Response of four annual broadleaf crops to simulated imazamethabenz spray drift

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Index 2 ◽  
Growing Conditions

Field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1994 in southern Manitoba to investigate the tolerance of buckwheat, canola, field pea and lentil to simulated imazamethabenz spray drift. Imazamethabenz was applied at 0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 g a.i. ha−1 2 wk after crop emergence when buckwheat and canola were in the two- to three-leaf stage and lentil and field pea vine length was 10 cm. Application rates corresponded to 0, 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5 and 25% of the recommended field rate for control of wild oat (482 g a.i. ha−1). At the dosages examined, buckwheat and canola leaf area index 2 and 4 wk after treatment, seed yield and thousand seed weight were unaffected. Lentil and field pea were severely injured by 60–120 g a.i. ha−1 of imazamethabenz. Injury consisted of foliar chlorosis, stunting, increased basal branching and delayed maturity. Field pea and lentil yields were reduced only at 60–120 a.i. ha−1 of imazamethabenz. At these rates, yield losses were 27–59% and 25–76% for lentil and field pea, respectively. Yield losses differed among years, with the highest percentage yield losses occurring under cold, wet growing conditions. Key words: Buckwheat (tame), canola, pea (field), lentil, spray drift, sublethal rates

Tolerance of Five Annual Broadleaf Crops to Simulated Thifensulfuron:Tribenuron (2:1) Spray Drift

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Seed Oil Content ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Index 2 ◽  
One Year ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship

Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 in southern Manitoba to investigate the tolerance of buckwheat, canola, field pea, lentil, and sunflower to simulated drift of 2:1 mixtures of thifensulfuron:tribenuron. Thifensulfuron:tribenuron at 0.23 to 3.6 g ai/ha was highly phytotoxic to all crops examined. Leaf area index 2 and 4 wk after treatment, seed yield, and seed weight were reduced for all crops at the rates examined. Predicted yield losses at 0.23 g/ha, averaged over two years, were 16% for sunflower, 20% for buckwheat, 22% for canola, 26% for lentil, and 37% for field pea. For each of the five crops, there was a strong linear relationship between percentage visual injury 2 wk after exposure and final yield. Simulated thifensulfuron:tribenuron drift reduced seed oil content of canola and sunflower. In one year, canola, field pea and lentil seed germination was reduced following exposure to simulated drift.

Inoculant formulation and fertilizer nitrogen effects on field pea: Nodulation, N2 fixation and nitrogen partitioning

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
W. A. Rice ◽  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Nitrogen Partitioning ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
River Region ◽  
Inoculant Formulation

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) acreage has expanded rapidly in the past 10 yr in the Peace River Region of Alberta as well as western Canada. Understanding nitrogen dynamics of Rhizobium inoculants and applied N will provide farmers opportunities to improve N nutrition of field pea. Field experiments were conducted (a) to compare the effects of soil inoculation using granular inoculant, and seed inoculation using peat powder and liquid inoculants with an uninoculated check, on field pea nodulation and N2 fixation, and (b) to determine whether starter N is required by field pea to enhance N2 fixation. The effects of inoculant formulation on nodule number, N accumulation and N2 fixation were in the order: granular > peat powder > liquid = uninoculated. Field pea, from soil-applied inoculant, accumulated more N prior to and during podfilling than field pea with seed-applied inoculant. Fertilizer N application rates < 40 kg N ha-1 had no significant effects on biomass N at flatpod, indicating that starter N was not necessary. Application rates greater than 40 kg N ha-1 reduced nodulation, but the total amounts of N accumulated by plants did not vary. The close proximity of a highly concentrated band of N fertilizer had a greater impact on nodulation and subsequent N2 fixation than the residual soil N level. Under field conditions, soil-applied inoculant improved N nutrition of field pea compared to seed-applied inoculation, with or without applied urea-N. Key words: Granular inoculant, Pisum sativum, Rhizobium, inoculation, field pea, nodulation, N2 fixation

Effect of Ascochyta blight on the grain yield of field peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown in southern Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
TW Bretag ◽  
PJ Keane ◽  
TV Price
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Crop Losses ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Loss Models

Field experiments were conducted to determine the crop losses caused by ascochyta blight in different pea varieties grown in Victoria. For each variety, the reduction in yield associated with disease was determined by comparing grain yields in plots not sprayed with fungicide (disease present) and plots where the disease was controlled with fungicide sprays (no disease). There was considerable variation between pea varieties and lines in disease severity and crop losses. Individual varieties had different levels of tolerance to disease, and there were large differences between varieties in the percentage yield loss caused by the same level of disease. Disease severity was closely correlated with reductions in grain yield, and for most varieties there was a 5-6% reduction in grain yield for every 10% of stem area affected by disease (first 10 internodes on the main branch). Ascochyta blight caused substantial reductions in grain yield of all commercial pea varieties grown in Victoria but was usually most severe on the early-maturing varieties. For 15 varieties, empirical crop loss models to predict the relationship between disease severity and reduction in yield were developed. A disease survey of commercial crops was then conducted and estimates made of yield losses caused by ascochyta blight using the previously developed crop loss models. The estimated yield losses caused by ascochyta blight in commercial crops in Victoria in 1986 ranged from 3.1 to 26.4% and exceeded 15% in over three-quarters of crops surveyed. The results suggest that field pea production in Victoria is seriously retarded by ascochyta blight and that the development of effective strategies to control the disease should be given a high priority.

Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) response to field pea (Pisum sativum) cultivar and seeding rate

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Wall ◽  
L. Townley-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Cultivar Selection

Field studies were conducted at Morden, Manitoba from 1992 to 1995 and Wadena, Saskatchewan in 1995 to investigate the effect of cultivar selection and seeding rate on field pea competitiveness with wild mustard. Cultivars that had both long vines and rapid canopy development (leaf area index) were more competitive with wild mustard than those with short vines and slow canopy development. Cultivars differed markedly in their ability to suppress weed growth. Wild mustard density was affected in 2 of 4 yr by cultivar selection, while weed biomass was affected in 3 of 4 yr. Field pea yield losses under weedy conditions differed among cultivars and those cultivars that more effectively reduced wild mustard density or biomass had the lowest yield losses. Yield losses from wild mustard competition did not differ among cultivars when weed pressure was high and weeds emerged 1 wk before the crop. Seeding rate of Titan, a cultivar with long vine length, affected wild mustard biomass more than Trump, a cultivar with a short vine length. Key words: Competitiveness, leaf area index, yield

Synergistic Mixtures of Sethoxydim and Fluazifop on Annual Grass Weeds

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Neil Harker ◽  
P. Ashley O'Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Additive Interaction ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted at the Lacombe Research Station to evaluate mixtures of sethoxydim and fluazifop on green foxtail, wild oat, wheat, and barley in canola. In both environments the two herbicides interacted on the grass species in a synergistic manner. Many of the observed responses to mixtures of sethoxydim and fluazifop were 100% greater than those expected assuming an additive interaction between the herbicides. Mixtures with at least 80 g ha-1of sethoxydim and 80 g ha-1of fluazifop controlled more than 90% of green foxtail, wild oat, wheat, and barley under field conditions. These experiments indicate that the sethoxydim/fluazifop mixture is both complementary and synergistic. The mixture may allow reduced herbicide application rates and therefore reduced herbicide costs and less potential for negative environmental impact.

Effect of sublethal dosages of 2,4-D on annual broadleaf crops

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Sunflower Crop ◽  
One Year ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench

Field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1994 in southern Manitoba to investigate the tolerance of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.), canola (Brassica napus L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to sublethal dosages of 2,4-D; 2,4-D amine was applied at 0,9.5, 18.9, 37.8, 75.2 and 151.2 g a.i. ha−1 2 wk after crop emergence when buckwheat and canola were in the two- to three-leaf stage, lentil and field pea had a vine length of 10 cm, and sunflower was in the four- to six-leaf stage. Application rates corresponded to 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24% of the low recommended field rate of 2 4-D (630 g a.i. ha−1). Field pea yields were unaffected by 2,4-D dosages tested in any year. Increasing dosage of 2,4-D reduced lentil and canola yields in two of three years, while buckwheat yields were reduced in one year only. Sunflower yields were severely reduced in all three years by 2,4-D. At 151.2 g a.i. ha−1, predicted yield losses were 43% for buckwheat, 16–52% for canola, 20–57% for lentil, and 93–100% for sunflower. Key words: Buckwheat, canola, field pea, lentil, sunflower, crop injury, yield

AMOUNT AND STRUCTURE OF THE BIOLOGICAL FERTILITY OF SOYA, DEPENDING ON THE SYSTEM OF MAIN TILLAGE OF SOIL AND MEASURES TO OPTIMIZE NUTRITION MODE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Novokhatskyi ◽  
◽  
V. Targonya ◽  
T. Babinets ◽  
O. Gorodetskyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
The Impact

Aim. Assessment of the impact of the most common systems of basic tillage and biological methods of optimization of nutrition regimes on the realization of the potential of grain productivity of soybean in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research used general scientific (hypothesis, experiment, observation) and special (field experiment, morphological analysis) methods Results. The analysis of the results of field experiments shows that the conservation system of soil cultivation, which provided the formation of 27.6 c/ha of grain, is preferable by the level of biological yield of soybean. The use of other systems caused a decrease in the biological yield level: up to 26.4 c/ha for the use of the traditional system, up to 25.3 c/ha for the use of mulching and up to 23.0 c/ha for the use of the mini-till. With the use of Groundfix, the average biological yield of soybean grain increases to 25.6 c / ha for application rates of 5 l/ha, and to 28.2 c/ha for application rates of 10 l/ha when control variants (without the use of the specified preparation) an average of 22.6 c/ha of grain was formed with fluctuations in soil tillage systems from 21.0 (mini-bodies) to 25.8 c/ha (traditional).The application of Groundfix (10 l/ha) reduced the seed abortion rate from 11.0% (average without biofertilizer variants) to 8.0%, forming the optimal number of stem nodes with beans, increasing the attachment height of the lower beans and improving other indicators of biological productivity soybeans. Conclusions. It has been found that the use of the canning tillage system generates an average of 27.6 cent soybean grains, which is the highest indicator among the main tillage systems within the scheme of our research. The use of Groundfix caused a change in this indicator: if the variants with a conservative system of basic tillage without the use of biological preparation (control) were formed on average 24.1 c/ha, the use of Ground Licks caused the increase of biological productivity up to 29.4 c/ha, and at a dose of 10 l/ha biological yield was 32.2 c/ha. It was found that both the use of Groundfix and the basic tillage system influenced the elements of the yield structure: the density of the plants at the time of harvest depended more on the tillage system than on the use of Groundfix; the use of Groundfix and increasing its dose within the scheme of our studies positively reflected on the density of standing plants; the height of attachment of the lower beans and reduced the abortion of the seeds.

scholarly journals Simulating the Response of Drought–Tolerant Maize Varieties to Nitrogen Application in Contrasting Environments in the Nigeria Savannas Using the APSIM Model

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Aloysius Beah ◽  
Alpha Y. Kamara ◽  
Jibrin M. Jibrin ◽  
Folorunso M. Akinseye ◽  
Abdullahi I. Tofa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Maize Varieties

This paper assessed the application of the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM)–maize module as a decision support tool for optimizing nitrogen application to determine yield and net return of maize production under current agricultural practices in the Nigeria savannas. The model was calibrated for two maize varieties using data from field experiments conducted under optimum conditions in three locations during the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons. The model was evaluated using an independent dataset from an experiment conducted under different nitrogen (N) levels in two locations within Southern and Northern Guinea savannas. The results show that model accurately predicted days to 50% anthesis and physiological maturity, leaf area index (LAI), grain yield and total dry matter (TDM) of both varieties with low RMSE and RMSEn (%) values within the range of acceptable statistics indices. Based on 31-year seasonal simulation, optimum mean grain yield of 3941 kg ha−1 for Abuja, and 4549 for Kano was simulated at N rate of 120 kg ha–1 for the early maturing variety 2009EVDT. Meanwhile in Zaria, optimum mean yield of 4173 kg ha–1 was simulated at N rate of 90 kg ha−1. For the intermediate maturing variety, IWDC2SYNF2 mean optimum yields of 5152, 5462, and 4849 kg ha−1, were simulated at N application of 120 kg ha−1 for all the locations. The probability of exceeding attainable mean grain yield of 3000 and 4000 kg ha−1 for 2009EVDT and IWDC2SYNF2, respectively would be expected in 95% of the years with application of 90 kg N ha−1 across the three sites. Following the profitability scenarios analysis, the realistic net incomes of US$ 536 ha–1 for Abuja, and US$ 657 ha−1 for Zaria were estimated at N rate of 90 kg ha−1 and at Kano site, realistic net income of US$ 720 ha–1was estimated at N rate of 120 kg ha−1 for 2009EVDT.For IWDC2SYNF2, realistic net incomes of US$ 870, 974, and 818 ha−1 were estimated at N application of 120 kg ha−1 for Abuja, Zaria, and Kano respectively. The result of this study suggests that 90 kg N ha−1 can be recommended for 2009EVDT and 120 kg N ha–1 for IWDC2SYNF2 in Abuja and Zaria while in Kano, 120 kg N ha−1 should be applied to both varieties to attain optimum yield and profit.

Contrasting yield formation characteristics in two super-rice hybrids that differ in growth duration

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Min Huang ◽  
Zui Tao ◽  
Tao Lei ◽  
Fangbo Cao ◽  
Jiana Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Rice Hybrid ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Formation

Summary The development of high-yielding, short-duration super-rice hybrids is important for ensuring food security in China where multiple cropping is widely practiced and large-scale farming has gradually emerged. In this study, field experiments were conducted over 3 years to identify the yield formation characteristics in the shorter-duration (∼120 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Guiliangyou 2’ (G2) by comparing it with the longer-duration (∼130 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Y-liangyou 1’ (Y1). The results showed that G2 had a shorter pre-heading growth duration and consequently a shorter total growth duration compared to Y1. Compared to Y1, G2 had lower total biomass production that resulted from lower daily solar radiation, apparent radiation use efficiency (RUE), crop growth rate (CGR), and biomass production during the pre-heading period, but the grain yield was not significantly lower than that of Y1 because it was compensated for by the higher harvest index that resulted from slower leaf senescence (i.e., slower decline in leaf area index during the post-heading period) and higher RUE, CGR, and biomass production during the post-heading period. Our findings suggest that it is feasible to reduce the dependence of yield formation on growth duration to a certain extent in rice by increasing the use efficiency of solar radiation through crop improvement and also highlight the need for a greater fundamental understanding of the physiological processes involved in the higher use efficiency of solar radiation in super-rice hybrids.

scholarly journals Combining Process Modelling and LAI Observations to Diagnose Winter Wheat Nitrogen Status and Forecast Yield

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 314
Author(s):  
Andrew Revill ◽  
Vasileios Myrgiotis ◽  
Anna Florence ◽  
Stephen Hoad ◽  
Robert Rees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
N Application ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Leaf N Content ◽  
Leaf N

Climate, nitrogen (N) and leaf area index (LAI) are key determinants of crop yield. N additions can enhance yield but must be managed efficiently to reduce pollution. Complex process models estimate N status by simulating soil-crop N interactions, but such models require extensive inputs that are seldom available. Through model-data fusion (MDF), we combine climate and LAI time-series with an intermediate-complexity model to infer leaf N and yield. The DALEC-Crop model was calibrated for wheat leaf N and yields across field experiments covering N applications ranging from 0 to 200 kg N ha−1 in Scotland, UK. Requiring daily meteorological inputs, this model simulates crop C cycle responses to LAI, N and climate. The model, which includes a leaf N-dilution function, was calibrated across N treatments based on LAI observations, and tested at validation plots. We showed that a single parameterization varying only in leaf N could simulate LAI development and yield across all treatments—the mean normalized root-mean-square-error (NRMSE) for yield was 10%. Leaf N was accurately retrieved by the model (NRMSE = 6%). Yield could also be reasonably estimated (NRMSE = 14%) if LAI data are available for assimilation during periods of typical N application (April and May). Our MDF approach generated robust leaf N content estimates and timely yield predictions that could complement existing agricultural technologies. Moreover, EO-derived LAI products at high spatial and temporal resolutions provides a means to apply our approach regionally. Testing yield predictions from this approach over agricultural fields is a critical next step to determine broader utility.

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