Inoculant formulation and fertilizer nitrogen effects on field pea: Nodulation, N2 fixation and nitrogen partitioning

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
W. A. Rice ◽  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
G. P. Lafond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Nitrogen Partitioning ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
River Region ◽  
Inoculant Formulation

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) acreage has expanded rapidly in the past 10 yr in the Peace River Region of Alberta as well as western Canada. Understanding nitrogen dynamics of Rhizobium inoculants and applied N will provide farmers opportunities to improve N nutrition of field pea. Field experiments were conducted (a) to compare the effects of soil inoculation using granular inoculant, and seed inoculation using peat powder and liquid inoculants with an uninoculated check, on field pea nodulation and N2 fixation, and (b) to determine whether starter N is required by field pea to enhance N2 fixation. The effects of inoculant formulation on nodule number, N accumulation and N2 fixation were in the order: granular > peat powder > liquid = uninoculated. Field pea, from soil-applied inoculant, accumulated more N prior to and during podfilling than field pea with seed-applied inoculant. Fertilizer N application rates < 40 kg N ha-1 had no significant effects on biomass N at flatpod, indicating that starter N was not necessary. Application rates greater than 40 kg N ha-1 reduced nodulation, but the total amounts of N accumulated by plants did not vary. The close proximity of a highly concentrated band of N fertilizer had a greater impact on nodulation and subsequent N2 fixation than the residual soil N level. Under field conditions, soil-applied inoculant improved N nutrition of field pea compared to seed-applied inoculation, with or without applied urea-N. Key words: Granular inoculant, Pisum sativum, Rhizobium, inoculation, field pea, nodulation, N2 fixation

Response of four annual broadleaf crops to simulated imazamethabenz spray drift

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Index 2 ◽  
Growing Conditions

Field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1994 in southern Manitoba to investigate the tolerance of buckwheat, canola, field pea and lentil to simulated imazamethabenz spray drift. Imazamethabenz was applied at 0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 g a.i. ha−1 2 wk after crop emergence when buckwheat and canola were in the two- to three-leaf stage and lentil and field pea vine length was 10 cm. Application rates corresponded to 0, 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 12.5 and 25% of the recommended field rate for control of wild oat (482 g a.i. ha−1). At the dosages examined, buckwheat and canola leaf area index 2 and 4 wk after treatment, seed yield and thousand seed weight were unaffected. Lentil and field pea were severely injured by 60–120 g a.i. ha−1 of imazamethabenz. Injury consisted of foliar chlorosis, stunting, increased basal branching and delayed maturity. Field pea and lentil yields were reduced only at 60–120 a.i. ha−1 of imazamethabenz. At these rates, yield losses were 27–59% and 25–76% for lentil and field pea, respectively. Yield losses differed among years, with the highest percentage yield losses occurring under cold, wet growing conditions. Key words: Buckwheat (tame), canola, pea (field), lentil, spray drift, sublethal rates

Herbicide use, productivity, and nitrogen fixation in field pea (Pisum sativum)

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Drew ◽  
V. V. S. R. Gupta ◽  
D. K. Roget
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
Herbicide Effects ◽  
Percent Nitrogen

Grain legumes grown in low-rainfall (<300 mm per annum) cropping regions of southern Australia have at times failed to provide the rotational benefits observed in other regions, such as improved cereal yields in the season following a legume. ‘In-crop’ herbicides were identified as one possible factor that may have been negatively affecting the legume–rhizobia symbiosis. To test this hypothesis and identify possible mechanisms behind any observed effects, field trials were conducted at Waikerie (South Australia) in 2001, 2003, and 2004. Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) was grown and treated with one of several herbicides 5 weeks after sowing. Crop yellowing, biomass, nodulation, and nitrogen (N2) fixation were assessed 3 weeks after spraying, and biomass, yield, percent nitrogen derived from fixation (%Ndfa), and N2 fixation (2003, 2004) were assessed at the end of the season. Some herbicides stunted plant growth and caused crop yellowing 3 weeks after application; however, none of the herbicides affected N nutrition of peas. Despite this, in 2003, half of the herbicides assessed reduced the %Ndfa by 34–60% relative to unsprayed control plots. Herbicide effects on the measured parameters followed similar trends over each year of the 3-year study. However, effects were rarely significant in 2004 as the trials were primarily affected by low rainfall, indicating that environmental parameters play a key role in determining the severity of herbicide effects on symbiotic N2 fixation. The possible mechanisms behind herbicide-induced damage to the pea–rhizobium symbiosis are discussed, including reduced photosynthetic capacity of plants exposed to herbicides.

Effects of timings of inoculation with Mycosphaerella pinodes on yield and seed infection of field pea

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Xue ◽  
T. D. Warkentin ◽  
E. O. Kenaschuk
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Flowering Stage

Inoculated field experiments were carried out in 1994 and 1995 to study the effect of the timing of inoculation with Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & Bloxam) Vestergren on disease development, yield reduction and seed infection, in three field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Bohatyr, cv. Scorpio and cv. Triumph. The greatest impact of inoculation on all disease and yield parameters was at the 8–10 node stage in 1994, and at the mid-flowering stage in 1995. The lowest impact of inoculation was at the pod swell stage for both years. When inoculated at 8–10 nodes, mid-flowering and pod swell stages, M. pinodes reduced yield by 31, 24 and 19%, respectively, in 1994 and 33, 43 and 30%, respectively, in 1995. The 1000-seed weight was not affected by the timing of inoculation; however, all inoculations reduced seed weight in both years. Plant-to-seed transmission of M. pinodes was affected by the timing of inoculation in 1994, but not in 1995. Results of this study suggest that prevention of early infection by M. pinodes will provide the best economic return in a mycosphaerella blight control program on field pea. Key words: Mycosphaerella blight, Mycosphaerella pinodes, field pea, Pisum sativum, yield reduction

Requirement of field pea for inoculation with Rhizobium and lime pelleting in soils of Western Australia

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Evans ◽  
C Wallace ◽  
N Dobrowolski ◽  
I Pritchard ◽  
B Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Rhizobium Strain ◽  
South West ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Soil Responses

The requirement of field pea (Pisum sativum) for seed inoculation with Rhizobium and for lime pelleting of inoculated seed was investigated in field experiments in the south-west of Western Australia, especially at locations where inoculated field pea had been grown 2 years previously. At most sites with previous pea cropping, the nodulation, total dry matter and nitrogen, and grain yield of pea were not improved by seed inoculation or lime pelleting. At these sites soil populations of R. leguminosarum by. viciae at sowing were >103/g soil. Responses to inoculation were measured at sites where the soil was very acidic [pH(CaCl2) <4.5], or mildly acidic (to pH 4.9) and of light texture (>90% sand + gravel), or where pea had not grown previously. There were fewer rhizobia at sowing at these locations. Lime pelleting was not generally required to maximise field pea growth or yield, but yield was affected by the inoculant Rhizobium strain.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Competitive Ability of Semileafless Field Pea Cultivars

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory E. Jacob ◽  
Eric N. Johnson ◽  
Miles F. Dyck ◽  
Christian J. Willenborg
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Cultivar Selection

The inclusion of competitive crop cultivars in crop rotations is an important integrated weed management (IWM) tool. However, competitiveness is often not considered a priority for breeding or cultivar selection by growers. Field pea (Pisum sativumL.) is often considered a poor competitor with weeds, but it is not known whether competitiveness varies among semileafless cultivars. The objectives of this study were to determine if semileafless field pea cultivars vary in their ability to compete and/or withstand competition, as well as to identify aboveground trait(s) that may be associated with increased competitive ability. Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 at three locations in western Canada. Fourteen semileafless field pea cultivars were included in the study representing four different market classes. Cultivars were grown either in the presence or absence of model weeds (wheat and canola), and competitive ability of the cultivars was determined based on their ability to withstand competition (AWC) and their ability to compete (AC). Crop yield, weed biomass and weed fecundity varied among sites but not years. Cultivars exhibited inconsistent differences in competitive ability, although cv. Reward consistently exhibited the lowest AC and AWC. None of the traits measured in this study correlated highly with competitive ability. However, the highest-yielding cultivars generally were those that had the highest AC, whereas cultivars that ranked highest for AWC were associated with lower weed fecundity. Ranking the competitive ability of field pea cultivars could be an important IWM tool for growers and agronomists.

Field pea response to liming of an acid soil under two tillage systems

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Arshad ◽  
K. S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
River Region ◽  
Wet Aggregate Stability

There is an increased use of no-tillage (NT) methods in soils of the Peace River region of Alberta–British Columbia where a good proportion of acid soils exist. There is little information, however, on how crops, soils, and weeds respond to liming under different tillage intensities. A Hythe clay loam (Gray Luvisol; initial pH in CaCl2 ≈ 5) was limed (7.5 t ha−1) in May 1991. Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) yield, soil properties, and weed populations under conventional tillage (CT) and NT were monitored during three growing seasons (1993–1995). The pH of limed soil in the 0–10 cm layer ranged from 6.0 to 6.3. Liming slightly increased NO3-N, P and bulk density of soil, lowered exchangeable Al concentration and wet aggregate stability, and had no effect on NH4-N and penetration resistance. Liming increased the grain yield by 0.50 (22%) t ha−1 yr−1 in CT and by 0.55 (18%) t ha−1 yr−1 in NT. Aboveground dry matter (DM) increase of 1.37 (27%) t ha−1 yr−1 in CT and 1.72 (25%) t ha−1 yr−1 in NT was obtained due to liming. Populations of annual broadleaf, annual grass and perennial weeds were not affected by either liming or tillage. Reduced soil acidity and exchangeable Al in conjunction with increased NO3-N and P contributed to increased crop yield by liming under both CT and NT. Higher soil moisture in the NT contributed to increased yield in comparison to CT system, as other soil properties and weed population were not significantly affected by tillage. Key words: No tillage, Pisum sativum L., exchangeable aluminium, wet aggregate stability

The relationships among lodging, stem anatomy, degree of lignification, and resistance to mycosphaerella blight in field pea (Pisum sativum)

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 954-967 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Banniza ◽  
P Hashemi ◽  
T D Warkentin ◽  
A Vandenberg ◽  
A R Davis
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cellulose Fibre ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Biochemical Basis

The relationships among lodging, stem anatomy, degree of stem lignification, and resistance to mycosphaerella blight (Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & Blox.) Vestergr.) in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) were investigated in field experiments in Saskatchewan from 2000 to 2002. Disease severity, lodging resistance, plant height, internode length and diameter, and the cellulose, lignin, and fibre contents of stems were measured from 9 (2000) and 20 (2001, 2002) cultivars of field pea. Significant differences were observed in resistance to mycosphaerella blight and lodging among cultivars. In all years, ‘AC Tamor’ was among those cultivars with the highest disease ratings and lodging scores, whereas ‘CDC Striker’, ‘Carneval’, and ‘Integra’ were among those with the lowest ratings. Disease severity was positively correlated with lodging scores of plants. Lodging was negatively correlated with the proportions of supportive tissue (formerly parenchyma cells in the pith periphery, which have differentiated to sclerenchyma) and xylem in stem sections, whereas disease ratings were negatively correlated with xylem. Lignin and fibre contents in pea stems were negatively correlated with both lodging and mycosphaerella blight severity. Cellulose content was also negatively correlated with lodging scores. This study establishes an anatomical and biochemical basis for further research into pea stem lodging and disease resistance. Key words: cellulose, fibre, lignin, sclerenchyma, supportive tissue, xylem.

Evaluation of coated seeds as a Rhizobium delivery system for field pea

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Rice ◽  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
N. Z. Lupwayi ◽  
P. E. Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Key Words Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Ph Standard ◽  
Key Words Nitrogen

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted with field peas (Pisum sativum, L.) in soils of pH 4.4 to 6.8 to determine the best rate of inoculation with rhizobium and to evaluate pre-inoculated (coated) seeds as an alternative to the traditional seed inoculation method of using sticking agents. Inoculation rates higher than 105 cells seed–1 were usually required for high nodulation, nitrogen fixation and grain yields. Therefore, Canadian standards, which require that 105 nodulating rhizobia be delivered per seed for large-seed legumes like peas, may need to be increased. Counts of rhizobia on coated seeds were about 3 log units lower than those on freshly inoculated seeds, but coated seeds significantly outperformed standard seed-inoculated seeds in nodulation and crop yield in acid soils (pH 4.4 and 4.7). However, field pea yields were too low to have commercial value at these low pH levels. In soils with higher pH, standard inoculation resulted in greater nodulation and yield, but the differences were not always significant. It is concluded that the use of coated seeds provides a yield advantage for field pea grown on acid soils, but liming would probably be a better option. Use of coated seeds on other soils will depend on the trade-off between the time and money saved in inoculation in order to seed early and a possible reduction in yield due to insufficient numbers of rhizobia being applied. Key words: Nitrogen fixation, nodulation, Pisum sativum, pre-inoculated seeds

Effect of sublethal dosages of 2,4-D on annual broadleaf crops

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Sunflower Crop ◽  
One Year ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench

Field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1994 in southern Manitoba to investigate the tolerance of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.), canola (Brassica napus L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to sublethal dosages of 2,4-D; 2,4-D amine was applied at 0,9.5, 18.9, 37.8, 75.2 and 151.2 g a.i. ha−1 2 wk after crop emergence when buckwheat and canola were in the two- to three-leaf stage, lentil and field pea had a vine length of 10 cm, and sunflower was in the four- to six-leaf stage. Application rates corresponded to 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12 and 24% of the low recommended field rate of 2 4-D (630 g a.i. ha−1). Field pea yields were unaffected by 2,4-D dosages tested in any year. Increasing dosage of 2,4-D reduced lentil and canola yields in two of three years, while buckwheat yields were reduced in one year only. Sunflower yields were severely reduced in all three years by 2,4-D. At 151.2 g a.i. ha−1, predicted yield losses were 43% for buckwheat, 16–52% for canola, 20–57% for lentil, and 93–100% for sunflower. Key words: Buckwheat, canola, field pea, lentil, sunflower, crop injury, yield

Mitigation Effects of 24-Epibrassinolide and Thiourea in Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) under Drought Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prachi Garg ◽  
◽  
A. Hemantaranjan ◽  
Jyostnarani Pradhan ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Pisum Sativum L
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