Effect of sublethal dosages of 2,4-D on annual broadleaf crops

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Sunflower Crop ◽  
One Year ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench

Field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1994 in southern Manitoba to investigate the tolerance of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.), canola (Brassica napus L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to sublethal dosages of 2,4-D; 2,4-D amine was applied at 0,9.5, 18.9, 37.8, 75.2 and 151.2 g a.i. ha−1 2 wk after crop emergence when buckwheat and canola were in the two- to three-leaf stage, lentil and field pea had a vine length of 10 cm, and sunflower was in the four- to six-leaf stage. Application rates corresponded to 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24% of the low recommended field rate of 2 4-D (630 g a.i. ha−1). Field pea yields were unaffected by 2,4-D dosages tested in any year. Increasing dosage of 2,4-D reduced lentil and canola yields in two of three years, while buckwheat yields were reduced in one year only. Sunflower yields were severely reduced in all three years by 2,4-D. At 151.2 g a.i. ha−1, predicted yield losses were 43% for buckwheat, 16–52% for canola, 20–57% for lentil, and 93–100% for sunflower. Key words: Buckwheat, canola, field pea, lentil, sunflower, crop injury, yield

Inoculant formulation and fertilizer nitrogen effects on field pea: Nodulation, N2 fixation and nitrogen partitioning

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
W. A. Rice ◽  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Nitrogen Partitioning ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
River Region ◽  
Inoculant Formulation

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) acreage has expanded rapidly in the past 10 yr in the Peace River Region of Alberta as well as western Canada. Understanding nitrogen dynamics of Rhizobium inoculants and applied N will provide farmers opportunities to improve N nutrition of field pea. Field experiments were conducted (a) to compare the effects of soil inoculation using granular inoculant, and seed inoculation using peat powder and liquid inoculants with an uninoculated check, on field pea nodulation and N2 fixation, and (b) to determine whether starter N is required by field pea to enhance N2 fixation. The effects of inoculant formulation on nodule number, N accumulation and N2 fixation were in the order: granular > peat powder > liquid = uninoculated. Field pea, from soil-applied inoculant, accumulated more N prior to and during podfilling than field pea with seed-applied inoculant. Fertilizer N application rates < 40 kg N ha-1 had no significant effects on biomass N at flatpod, indicating that starter N was not necessary. Application rates greater than 40 kg N ha-1 reduced nodulation, but the total amounts of N accumulated by plants did not vary. The close proximity of a highly concentrated band of N fertilizer had a greater impact on nodulation and subsequent N2 fixation than the residual soil N level. Under field conditions, soil-applied inoculant improved N nutrition of field pea compared to seed-applied inoculation, with or without applied urea-N. Key words: Granular inoculant, Pisum sativum, Rhizobium, inoculation, field pea, nodulation, N2 fixation

Response of four annual broadleaf crops to simulated imazamethabenz spray drift

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Index 2 ◽  
Growing Conditions

Field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1994 in southern Manitoba to investigate the tolerance of buckwheat, canola, field pea and lentil to simulated imazamethabenz spray drift. Imazamethabenz was applied at 0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 g a.i. ha−1 2 wk after crop emergence when buckwheat and canola were in the two- to three-leaf stage and lentil and field pea vine length was 10 cm. Application rates corresponded to 0, 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5 and 25% of the recommended field rate for control of wild oat (482 g a.i. ha−1). At the dosages examined, buckwheat and canola leaf area index 2 and 4 wk after treatment, seed yield and thousand seed weight were unaffected. Lentil and field pea were severely injured by 60–120 g a.i. ha−1 of imazamethabenz. Injury consisted of foliar chlorosis, stunting, increased basal branching and delayed maturity. Field pea and lentil yields were reduced only at 60–120 a.i. ha−1 of imazamethabenz. At these rates, yield losses were 27–59% and 25–76% for lentil and field pea, respectively. Yield losses differed among years, with the highest percentage yield losses occurring under cold, wet growing conditions. Key words: Buckwheat (tame), canola, pea (field), lentil, spray drift, sublethal rates

Efficacy of increasing application rates and combination of herbicides and mowing at different growth stages of common teasel (Dipsacus fullonum)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Juan F. F. Daddario ◽  
Guillermo Tucat ◽  
Osvaldo A. Fernandez ◽  
Diego J. Bentivegna
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Abstract Common teasel is a troublesome invasive weed in North and South America. Additional information on the efficacy of herbicide application and mowing at different growth stages will help in common teasel management. Firstly, an outdoor pot experiment was performed to assess increasing application rates and combinations of glyphosate and 2,4-D amine, when applied at four leaf, rosette and bolting stages. Secondly, field experiments were performed to evaluate the impact of time of cutting on invasive common teasel plant height, head number, and head length. Finally, germinability of seeds collected from naturally growing plants was determined to evaluate the feasibility of mowing invasive common teasel after flowering. Only glyphosate applied at 1.08 kg ae ha-1 at four leaf stage provided adequate control (>90%). Although control was not satisfactory (<90%) when applying glyphosate at 2.16 kg ae ha-1 at rosette and bolting stages, and 2,4-D at 1.75 kg ae ha-1 at four leaf stage, significant injury and biomass decline were observed. Glyphosate and 2,4-D combinations did not improve common teasel control compared with single applications. Cutting rosettes strongly reduced inflorescence production (34-42%) and cutting flowering plants prevented total regrowth. Germination of seeds averaged 14% when harvested 10 d after flowering, and maximum seed germination (>90%) was found 30 d after flowering. Glyphosate applied alone at the recommended commercial rate early in the growing season together with cutting at the flowering stage, may be the most beneficial way of controlling invasive common teasel.

Effect of Application Rate, Weed Species, and Weed Stage of Growth on Imazethapyr Activity

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy E. Klingaman ◽  
Charles A. King ◽  
Lawrence R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
True Leaf ◽  
Application Rates

Field experiments were conducted in 1986, 1987, and 1988 to evaluate imazethapyr rate and time of application on postemergence control of 24 weed species. Contour graphs were developed that predicted imazethapyr rates required for various levels of weed control based upon weed leaf number at application. Rates below the labeled rate (70 g ha−1) provided 90% or greater control of common cocklebur, smallflower morningglory, and smooth pigweed if applied to 3 true-leaf or smaller weeds and of barnyardgrass, seedling johnsongrass, and Palmer amaranth if applied while weeds were in the cotyledon or 1 true-leaf stage. A rate of 70 g ha−1provided 90% control of large crabgrass in the 1 true-leaf stage. Entireleaf morningglory, red rice, pitted morningglory, and velvetleaf are not susceptible enough to imazethapyr for 90% or greater control to be obtained with rates lower than 70 g ha−1at the 1 true-leaf growth stage. These data demonstrate how control data can be used for developing effective reduced-rate herbicide recommendations based on weed leaf number.

Tolerance of Five Annual Broadleaf Crops to Simulated Thifensulfuron:Tribenuron (2:1) Spray Drift

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Seed Oil Content ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Index 2 ◽  
One Year ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship

Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 in southern Manitoba to investigate the tolerance of buckwheat, canola, field pea, lentil, and sunflower to simulated drift of 2:1 mixtures of thifensulfuron:tribenuron. Thifensulfuron:tribenuron at 0.23 to 3.6 g ai/ha was highly phytotoxic to all crops examined. Leaf area index 2 and 4 wk after treatment, seed yield, and seed weight were reduced for all crops at the rates examined. Predicted yield losses at 0.23 g/ha, averaged over two years, were 16% for sunflower, 20% for buckwheat, 22% for canola, 26% for lentil, and 37% for field pea. For each of the five crops, there was a strong linear relationship between percentage visual injury 2 wk after exposure and final yield. Simulated thifensulfuron:tribenuron drift reduced seed oil content of canola and sunflower. In one year, canola, field pea and lentil seed germination was reduced following exposure to simulated drift.

Influence of previous crop type on yield of spring wheat: Analysis of commercial field data

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Bourgeois ◽  
Martin H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Crop Type ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
One Year

Although rotational benefits of non-cereal crops have been observed in small plot research trials few quantitative data are available on a field scale. In this study, field data of farmers from the Manitoba Crop Insurance Corporation were analysed to compare yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following different crops. The yield of wheat following wheat was used as a basis of comparison among crop sequences. The yield data were collected between 1982 and 1993 from fields 64 ha in size, located throughout the province of Manitoba. During this period, the yield of wheat following flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), peas (Pisum sativum L.), and canola (Brassica napus L.), on average was 16%, 11%, and 8% higher, respectively, than wheat following wheat. In one year, the yield of wheat was increased by as much as 41% following a field pea crop. Key words: Crop rotation, barley, canola, flax, field pea, wheat

CANADA THISTLE SUPPRESSION AND RAPESEED TOLERANCE WITH DICAMBA AND PICLORAM

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 971-977
Author(s):  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
V. C. KOSSATZ
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Untreated Check

Field experiments were conducted over a number of years to determine the effectiveness for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) control and tolerance of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. and Brassica napus L.) to various rates of dicamba (0–140 g/ha) and picloram (0–110 g/ha). Dicamba at 70 g/ha and picloram at 20 g/ha provided about 60% and 50%, respectively, reduction in the dry weight of shoots of Canada thistle growing in Candle rapeseed. This degree of suppression did not result in increases in rapeseed yield over the untreated check. Flower formation in Canada thistle was prevented by all rates of dicamba and picloram tested. In tolerance experiments the yield of Candle rapeseed was not reduced with dicamba applied at rates up to 70 g/ha at the two-, four- or six-leaf stages, but yields were reduced at higher rates. Picloram applied at rates up to 70 g/ha did not reduce the yield of Candle rapeseed. Altex yields were reduced with 40 g/ha and higher rates and Regent yields were reduced with picloram applied at 70 g/ha at the six-leaf stage. The data indicate that dicamba at 70 g/ha and picloram at 20 g/ha may selectively suppress the growth of Canada thistle in rapeseed and reduce the spread of this weed through seed or vegetative means while maintaining some rapeseed yield from the treated areas of a field.Key words: Canada thistle control, canola, dicamba, picloram, rapeseed tolerance

Evaluation of coated seeds as a Rhizobium delivery system for field pea

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Rice ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
P. E. Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Key Words Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Ph Standard ◽  
Key Words Nitrogen

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted with field peas (Pisum sativum, L.) in soils of pH 4.4 to 6.8 to determine the best rate of inoculation with rhizobium and to evaluate pre-inoculated (coated) seeds as an alternative to the traditional seed inoculation method of using sticking agents. Inoculation rates higher than 105 cells seed–1 were usually required for high nodulation, nitrogen fixation and grain yields. Therefore, Canadian standards, which require that 105 nodulating rhizobia be delivered per seed for large-seed legumes like peas, may need to be increased. Counts of rhizobia on coated seeds were about 3 log units lower than those on freshly inoculated seeds, but coated seeds significantly outperformed standard seed-inoculated seeds in nodulation and crop yield in acid soils (pH 4.4 and 4.7). However, field pea yields were too low to have commercial value at these low pH levels. In soils with higher pH, standard inoculation resulted in greater nodulation and yield, but the differences were not always significant. It is concluded that the use of coated seeds provides a yield advantage for field pea grown on acid soils, but liming would probably be a better option. Use of coated seeds on other soils will depend on the trade-off between the time and money saved in inoculation in order to seed early and a possible reduction in yield due to insufficient numbers of rhizobia being applied. Key words: Nitrogen fixation, nodulation, Pisum sativum, pre-inoculated seeds

Effects of Nicosulfuron on Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) Control in Corn (Zea mays)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanta C. Bhowmik ◽  
Betsey M. O'Toole ◽  
John Andaloro
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Field Corn ◽  
Elytrigia Repens ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Conventional Field

Four field experiments were conducted during 1988 and 1989 to determine the effects of POST application of nicosulfuron on quackgrass control in conventional field corn. A single application of nicosulfuron at 35 to 70 g ha–1applied to four- to six-leaf quackgrass controlled over 90% of quackgrass five weeks after treatment. Nicosulfuron at 35 g ha–1applied at the one- to three-leaf stage was not as effective as the same rate applied at the four- to six-leaf stage. When nicosulfuron at 35 g ha–1was applied to four- to six-leaf quackgrass, over 80% of the quackgrass regrowth was controlled one year later. Nicosulfuron did not injure ‘Agway 584S’ corn at the highest rate (140 g ha–1) tested and did not reduce silage or grain yield.

SEEDLING GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSE OF FLAX, BUCKWHEAT, SUNFLOWER AND FIELD PEA AFTER PRESEEDING MAGNETIC TREATMENT

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. GUBBELS
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Magnetic Treatment ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Magnetic Exposure ◽  
One Year ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench

Dry seeds of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and field pea (Pisum sativum L.) were given brief magnetic exposure prior to germination. Seed of high and low germination potential were grown in petri dishes at 10 and 20 °C. A small number of seed lots produced earlier and more vigorous seedling growth as a result of magnetic treatment, but the differences were small and inconsistent. In the field, there were no improvements in yield from magnetic seed treatment in three out of four years. In one year there was a significant increase in yield for sunflower.

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