SOME MOISTURE RELATIONS IN A SOLONETZIC SOIL COMPLEX

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Cairns
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Nutritional Disorder ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Nutritional Problem ◽  
Solonetzic Soil ◽  
Soil Complex ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Wilting Point

Field study of some of the moisture conditions in a Duagh-Malmo Solonetzic soil complex revealed that the depth of soil drying was closely related to the degree of solodization. Data pertaining to the wilting point and field capacity of the soil did not reveal any reason for the differences in the field productivity and water distribution for these soils. Barley seedlings grown on surface samples of the Solonetz member exhibited a nutritional disorder. The addition of sodium sulphate, the predominant readily soluble salt in the lime-salt horizon of this soil, overcame the nutritional disorder, reduced water uptake, and increased productivity. The addition of up to 20 milliequivalents of sodium per 100 grams of soil did not create a wilting condition, even when the moisture level was allowed to fall to the measured wilting point. It is suggested that a nutritional problem may have a significant bearing on water utilization by plants grown on these soils.

The Influence of Soil Moisture on the Foliar Activity of Diclofop

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 534-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Dortenzio ◽  
R. F. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Soil Moisture Status ◽  
Wilting Point

Loss in activity of foliar-applied methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} occurred under low soil moisture conditions. A loss in control of yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens(Weigel) Hubb.], wild oats (Avena fatuaL.), little-seed canarygrass (Phalaris minorRetz.), and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.], was observed under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. When soil was maintained at 2 to 3% above wilting point as compared to near field capacity, herbicide activity was decreased by 15 to 50%. High soil moisture (at or above 67% of field capacity) for at least 2 to 4 days following treatment was needed to achieve maximum effectiveness of the herbicide. Daily furrow irrigations for a period of 10 days following treatment of barnyardgrass in the field resulted in highest activity as compared to that under single irrigation regimes within the 10-day period. The effect of low soil moisture was minimized by increased rates of herbicide application. Hoe-29152 {methyl-2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate} showed similar losses in activity associated with low soil moisture. No consistent changes in uptake or translocation of14C-labeled diclofop could be detected in association with altered soil moisture status.

Water-retention, organic-C and soil texture

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
WW Emerson
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Clay Matrix ◽  
Wilting Point

Samples taken from the two textural phases of the surface soil of an irrigated natrixeralf and its clay subsoil were dried at wilting point and in air. Water retention increased linearly with C content, with values extrapolated to zero C content proportional to clay content. Emerson et al. (1994) (Aust. J. Soil Res., 32, 939-51) had already shown that water held by the surface samples at 10 kPa suction increased approximately linearly with C content, independently of clay content. Similar linear relations were deduced for other soils using values of field capacity and wilting point reported in the literature. A constant amount of water is considered to be held by portions of the silt/clay matrix. As the C content of the soil is increased, polysaccharide gels gradually fill additional 1-3 �m wide pores within the portions. It was calculated that, after a long period in grass, gel present increases available water on a weight basis, by 34% and 125% in loamy sand and sandy clay A horizons respectively. Where farmyard manure (FYM) was incorporated, gel only formed from the added C. Nevertheless the large increase in field capacity of a sandy loam produced by rotavation was temporarily preserved by prior addition of FYM. It is suggested that the gel here was mainly on microbial filaments.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON YIELD AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY BARLEY

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Mack
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Wilting Point ◽  
Heading Stage ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

In a field experiment yields of barley were lower, regardless of moisture, when the mean minimal soil temperature was near 27 °C than near 9 °C or 18 °C. The highest yields were obtained at 18 °C. Application of fertilizer increased final yields and uptake of N, P, and K at 9 °C and 18 °C but not at 27 °C. At 9 °C and 18 °C response to added fertilizer occurred as the moisture content of the soil was raised from near the wilting point to field capacity. During the early stages of growth an increase either in temperature or moisture increased the uptake of N, P, and K. Percentage P in the plant material during early growth was related to yield near heading stage when soil temperature conditions were considered. The protein content of the grain was increased at the higher soil temperature for all moisture conditions.

scholarly journals Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland I. Sprinkler irrigation, its technique and effect on soil moisture

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-77
Author(s):  
Paavo Elonen ◽  
Lasse Nieminen ◽  
Osmo Kara
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Wilting Point

During the last three years, 1964—66, investigations on sprinkler irrigation of spring cereals have been carried out. The experimental fields were clay soils in Southern Finland. Neutral river and lake waters containing small amounts of soluble salts were applied in the nighttime. The application rate of the rotary sprinklers used was 2.5—4 mm per hour with the radius of 12±2 m. With this technique the experimental soils having poor structure endured the irrigation without any crust formation. It was found that the sprinklers equipped with two nozzles distributed the water more uniformly than those with one nozzle. With the former sprinklers a fairly good uniformity was attained: The amount of water usually varied between 25 and 35 mm with an average of 30 mm, except in a relatively small area nearest to the sprinklers which received too much water and in the area at the greatest distance from the sprinklers with less than the average amounts of water. The soil water conditions were followed by gypsum blocks inserted at different depths. In each experimental year, within 2—3 weeks from sprouting, the available water in the top soils decreased to 50 per cent of the total capacity. This dry condition existed for two months in the years 1964 and 1966 and for one month in 1965. During these dry periods the top soils were near the wilting point for a long time, and in 1966 the available water was wholly exhausted. The influence of transpiration was effective also in deeper layers. In 1966, the soil reached the wilting point also at the depth of 40 cm and stayed at this condition for about one month. The effect of a 30—37 mm irrigation on the soil moisture conditions lasted only for 1—2 weeks. Thus, the rate of evapotranspiration was as much as 4 mm per day. The plants consumed water simultaneously from the whole root zone, yet, most effectively from the surface layers. The top soil (20 cm in thickness) which had reached the wilting point was not completely moistened by the amounts of water applied. This indicates the high capacity of clay soils to store water. It is also noteworthy that a part of irrigation water percolated to 40 cm before the soil at the depths of 10 and 20 cm had time to get to the field capacity. In experimental years, to ensure favourable moisture conditions to spring cereals several high applications of water would have been needed. This proves that also during the short growing season in Finland a serious shortage of water may occur.

A NUTRITIONAL DISORDER IN BARLEY SEEDLINGS GROWN ON AN ALKALI SOLONETZ SOIL

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Cairns ◽  
R. A. Milne ◽  
W. E. Bowser
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Nutritional Disorder ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Intimate Association ◽  
Solonetz Soil

Surface samples of an Alkali Solonetz and a Solod soil that occur in intimate association in the field were compared in the greenhouse from a productivity standpoint.A nutritional disorder developed in the crops grown on the Alkali Solonetz and the disorder was diagnosed as a nitrogen deficiency. This deficiency was so severe that the Alkali Solonetz soil was incapable of sustaining the growth of barley seedlings. The application of nitrate to the soil allowed for the production of repeated seedling crops at a level comparable with that of the untreated Solod. During 4 weeks' incubation the Alkali Solonetz released only 13 p.p.m. NO3-N as compared with 46 p.p.m. in the Solod.

Relationship between vigour tests and emergence of soybean when grown under a range of seedbed moisture conditions

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
SW Adkins ◽  
M Boersma ◽  
M Law
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Hypocotyl Length ◽  
Accelerated Aging Test ◽  
Aging Test ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Laboratory vigour tests were performed on seed from 4 soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars coming from commercial crops grown in eastern Australia. The seed from each cultivar had greater than 80% germination and a range in vigour. Vigour tests consisted of the accelerated aging (with or without a seed protectant, Thiram), cold, saturation and hypocotyl length tests. Results were compared with seedling emergence from the same cultivar when planted under growth room conditions (25/20 � 1�C, 14/10 h day/night) at 3 seedbed moisture levels (field capacity, -0.01 MPa; dry, -0.30 MPa; and saturated soil, soil saturated for 48 h, planted then allowed to dry to field capacity). The modified accelerated aging test with Thiram was significantly (P<0.01) correlated with emergence in all 3 seedbed moisture conditions. High vigour seed samples with high accelerated aging germinations emerged well. Overall, the vigour test which ranked the seed samples to give the best indicator of performance under a range of seedbed moisture conditions was the modified accelerated aging test with thiram.

DEGRADATION STUDIES WITH 14C-FENOXAPROP IN PRAIRIE SOILS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. SMITH ◽  
A. J. AUBIN
Keyword(s):  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
First Order ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Prairie Soils ◽  
First Order Kinetics ◽  
Ring Fission ◽  
Capacity Degradation ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Moisture Conditions

The persistence of 14C-fenoxaprop acid, the major degradation product of the herbicide 14C-fenoxaprop-ethyl, was studied at different controlled temperature and moisture conditions in three Saskatchewan soils. At 85% of field capacity, degradation approximated to first-order kinetics at soil temperatures of 10, 20, and 30 °C, with half-life values ranging from 42 to 5 d. In a clay at 20 °C, there was no effect of moisture, between 50% and 100% field capacity, on the rate of 14C-fenoxaprop acid breakdown. There was no loss of radioactivity after 65-d in air dry soils. In all soils incubated at 85% field capacity and 20 °C with 14C-fenoxaprop-ethyl, uniformly labeled in the chlorophenyl ring, there was evolution of 14CO2 indicating ring fission. Over a 56-d incubation period, 10–15% of the applied radioactivity was released from the treated soils as 14CO2. Extraction with ammoniated acetonitrile recovered 14–19% of the original radioactivity; between 3 and 5% of the initial 14C was incorporated into soil microbial biomass; and 17–25% into the fulvic acid, 7–12% into the humic acid, and 30–34% into the humin soil fractions. Key words: Herbicide, biomass, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fenoxaprop, persistence

INTERNAL WATER RELATIONS OF YELLOW BIRCH AT CHALK RIVER

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 789-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Fraser ◽  
H. T. Dirks
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Internal Water ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Wilting Point

Wood moisture was measured in the butt of healthy and decadent yellow birch trees growing on various sites in the summers of 1950 and 1952. The moisture content decreased from almost 100% in May to about 60% in late June when the leaves were fully unfolded. Wood moisture was usually 5 to 15% higher in the butt of decadent trees than in healthy trees during the 2 years of investigations. It was higher in the trunk of trees on a dry site during a wet summer and on a wet site during a somewhat dry summer.Relative turgidity in leaves was measured in mature trees as well as in leaves of seedlings growing on soils with varied moisture contents. Relative turgidity was usually less during the day. During periods of drought it decreased even during the night. Exceptions observed may have been caused by leaf absorption of dew. In young birch seedlings relative turgidity values varied between 65 and 50% in soils ranging from 100 to 70% of field capacity. As the soil wilting point was approached, relative turgidity of leaves decreased to about 35%.

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