significant increase.The treatments were applied in the swede year and yield differences with this crop were greater than for either the oats or hay. Data for the latter two crops indicated that with most of the treatments there was a tendency for yields to decline as the experiment progressed. This was not the case with swedes where variation in yields with rotation cycles was greater than it was in the case of oats or hay. There was a considerable residual effect from manure, and phosphorus had a greater effect on yields than either nitrogen or potassium.

The growth of improved pastures on acid soils. 1. The effect of superphosphate and lime on soil pH and on the establishment and growth of phalaris and lucerne

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Horsnell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Growth ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Effect Of Surface

The response of improved pastures to the application of superphosphate is low on the acid sedimentary soils, of the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, which contain high levels of exchangeable aluminium. An investigation was made into the effect of surface-applied fertilizers on soil pH and on the establishment and growth of lucerne and phalaris on these soils. At 6 weeks after the application of gypsum, superphosphate, or superphosphate plus potassium sulfate, soil pH (H2O) had decreased markedly. This effect extended to a depth of 20 cm, but decreased with time. Initially, lime application increased the pH of the surface soil only. When superphosphate was applied with lime the pH of the soil under the lime layer decreased to the same level as that found in the soil treated with superphosphate alone. Lime, however, had penetrated into the subsoil 102 weeks after application and substantially more so after 13 years. Soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) was not depressed by the application of fertilizers. Growth and persistence of both species in the first summer were poor, but growth responses to phosphorus, lime and nitrogen increased after the first year. Lucerne showed large growth responses to lime, greater than those found on plots receiving nitrogen fertilizer. Lime reduced aluminium levels both in lucerne plants and in soil. It is suggested that the slow penetration of lime into the soil, the relatively quick effect of superphosphate in increasing subsoil acidity, and high soil aluminium levels are together responsible for the poor persistence and slow growth of both lucerne and phalaris in the early stages. The subsequent large dry matter responses of lucerne to lime are possibly related to increased nitrogen fixation and a lowering of plant and soil aluminium levels. It is suggested that the lime responses of phalaris are also related to lower aluminium levels.

Effect of soil acidity on barley production in the south-west of Western Australia. 2. Cereal genotypes and their response to lime

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 811 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Dolling ◽  
WM Porter ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Barley Genotypes ◽  
Extractable Al

The effect of aluminium (Al) toxicity of either surface or subsurface soil on the growth of barley, and the potential for variation in response to soil acidity among agronomically adapted Australian barley genotypes, were examined at 13 sites. The effect of Al toxicity was investigated by plant analysis, using 3-5 lime application rates and Al-tolerant species (wheat, triticale), as well as barley. All cereals were supplied with complete nutrients. To measure the potential for response variation, grain yields of 14 genotypes of barley, relative to cv. Stirling, were related to soil pH at 7 sites. Grain yield of barley was increased 9-30% at 6 sites, by lime application alleviating A1 toxicity. The yield of triticale and wheat cv. Aroona was not increased by lime application at any site. There was some indication that subsurface acidity may be reducing the grain yield of barley at sites with CaCl2-extractable Al concentrations of 23-4 mg/g in the A2 horizon. Some barley genotypes appeared to be more tolerant than Stirling to soil acidity. Aluminium toxicity appears to be reducing barley grain yields by more than 10% at surface soil pH <4.5 (0.01 mol CaCl2/L), or when CaCl2-extractable Al is >3-4 mg/g. CaCl2-extractable A1 in the surface soil was not a better indicator of Al toxicity than soil pH.

Wheat grain-yield response to lime application: relationships with soil pH and aluminium in Western Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Anderson ◽  
Richard Bell
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Soil acidity, or more specifically aluminium (Al) toxicity, is a major soil limitation to growing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the south of Western Australia (SWA). Application of calcium carbonate (lime) is used to correct Al toxicity by increasing soil pH and decreasing soluble soil Al3+. Soil testing using a 0.01 m calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution can measure both soil pH (pHCaCl2) and soil Al (AlCaCl2) for recommending rates of lime application. This study aimed to determine which combination of soil pHCaCl2 or soil AlCaCl2 and sampling depth best explains the wheat grain-yield increase (response) when lime is applied. A database of 31 historical lime experiments was compiled with wheat as the indicator crop. Wheat response to lime application was presented as relative yield percentage (grain yield for the no-lime treatment divided by the highest grain yield achieved for lime treatments × 100). Soil sampling depths were 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm and various combinations of these depths. For evidence that lime application had altered soil pHCaCl2, we selected the change in the lowest pHCaCl2 value of the three soil layers to a depth of 30 cm as a result of the highest lime application (ΔpHmin). When ΔpHmin &lt;0.3, the lack of grain-yield response to lime suggested that insufficient lime had leached into the 10–30 cm soil layer to remove the soil Al limitation for these observations. Also, under high fallow-season rainfall (228 and 320 mm) and low growing-season rainfall (GSR) (&lt;140 mm), relative yield was lower for the measured level of soil AlCaCl2 than in the other observations. Hence, after excluding observations with ΔpHmin &lt;0.3 or GSR &lt;140 mm (n = 19), soil AlCaCl2 provided a better definition of the relationship between soil test and wheat response (r2 range 0.48–0.74) than did soil pHCaCl2 (highest r2 0.38). The critical value (defined at relative yield = 90%) ranged from 2.5 mg Al kg–1 (for soil Al calculated according to root distribution by depth within the 0–30 cm layer) to 4.5 mg Al kg–1 (calculated from the highest AlCaCl2 value from the three soil layers to 30 cm depth). We conclude that 0.01 m CaCl2 extractable Al in the 0–30 cm layer will give the more accurate definition of the relationship between soil test and wheat response in SWA.

THE EVALUATION OF THE RESIDUAL EFFECT OF FERTILIZER IN LONG-TERM FERTILITY PLOTS: II. PHOSPHORUS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Total Phosphorus Content ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
The Relationship

Long-term annual applications of fertilizer phosphorus to an acid sandy loam podzol resulted in marked increases in total phosphorus content of the surface soil. However, downward movement was limited as no increase occurred below 9 in. The relationship between total phosphorus content of the profile and sodium bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus (r = 0.93) was significant at the 1% level. Phosphate retention capacity of the surface soil was not influenced by fertilizer or manurial treatment and increases in percentage phosphorus saturation were relatively small.Under conditions of intensive cropping in the greenhouse (12 crops), residual phosphorus was highly effective in supplying crop requirements. However, the results suggest that fertilizer phosphorus may be beneficial during the establishment period. The relationship between phosphorus uptake on the no P series in the greenhouse and levels of sodium bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus (r = 0.88) is further evidence of the value of this method in estimating phosphorus availability in soils.

Correction of Acid Infertility in Rwandan Oxisols with Lime from an Indigenous Source for Sustainable Cropping

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Yamoah ◽  
J. R. Burleigh ◽  
V. J. Eylands
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Simple Regression Analysis ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Simple Regression

SUMMARYSustainable crop production on Rwandan oxisols is limited by widespread soil acidity caused by high levels of exchangeable aluminium. This study was designed to test the effectiveness of an indigenous lime material in counteracting the acidity and enhancing crop yields. Lime application significantly raised pH, exchangeable calcium and effective cation exchange capacity, and reduced exchangeable aluminium and total acidity. Calcium was directly proportional to effective cation exchange capacity (r = 0.962**) and was inversely related to aluminium (r = −0.955**). Consequently, yields of wheat, beans and potatoes, which served as test crops, were significantly increased by liming. Lime at high rates (4–8 t ha−1) had a longer residual effect than at low rates (less than 2 t ha−1), suggesting frequent applications are needed when low lime rates are used. Simple regression analysis showed an increase in pH of 0.154 units and a decrease in exchangeable aluminium of 0.385 meq 100 g−1 for a tonne of lime applied.

EFFECT OF ALFALFA AND GRASSES ON YIELD OF SUBSEQUENT WHEAT CROPS AND SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A GRAY WOODED SOIL

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. HOYT ◽  
A. M. F. HENNIG
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Total N ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fallow Age

Wheat was grown continuously after forage crops or fallow of a fallow-wheat rotation, with fertilizer being applied to only the fifth wheat crop. Yields of the first, second, fourth and fifth wheat crops succeeding alfalfa were greater than those succeeding fallow by 71, 82, 75 and 68%, respectively. The third crop was frozen. Yields were slightly less after a bromegrass-alfalfa mixture than after alfalfa alone. Yields after red fescue or bromegrass were similar to those after fallow. Age of the forage swards, two to six years, did not affect subsequent wheat yields. Total N and organic matter in the surface soil changed only slightly under the forage swards. Mineralizable N and chlorophyll units were in much greater amounts in the first year following alfalfa, alone or in mixture with bromegrass, than following the other crops, but the differences had diminished somewhat by the fifth year.

Residual effects from lime application on soil pH, rhizobial population and crop productivity in dryland farming systems of central New South Wales

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fettell ◽  
C. M. Evans ◽  
D. J. Carpenter ◽  
J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
The Third ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Lime Application

A mildly acidic (pHCa 4.79, 0–10 cm depth) red-brown earth soil (Chromosol) at Condobolin in central-western New South Wales was cultivated and limed (once only) at six rates (range 0–4 t/ha) and sown with field peas (Pisum sativumL.) with and without inoculation (once only) with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae – the rhizobium for peas. The soil already contained a very small population of pea rhizobia (<4 per g soil). The experiment embraced two parallel rotations, each over 4 years: (1) year 1, inoculated peas; year 2, wheat; year 3, wheat; year 4, uninoculated peas; and (2) year 1, inoculated peas; year 2, wheat; year 3, inoculated chickpeas; year 4, uninoculated peas. The objectives of the work were to establish whether liming had any immediate and residual benefits for rhizobia and plants and, if so, to determine if the two events were linked. Liming had an immediate effect on soil pH (0–10 cm depth). Increases in pH were greater per unit of lime at lower rates of application than at higher rates. Although lime effects existed for the duration of the experiment (four seasons of cropping), there was a small decline in soil pH over time (mean decline in unlimed plots 0.16 pHCa units, mean decline in limed plots 0.47 pHCa units). In the first year (pea crop), there was a very large and highly significant response to inoculation on populations of rhizobia in soil and rhizosphere. The number of rhizobia that occurred naturally in uninoculated plots increased rapidly in high-lime plots until, by the third year, they were substantial and, by the fourth year, equal to those in the inoculated treatment. By the end of the experiment, the mean population of rhizobia in the 4 t/ha lime treatment was 7250 per g soil, compared with <4 rhizobia per g in the nil lime treatment. It was noteworthy that, in those years in the rotations when peas were not grown, populations of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae were sustained by their ability to colonise the rhizospheres of wheat and chickpea. In the first pea crop, eight parameters of plant production responded overwhelmingly to inoculation, while there was an underlying response to liming in two of those parameters. The positive effect of inoculation on peas in the first year carried over to the wheat crop of the second year, which was interpreted as a consequence of increased soil N in the inoculated plots. By the third and fourth years, soil populations of pea rhizobia in the plus inoculation and minus inoculation treatments were approximately equal, and inoculation was no longer a determinant of crop production. On the other hand, application of lime, which had only an underlying effect on pea production in the first year, significantly enhanced several parameters of the symbiosis and growth of the chickpea and pea crops, including legume nodulation and percentage nitrogen in the seed. R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, legumes and cereals each responded differently to increasing rates of lime application. Populations of rhizobia in soil and plant rhizospheres increased with each additional rate of liming. Legume productivity responded to additional lime up to 2 t/ha. There was no significant evidence that liming per se had any effect at any time on wheat production. The practical implications of these results are discussed.

Amelioration of coarse-textured acidic soils used for macadamia production. II. Effects of surface applied lime on subsoil properties

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Aitken ◽  
RA Stephenson ◽  
PW Moody ◽  
EC Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Depth Interval ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Surface Application

The chemical properties of the soil at depths of 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-50 cm at two field sites with established macadamia trees were monitored for 5 years following the surface application of various rates of lime (0-1200 g/m2). The effects of annual applications of N and N plus lime were also studied at one site. Both sites received >I700 mm annual rainfall and had strongly acidic, sandy soils. A residual effect of increased pH in the surface soil (0-5 cm depth) was evident after 5 years for lime rates 2200 g/m2. Differences in the nature of the residual effect at each site are discussed in relation to soil acidification, lime dissolution and leaching. High lime rates (>300 g/m2) applied to the soil surface increased pH and reduced extractable A1 in the 10-20 cm depth interval after 12 months. Three years after application, the soil pH at depths of 20-30 and 30-50 cm had been significantly (P < 0.05) increased by surface applications of 600 and 1200 g lime/m2, respectively. The results of this study show that surface application of lime at economic rates (300 to 600 g/m2) can reduce subsoil acidity in coarse-textured soils in high rainfall areas.

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