EFFECT OF ALFALFA AND GRASSES ON YIELD OF SUBSEQUENT WHEAT CROPS AND SOME CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A GRAY WOODED SOIL

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. HOYT ◽  
A. M. F. HENNIG
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Total N ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fallow Age

Wheat was grown continuously after forage crops or fallow of a fallow-wheat rotation, with fertilizer being applied to only the fifth wheat crop. Yields of the first, second, fourth and fifth wheat crops succeeding alfalfa were greater than those succeeding fallow by 71, 82, 75 and 68%, respectively. The third crop was frozen. Yields were slightly less after a bromegrass-alfalfa mixture than after alfalfa alone. Yields after red fescue or bromegrass were similar to those after fallow. Age of the forage swards, two to six years, did not affect subsequent wheat yields. Total N and organic matter in the surface soil changed only slightly under the forage swards. Mineralizable N and chlorophyll units were in much greater amounts in the first year following alfalfa, alone or in mixture with bromegrass, than following the other crops, but the differences had diminished somewhat by the fifth year.

Grain yield and N benefits to sequential wheat and barley crops from single-year alfalfa, berseem and red clover, chickling vetch and lentil

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Bullied ◽  
M. H. Entz ◽  
S. R. Smith, Jr. ◽  
K. C. Bamford
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
N Content

Single-year hay alfalfas (Medicago sativa L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and red clovers (Trifolium pratense L.), chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) were evaluated for rotational yield and N benefits to the following first-year wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and second-year barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops. Field experiments were initiated in 1997 and 1998 on a Riverdale silty clay soil at Winnipeg, Manitoba. Yield and N content of the following wheat crop were increased following legumes compared to wheat following a canola control. Wheat yield and N content averaged 2955 kg ha–1 and 76.1 kg ha–1, respectively, following the chickling vetch and lentil, 2456 kg ha–1 and 56.4 kg ha–1 following single-year hay legumes, compared with 1706 kg ha–1 and 37.9 kg ha–1 following canola. Non-dormant alfalfas (dormancy rating of eight or greater) contributed to larger grain yields than the dormant alfalfas only in the first year of each experiment. The chickling vetch and lentil provided similar or higher subsequent crop yields and N content for 2 yr compared to a canola control or fallow treatment. This study shows that some increase in yield can be achieved by using a single-year alfalfa hay crop instead of fallow; however, exclusive green manuring of chickling vetch and lentil crops can produce the most increase in yield and N uptake in subsequent crops. Key words: Alfalfa (single-year), legumes (annual), green manure, nitrogen, cropping system

Wheat response after temperate crop legumes in south-eastern Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Evans ◽  
NA Fettell ◽  
DR Coventry ◽  
GE O'Connor ◽  
DN Walsgott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia

At 15 sites in the cereal belt of New South Wales and Victoria, wheat after lupin or pea produced more biomass and had a greater nitrogen (N) content than wheat after wheat or barley; on average these crops assimilated 36 kg N/ha more. The improved wheat yield after lupin averaged 0 . 9 t/ha and after pea 0.7 t/ha, increases of 44 and 32% respectively. The responses were variable with site, year and legume. Soil available N was increased by both lupin and pea and the levels of surface inorganic N measured at the maturity of first year crops was often related to N in wheat grown in the following year. Of two possible sources of additional N for wheat after legumes, namely mineral N conserved in soil by lupin or pea (up to 60 kg N/ha) and the total N added in the residues of these legumes (up to 152 kg N/ha), both were considered significant to the growth of a following wheat crop. Their relative contribution to explaining variance in wheat N is analysed, and it is suggested wheat may acquire up to 40 kg N/ha from legume stubbles. Non-legume break crops also increased subsequent wheat yield but this effect was not as great as the combined effect of added N and disease break attained with crop legumes.

The effect of stubble management on the availability of 15N-labelled residual fertilizer nitrogen and crop stubble nitrogen in an irrigated black earth

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ White ◽  
I Vallis ◽  
PG Saffigna
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Total N ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
Residual Fertilizer N ◽  
Subtropical Environment

Field experiments on an irrigated alkaline black earth soil of the Darling Downs, south-east Queensland, examined transformations of nitrogen (N) and its subsequent availability for the growth of wheat after stubble had been removed, mulched or incorporated. Two crop sequences were used: sorghum-3- month fallow-wheat (S-W); and wheat-7-month fallow-wheat (W-W). The crops were grown in microplots enclosed by steel cylinders (75 cm diam. and 35 cm deep) to a depth of 30 cm. For the initial crop, some plots were fertilized with l5N-labelled ammonium sulfate and others with unlabelled ammonium sulfate (50 kg N/ha). After harvest of the initial crop, labelled stubble was added to unlabelled soil, either as a mulch or incorporated, and unlabelled stubble was similarly added to soil labelled with residual 15N from the fertilizer application. Uptake of 15N by a test wheat crop and distribution of 15N in the soil-plant system were then determined. In the test crop fertilized with unlabelled urea (50 kg N/ha), incorporation of stubble depressed plant growth and N uptake by 35% in the S-W sequence but had no effect in the W-W sequence. Residual fertilizer 15N in the soil was more available to the test crop than was 15N in retained stubble (6 v. 2% and 12 v. 6% for the S-W and W-W sequences respectively). However, the test crop obtained only 0.9-1.2% of its total N uptake from residual fertilizer N and 0.4-2.9% from the stubble of the initial crop. The effects of stubble management on the availability of N from these two sources were small. If suitable rates of N fertilizer are applied, it is unlikely that crop yields will be adversely affected by stubble retention in this subtropical environment.

RECOVERY OF PRODUCTIVITY OF ONTARIO SOILS DISTURBED BY AN OIL PIPELINE INSTALLATION

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. B. CULLEY ◽  
B. K. DOW ◽  
E. W. PRESANT ◽  
A. J. MacLEAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
First Year ◽  
Field Crop ◽  
Oil Pipeline ◽  
Soil Mixing ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The Right

Measurement of soil properties and field-crop yields on cropland traversed by the Sarnia-Montreal oil pipeline indicated that pipeline isntallation detrimentally affected both crop yields and soil physical-chemical properties in the first year after construction. After 5 yr, relative yields improved although reductions still persisted at most row-cropped sites. However, alfalfa yields at two sites appeared to be unaffected by pipeline construction. Soil mixing and compaction on the right-of-way were most prevalent on medium- to fine-textured soils. Compaction did not appear to be a problem at a coarse-textured site. Soil chemical data indicated that spoil (subsoil) materials from the trench were spread across the right-of-way at most sites. Diluted soil organic matter levels in the right-of-way adversely affected nitrogen status. Medium- to fine-textured right-of-way soils had reduced porosities and hydraulic conductivities, but increased strengths compared with undisturbed adjacent soils.

Nitrogen nutrition of cereals in a short-term rotation. I. Single season treatments as a source of nitrogen for subsequent cereal crops

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Papastylianou ◽  
DW Puckridge ◽  
ED Carter
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Year

The residual effects of one season of five cultural treatments common in southern Australian dryland farming were examined with respect to soil water and nitrogen, and the production of cereals in the next two years. The initial treatments were medic or subterranean clover pasture, faba beans, oats or bare fallow. In the second year barley, wheat and triticale were grown on the same plots, with 0,30,60 or 90 kg ha-1 of fertilizer nitrogen. Wheat was sown over the whole area for the third season. The medic and subterranean clover pastures contributed approximately 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in top growth, but this remained on the surface until cultivation. Oats and fallow plots declined in total soil nitrogen by about 70 kg ha-1. The nitrogen content of the faba bean stubble showed that this crop has the potential of providing equivalent nitrogen to a good legume pasture. At the beginning of the second season the previous plots of fallow, beans, subterranean clover and medic had 36,27, 14 and 12 mm more water in the top metre of soil than oat plots. Cereals after oats apparently did not respond to fertilizer nitrogen because of the dry conditions, but on other plots the yield response was not proportional to the additional water. Although first year treatments affected growth of the three cereals in the second season, the new cereal, triticale, showed no evidence of different adaptation to growing conditions than wheat or barley. The effects of first and second year treatments carried through to the wheat crop in the third season. There were marked differences in nitrogen availability, but evidence that the second crop was depleting soil nitrogen reserves. Nitrogen from first year legume residues was available earlier in the season than second year fertilizer nitrogen which had been leached from the surface soil.

THE RESIDUAL EFFECT OF LIME ON CROP YIELDS, pH, AND OTHER CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A GREY WOODED SOIL BROKEN TO DIFFERENT DEPTHS

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Herman A. Hamilton ◽  
M. Levesque ◽  
J. R. Lessard
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
First Year ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Predominant Effect

A virgin Grey Wooded soil in which soil pH increased with depth of profile was ploughed to different depths on first breaking the land. It was observed that irrespective of depth of ploughing, calcitic limestone applied at 2 and 4 tons per acre respectively still exerted an effect on crop yields 7 years after application. The predominant effect of increases in soil pH and crop yields were attributable to lime, though with 6-in. ploughing nitrogen had a significant effect in increasing soil pH but no significant effect on crop yields. Phosphorus did not significantly affect soil pH with any of the ploughing treatments imposed, but had some effect on crop yields with 6-in. ploughing and 24-in. ploughing. In the absence of lime application, soil pH decreased substantially in the first year of cropping and then remained fairly constant. An application of 2 tons of lime per acre was just sufficient to maintain the natural pH of the different soil layers and yet caused substantial increases in crop yields. With 4 tons of lime per acre, the increase in soil pH was at a maximum in the first year after application, and with 6-in. ploughing was maintained at this level. However with 12-in. ploughing and 24-in. ploughing the maximum pH attained was not maintained.Lime applied to the surface soil affected soil pH in the subsurface soil.Irrespective of initial ploughing treatment on breaking the land, lime decreased organic matter and increased Bray 'acid-soluble' phosphorus in the surface soil. With 6-in. and 12-in. ploughing, lime increased Bray 'adsorbed' phosphorus, but caused a decrease with 24-in. ploughing. On the application of lime, increases in Bray 'acid-soluble' phosphorus were in general more pronounced than increases in Bray 'adsorbed' phosphorus.

Residual effects from lime application on soil pH, rhizobial population and crop productivity in dryland farming systems of central New South Wales

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fettell ◽  
C. M. Evans ◽  
D. J. Carpenter ◽  
J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
The Third ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Lime Application

A mildly acidic (pHCa 4.79, 0–10 cm depth) red-brown earth soil (Chromosol) at Condobolin in central-western New South Wales was cultivated and limed (once only) at six rates (range 0–4 t/ha) and sown with field peas (Pisum sativumL.) with and without inoculation (once only) with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae – the rhizobium for peas. The soil already contained a very small population of pea rhizobia (<4 per g soil). The experiment embraced two parallel rotations, each over 4 years: (1) year 1, inoculated peas; year 2, wheat; year 3, wheat; year 4, uninoculated peas; and (2) year 1, inoculated peas; year 2, wheat; year 3, inoculated chickpeas; year 4, uninoculated peas. The objectives of the work were to establish whether liming had any immediate and residual benefits for rhizobia and plants and, if so, to determine if the two events were linked. Liming had an immediate effect on soil pH (0–10 cm depth). Increases in pH were greater per unit of lime at lower rates of application than at higher rates. Although lime effects existed for the duration of the experiment (four seasons of cropping), there was a small decline in soil pH over time (mean decline in unlimed plots 0.16 pHCa units, mean decline in limed plots 0.47 pHCa units). In the first year (pea crop), there was a very large and highly significant response to inoculation on populations of rhizobia in soil and rhizosphere. The number of rhizobia that occurred naturally in uninoculated plots increased rapidly in high-lime plots until, by the third year, they were substantial and, by the fourth year, equal to those in the inoculated treatment. By the end of the experiment, the mean population of rhizobia in the 4 t/ha lime treatment was 7250 per g soil, compared with <4 rhizobia per g in the nil lime treatment. It was noteworthy that, in those years in the rotations when peas were not grown, populations of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae were sustained by their ability to colonise the rhizospheres of wheat and chickpea. In the first pea crop, eight parameters of plant production responded overwhelmingly to inoculation, while there was an underlying response to liming in two of those parameters. The positive effect of inoculation on peas in the first year carried over to the wheat crop of the second year, which was interpreted as a consequence of increased soil N in the inoculated plots. By the third and fourth years, soil populations of pea rhizobia in the plus inoculation and minus inoculation treatments were approximately equal, and inoculation was no longer a determinant of crop production. On the other hand, application of lime, which had only an underlying effect on pea production in the first year, significantly enhanced several parameters of the symbiosis and growth of the chickpea and pea crops, including legume nodulation and percentage nitrogen in the seed. R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, legumes and cereals each responded differently to increasing rates of lime application. Populations of rhizobia in soil and plant rhizospheres increased with each additional rate of liming. Legume productivity responded to additional lime up to 2 t/ha. There was no significant evidence that liming per se had any effect at any time on wheat production. The practical implications of these results are discussed.

Comparative effects of subterranean clover, medic, lucerne, and chickpea in wheat rotations, on nitrogen, organic carbon, and moisture in two contrasting soils

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. R. Holford ◽  
B. E. Schweitzer ◽  
G. J. Crocker
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C

The effects of subterranean clover, medic, and lucerne, grown simultaneously from 1988 to 1990, followed by wheat from 1991 to 1993, and of chickpea and long fallow in alternate years with wheat, on soil total nitrogen (N), nitrate-N (NO-3-N), organic carbon (C), and moisture were measured over 6 years in 2 long-term experiments on a black earth (pellic vertisol) and red clay (chromic vertisol) in northern New South Wales. The accretion of soil total N in the black earth and NO-3-N in both soils was higher after lucerne than after other legumes, and NO-3 in the black earth remained high after lucerne to the full depth (120 cm) of measurement during the following 3 years of wheat growing. Clover had the next largest effect on total N and NO-3 accretion, and chickpea had the smallest effect except in the red clay where chickpea increased NO-3 more than medic in 1990. However, none of the annual legumes had much effect on NO-3 after the first year of cropping and their small residual effects, if any, were confined to the top 30 cm of soil. Levels of total N accretion after lucerne were higher than previously measured, because of the greater depth of measurement, but were similar on a per unit depth basis. High levels of NO-3 -N after long fallow, especially in the black earth, which tended to be higher than after medic or chickpea, were probably caused by accelerated mineralisation of organic N which has declined more in this rotation than in any other. There was no accumulation of organic C during the legume growing period in any rotation, and C tended to be lower after chickpea than after other legumes. Organic C was almost always lowest in the long fallow treatment. Summer-growing grasses, which occurred in all treatments to varying degrees, may have caused the organic C accumulation during the 3 years of cropping. In the first year of wheat growing, soil water was lower after lucerne than after other treatments and highest after long fallow, continuous wheat, and chickpea. It was replenished in the red clay to field capacity in all treatments by high rainfall during the fallow before the first wheat crop but not in the black earth, which failed to reach field capacity in any treatment even 2.5 years after the pasture legume phase.

scholarly journals Relationships between soil organic matter and crop yield after biochar substrates application and their combination with mineral fertilizers on sandy soil

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Vladimír Šimanský ◽  
Dušan Šrank
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
First Year ◽  
Labile Carbon ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
The Third ◽  
Linear Relationships

Abstract In this field study, under the soil conditions of southern Slovakia (Dolná Streda, sandy Haplic Arenosol), there were quantified the effects of biochar substrates (1. Effeco 50:50; 2. Effeco 33:33:33) in two rates (10 and 20 t.ha−1) applied alone or in combination with mineral fertilization on soil organic matter (SOM) content and crop yields for period of 3 years (2018-2020) but also the linear relationships between SOM and crop yields depending on the application of biochar substrates and its combination with mineral fertilizers. The results showed that the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) increased from 8.5 g.kg−1 in unfertilized control to 13.8 g.kg−1 in Effeco 33:33:33 at 20 t ha−1. However, SOC decreased from 13.6 g.kg−1 in fertilized control to 10.1 g.kg-1 in Effeco 50:50 at 10 t.ha−1. Biochar substrates and their combination with mineral fertilizers did not have a significant effect on changes in labile carbon in the soil. The effect on the crop yields was diametrically different in the first year after the application of biochar substrates compared to the second and third year. In the second and third year, the same trend was observed in the reaction to substrates – including a more robust effect on the increase in crop yields in the third year after the application of biochar substrates and also biochar substrates with mineral fertilizers. The linear relationships between SOC and crop yields were found only in biochar substrates alone treatments.

Nitrogen nutrition of cereals in a short-term rotation. II. Stem nitrate as an indicator of nitrogen availability

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Papastylianou ◽  
DW Puckridge
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Year

The effect of cultural treatments and fertilizer nitrogen on nitrate nitrogen concentration of cereal steins and the relation between nitrate nitrogen and cereal production were examined in a three-year experiment. Five cultural treatments in the first year were medic or subterranean clover pasture, field beans, oats or bare fallow. These were oversown in the second year with barley, wheat and triticale, with 0, 30, 60 or 90 kg ha-1 of fertilizer nitrogen. Wheat was sown over the whole area in the third season. There were marked differences in nitrate nitrogen concentrations in the second year cereals as a result of the previous cultural treatments and the current application of fertilizer nitrogen. For cultural treatments the concentrations were highest after fallow, intermediate after legumes, and lowest after oats. There was an asymptotic increase in nitrate nitrogen as fertilizer nitrogen increased. The second year had low rainfall, and there was little correlation between nitrate nitrogen concentration and production, but measurements of nitrate nitrogen clearly indicated relative availability of nitrogen. In the third season's wheat crop the residual effects of first year subterranean clover gave highest nitrate nitrogen, but effects of fallow were almost as high. Second year fertilizer had less effect than first year cultural treatments. Grain yield of wheat in the third year was closely related to nitrate nitrogen concentration during early growth stages. This was a year with good rainfall. Measurement of nitrate concentration in plant stems could be useful for determining the need for fertilizer nitrogen.

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