scholarly journals Efficacy of Fungicide Treatments for Control of Anthracnose Canker in Young Cider Apple Trees in Western Washington

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Whitney J. Garton ◽  
Mark Mazzola ◽  
Travis R. Alexander ◽  
Carol A. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
First Year ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Maritime Climate ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
Western Washington ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Treatment Application

Anthracnose canker, caused by Neofabraea malicorticis, threatens the sustainability of cider apple (Malus ×domestica) production in the maritime climate of western Washington. In the short-term, the disease reduces overall orchard productivity and in the long-term it reduces an orchard’s economic life span. The disease is difficult to manage using cultural practices, and information on fungicide efficacy is limited and contradictory. To address this situation, a 2-year study was conducted to evaluate efficacy of zinc (4.49 lb/acre), basic copper sulfate (2.49 lb/acre), captan (2.94 lb/acre), thiophanate-methyl (0.69 lb/acre), pyraclostrobin plus boscalid (0.38 lb/acre), and combinations of these fungicides to manage anthracnose canker infection in young cider apple trees cultivated in a maritime climate. Trees used in the first year of the study (2016) were found to be infected by anthracnose canker on receipt, so the first year was a measure of disease control and the second year (2017) was a measure of disease prevention. In 2016, when fungicide treatments were applied every 3 weeks from March through October, none of the treatments evaluated inhibited the development of new infections or the expansion of existing cankers (77% increase in canker size on average for all treatments). In 2017, when fungicide treatments were applied every 3 weeks from February through April, two to three new cankers were observed 3 weeks after final treatment application for all treatments. Results from this study demonstrate that the current fungicides recommended for control of anthracnose canker are not reliably effective in the orchard environment of northwest Washington. Future studies should assess the fungicides evaluated in this study applied in rotation with additional systemic fungicides.

scholarly journals TRUMP’S FOREIGN POLICY: PLANS AND REALITIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Emelianov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Year ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
White House ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
The Us ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Trade Partners

The article considers the changes in US foreign trade policy at the beginning of the Trump’s presidency. Exporting is a critical component for the long-term growth and the U.S. economy overall, and supporting millions of jobs in US. Though D. Trump campaigned for president as a protectionist, there was no such steps the first year of his presidency. But his second year in the White House began with announcing new tariffs on solar panels, washing machines, then on steel, aluminium. As concerning steel products, the United States being the world’s largest steel importer have persistent trade deficit.The US trade law allows the president to limit imports in case if domestic industries are threatened, against unfair foreign trade practices for a period of time, but such measures were not frequent in US practice. Meanwhile new protectionist measures are debated. Trump’s policy is being opposed not only by trade partners of the US, but in the US as well, by those who argue that protectionist measures will complicate international relationships.

A Decade of Mark-Recapture of Platypuses on The Duckmaloi River: Any New Insights into Population Dynamics?

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
D. Goldney
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
New South ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Adult Status ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Gill Netting ◽  
Population Numbers

A long-term mark-recapture program has been carried out on the Duckmaloi Weir (near Oberon, New south Wales) and associated river over the period 1986 to the present. The pipehead weir creates a long shallow ·pool' about 2.5 ha in area, ideal for gill-netting platypuses. One hundred and eighty-two (182) individual animals have been captured in excess of 500 times. The majority of animals have been captured in the weir pool. A very dynamic situation exists with new adults and juveniles being captured on a regular basis and conversely captured animals "disappearing" on a regular basis from the system. Some individuals exhibit both transience and site attachment characteristics. However, relatively few animals remain site attached for long periods of time. Sixty nine percent of individuals are captured two or fewer times. Band loss cannot account for this phenomenon. Of the captured animals, 11.3% have been caught more than 5 times. The sex ratio of the population favours females in first capture adults (1:1.72) but males in first capture juveniles (1:0.73). Females are more likely to be recaptured than males. The sex ratio of juveniles varies significantly from year to year. The period between recaptures varies greatly and can be up to 6 years. Four animals have been captured over nine years (3 females/1 male) but no animal has been captured every year of the study. Recruitment has occurred at levels able to maintain the current population numbers. Thirty percent of available adults have been found lactating, including second year females. Seventy one percent of first year capture juveniles and 89.9% of first capture adults "disappear" within two years of first capture. Forty two percent of juvenile animals reach adult status before "disappearing".

Results from the Ariel 5 All-Sky Monitor

1976 ◽  
Vol 350 (1663) ◽  
pp. 505-519 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Temporal Effects ◽  
Transient Source ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Sky Monitor ◽  
Long Term Studies

A summary of results obtained from the first year of Ariel-5 All-Sky Monitor operation is presented. Transient source observations, as well as the results of long-term studies of Sco X-1, Cyg X-3 and Cyg X-1 are described. By example, the included results are indicative of the temporal effects to which the All-Sky Monitor remains sensitive as it begins its second year of observation.

Integrating prescribed burning and clopyralid for the management of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 757-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. DiTomaso ◽  
Guy B. Kyser ◽  
Jessica R. Miller ◽  
Sergio Garcia ◽  
Richard F. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
First Year ◽  
Prescribed Burn ◽  
Yellow Starthistle ◽  
Final Treatment ◽  
Second Year

Prescribed burning and the herbicide clopyralid are very effective tools for the management of yellow starthistle. However, repeated use of either can be impractical or can present other problems. The potential solution is the development of an effective integrated weed management strategy using a combination of the two approaches. In small plot studies (0.2 ha), we tested one of five possible treatments: (1) untreated control, (2) 2 consecutive yr of clopyralid (0.105 kg ha−1), (3) 2 consecutive yr of prescribed summer burning, (4) first-year clopyralid followed by second-year prescribed burning, and (5) first-year prescribed burning followed by second-year clopyralid. Treatments were made in 1999 and 2000 at three study sites in California (San Benito, Yuba, and Siskiyou counties). In 2001, the year following the final treatment, 2 consecutive yr of clopyralid or first-year burning followed by second-year clopyralid consistently reduced yellow starthistle cover in the following year by 92 to 100%. However, at the Yuba site, clopyralid alone increased medusahead and ripgut brome cover. Although 2 consecutive yr of burning was effective in Yuba, very high levels of starthistle infestation in San Benito were not completely burned in the second year because of the lack of available consumable fuel. Clopyralid treatment the first year followed by prescribed burning in the second year stimulated yellow starthistle germination and did not reduce the infestation. In a large-scale study conducted at two sites (13 and 81 ha) in southern Monterey County, we used a first-year burn followed by either 2 yr of clopyralid (0.158 kg ha−1) or a single year of clopyralid (0.210 kg ha−1) and a subsequent burn. Results were in close agreement with those found in the small-scale studies. In the year following the final treatment, control of yellow starthistle was greater than 99% when the burn was followed by 2 yr of clopyralid. In contrast, when a prescribed burn was used in the last year of the program, the level of control was not as good, probably because of the increased germination of the remaining soil seedbank. These results indicate that a first-year prescribed burn followed by a second-year clopyralid treatment can provide consistently good control of yellow starthistle, as well as reduced levels of noxious annual grasses, including medusahead and ripgut brome.

scholarly journals Use of Sickness Benefits by Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer – A Swedish Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renske Altena ◽  
Sofie A.M. Gernaat ◽  
Ulla Wilking ◽  
Narsis A. Kiani ◽  
Aina Johnsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Breast Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Well Being ◽  
First Year ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Sickness Benefits ◽  
Second Year ◽  
New Diagnosis

Abstract Background Advances in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (mBC) have led to improved life expectancy. Many cancer survivors desire to return to paid work to enhance their sense of well-being. For patients with mBC, little is known about how the diagnosis impacts ability to work or the factors that increase the need for sickness benefits. Patients and methods Data were collected from two Swedish national registers, for females ages 18 to 63 years in the Stockholm-Gotland healthcare region with a new diagnosis of mBC from 1997 through 2011. Type of first-line palliative treatment was identified in medical records of a subset of the study population. Use of sickness absence (SA) and disability pension (DP) by these patients during the year before and one and two years after mBC diagnosis was determined from a third register. Regression analysis was performed to ascertain which covariate factors were associated with long-term (> 30 days) SA. Results A total of 1,240 patients were evaluated the year before and the first year after mBC diagnosis; only 805 patients were still alive and evaluated the second year after diagnosis. The proportions of patients having SA and DP were 56.0% and 24.8% the year before, 69.9% and 28.9% the first year after, and 64.0% and 34.7% the second year after diagnosis, respectively. Adjusted odds of having long-term SA were significantly higher at 1 and 2 years after diagnosis for patients with age < 45 years (AOR = 3.43 and AOR = 1.70, respectively), early calendar year of diagnosis (AOR = 1.72 and AOR = 1.79, respectively), metachronous mBC (AOR = 4.85 and AOR = 4.52, respectively), and SA ≥ 90 days the year before diagnosis (AOR = 3.44 and AOR = 1.98, respectively). Odds were also significantly higher the second after diagnosis for patients treated with chemotherapy (AOR = 1.81) or radiotherapy (AOR = 2.23), compared to those treated with hormonal therapy, Conclusions Rates of SA and DP increase after a diagnosis of mBC. Women who are younger, develop metachronous mBC, use SA heavily before mBC, and receive chemotherapy or radiotherapy have a greater need for sickness benefits after an mBC diagnosis.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of Long-Term Risk of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism after Stopping Anticoagulation in Men and Women with First Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2527-2527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faizan Khan ◽  
Alvi Rahman ◽  
Marc Carrier ◽  
Clive Kearon ◽  
Jeffrey I. Weitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Advisory Committees ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Recurrent Vte

Abstract Background: The optimal duration of anticoagulation after a first unprovoked venous thromboembolism (VTE) is uncertain. Anticoagulant therapy is highly effective at reducing the risk of recurrent VTE, but this clinical benefit is not maintained once anticoagulation is stopped. Current guidelines suggest considering indefinite anticoagulation in all patients with unprovoked who have a non-high bleeding risk. However, this is a weak recommendation based on limited evidence. Deciding whether patients with a first unprovoked VTE should be considered for indefinite anticoagulant therapy requires estimation of the long-term risk of recurrent VTE after stopping anticoagulation. This risk however, is poorly established, hindering decision making. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials and prospective observational studies to determine the rate of recurrent VTE in the first year, in the second year, between years 2 and 5, and years 5 and 10; and the cumulative incidence for recurrent VTE at 2, 5 and 10 years after stopping anticoagulation in men and women with first unprovoked VTE, who had completed at least 3 months of initial treatment. Studies were identified through a comprehensive literature search using MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane CENTRAL databases. Data clarifications were requested from authors of eligible studies. Rates of recurrent VTE were calculated for each study from the total number of recurrent VTE events divided by the person-years of follow-up, and then pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Fourteen studies involving 6, 446 patients were included in the analysis. Among men with a first unprovoked VTE, the pooled rate of recurrent VTE per 100 person-years after stopping anticoagulation was 11.2 events (95% CI, 9.0-13.6) in the first year; 7.4 events (95% CI, 5.5-9.5) in the second year; 4.4 events/year (95% CI, 3.2-5.7) between years 2 and 5, and 3.8 events/year (95% CI, 1.6-6.9) between years 5 and 10 [Table 1]. Among women with a first unprovoked VTE, the pooled rate of recurrent VTE per 100 person-years after stopping anticoagulation was 8.6 events (95% CI, 6.5-11.0) within the first year; 5.2 events (95% CI, 3.5-7.2) in the second year; 3.0 events/year (95% CI, 1.6-4.7) between years 2 and 5, and 2.0 events/year (95% CI, 1.3-2.9) between years 5 and 10 [Table 1]. In men and women respectively, the cumulative incidence for recurrent VTE was 17.8% (95% CI, 14.0%-21.9%) and 13.4% (95% CI, 9.8%-17.4%) at 2 years, 28.2% (95% CI, 22.0%-34.4%) and 20.9% (95% CI, 14.0%-28.5%) at 5 years, and 40.8% (95% CI, 28.0%-53.9%) and 28.5% (95% CI, 19.5%-38.3%) at 10 years after stopping anticoagulant therapy [Table 2]. Conclusions: Among patients with a first unprovoked VTE who have completed at least 3 months of initial treatment, men have a higher long-term risk of recurrent VTE after stopping anticoagulation, and may be given greater consideration for indefinite anticoagulant therapy. Our findings affirm the importance of considering patient's sex in deciding the optimal duration of anticoagulation, and as such, emphasize the need for individualized, patient-centered approach for the long-term management of unprovoked VTE. Disclosures Carrier: BMS: Honoraria, Research Funding; Leo Pharma: Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria; Bayer: Honoraria. Weitz:Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Daiichi-Sankyo: Honoraria; Ionis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Servier: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Bayer: Honoraria; Boehringer Ingelheim: Honoraria, Research Funding. Schulman:Boehringer-Ingelheim: Honoraria, Research Funding; Daiichi-Sankyo: Honoraria; Sanofi: Honoraria; Bayer: Honoraria. Couturaud:Pfizer: Research Funding; Bayer: Honoraria, Other: Travel Support; AstraZeneca: Honoraria; Actelion: Other: Travel Support; Intermune: Other: Travel Support; Leo Pharma: Other: Travel Support; Daiichi Sankyo: Other: Travel Support. Becattini:Bayer HealthCare: Other: Lecture Fees; Boehringer Ingelheim: Other: Lecture Fees; Bristol Meyer Squibb: Other: Lecture Fees. Agnelli:Daiichi Sankyo: Other: Personal Fees; Boehringer Ingelheim: Other: Personal Fees; Bayer Healthcare: Other: Personal Fees; Pfizer: Other: Personal Fees; Bristol-Myers-Squibb: Other: Personal Fees. Brighton:Glaxo Smith Klein: Other: Personal Fees; Novo Nordisk: Other: Personal Fees; Bayer: Other: Personal Fees. Lensing:Bayer: Employment. Prins:Pfizer: Consultancy; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy. Hutton:Cornerstone Research Group: Honoraria. Palareti:Roche: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Werfen: Speakers Bureau; Alfa-Wassermann: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Daiichi-Sankyo: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Prandoni:Pfizer: Consultancy; Daiichi-Sankyo: Consultancy; Sanofi: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy. Büller:Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Daiichi-Sankyo: Consultancy, Research Funding; Roche: Consultancy, Research Funding; Sanofi-Aventis: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bayer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Boehringer Ingelheim: Consultancy, Research Funding; Thrombogenics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Isis: Consultancy, Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Consultancy, Research Funding. Rodger:Biomerieux: Research Funding.

scholarly journals Response of Micropropagated Apple Trees to Field Establishment Procedures

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1364-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Growth, flowering, and fruiting of micropropagated `Jonathan' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) transferred in Spring 1983 to the field from either a nursery, cold storage, or greenhouse were compared. First-year shoot and trunk growth was greatest for trees transplanted from the nursery and least for trees that were held in the greenhouse before being transferred to the field. Trees pruned low (35 cm) at planting time had more terminal shoot growth and less trunk cross-sectional area after the first growing season than those pruned high (90 cm). The effect of preplanting cultural practices on vegetative growth diminished in the 2nd year and disappeared by the end of the 3rd year in the orchard. Flowering began in 1985 and was only slightly affected by preplanting cultural practices and pruning treatments. Fruiting was not affected by the treatments.

Response of birds to a wildfire in the Great Western Woodlands, Western Australia.

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry F Recher ◽  
William E Davis Jr
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
First Year ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Burnt Area ◽  
Open Country ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Eucalypt Woodland ◽  
Number Of Individuals

In December 2005, a wildfire burnt a large area of semi-arid eucalypt woodland along ~10 km of the Norseman- Coolgardie Road north of Norseman in the Great Western Woodlands (GWW), Western Australia. Few birds used the burnt area in the first year after the fire and these were mainly ground and shrub foraging insectivores. There was no influx of seed-eaters or open-country species as reported for post-fire habitats elsewhere in southern Australia. The greatest number of individuals and species of birds occurred in the second year post-fire when ground and shrub vegetation was floristically most diverse. Canopy foragers were attracted to the burnt area in the second year by an outbreak of psyllid insects on seedling eucalypts. At the same time, bark dwelling arthropods associated with the standing stems of fire-killed eucalypts attracted bark-foragers. From the third year, small insectivorous ground, shrub, and canopy foragers dominated the avifauna on the burnt area. These foraged on fire-killed shrubs, as well as living vegetation, including the lignotuberous regrowth of eucalypts. Bark foragers were uncommon after the second year. Throughout the study, the burnt area had fewer species and individuals than adjacent unburnt habitats. Compared with unburnt woodlands there were few differences in how species foraged on the burnt plots, but most species foraged lower reflecting the stature of the vegetation in the burnt woodland. Nectar-feeders, fruit-eaters, large insectivores, raptors, and parrots, although common in the unburnt woodland, were absent or rare in the burnt area. This reflected the limited regrowth of vegetation on the burnt area, which lacked the structural and floristic complexity of nearby unburnt woodlands. Ground foragers probably commenced nesting on the burnt area in the first year, with shrub and canopy foragers nesting from the second year. However, after five years, there was no evidence of large insectivores, nectar-feeders, raptors, seed-eaters, or foliage-eaters (i.e., parrots) nesting despite their abundance in adjacent unburnt woodland. Some of the unburnt woodlands monitored in this study were even-aged regeneration estimated to be 30–50 years post-fire or logging. Regardless of origin, these even-aged plots lacked the diverse avifauna associated with mature woodlands and suggest that post-fire recovery of birds and vegetation in these woodlands is likely to take decades and probably more than 100 years. If so, human activities that increase fire frequency in the GWW, including climate change and fuel-reduction burns, will have long-term adverse impacts on regional biodiversity exceeding those associated with wildfires in less arid forests and woodlands where rates of recovery are more rapid.

scholarly journals Efficacy Of Two Organic Amendments And A Nematicide To Manage Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne Incognita) Of Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum L.)

1970 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
MI Faruk ◽  
MI Rahman ◽  
MR Ali ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
MMH Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Gall Index ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Treatment Application

A field experiment was conducted in two consecutive years to find out the efficacy of poultry refuse (PR), mustard oilcake (MOC), and Furadan 5G for the management of root-knot disease (Meloidogyne incognita) of tomato. Soil was treated with PR @ 3 and 5 t/ha, MOC @ 0.3 and 0.6 t/ha 3 weeks before transplanting and Furadan 5G @ 40 kg/ha on the day of transplanting of tomato seedlings. PR @ 3 t/ha and MOC @0.3 t/ha were applied alone and also mixed with Furadan 5G @ 20 kg/ha. The soils of the experimental plots were inoculated with chopped severely galled (M incognita) roots of tomato at the time of treatment application. In both the years, considerable reduction in rootknot disease and increase in plant growth and fruit yield were achieved with different treatments with two organic materials applied alone or mixed with Furadan 5G. The most effective treatment was PR @ 3 t/ha + Furadan 5G @ 20 kg/ha followed by PR alone @ 5 t/ha. Efficacy of PR @ 3 t/ha and MOC @ 0.6 1/ha were also appreciable. In first year and second year, gall index values were 6.50 and 6.27 under control, respectively. The severity was reduced to 2.27-4.00 in first year and 1.73-4.07 in second year due to application of the four treatments. On the other hand, fruit yield under control was 50.9 t/ha at first year and 47.6 t/ha in second year. The highly effective four treatments increased fruit yield to 71.1-82.5 t/ha in first year and 60.8-82.0 t/ha in second year. The fruit yield of tomato was directly and linearly correlated with gall indices in tomato gall. Based on findings of the study PR @ 3 t/ha + Furadan @20 kg/ha and PR alone @ 5 t/ha were noted as effective treatment to manage root-knot disease of tomato. Keywords: Poultry refuse; mustard oilcake; Furadan; Meloidogjyne incognita; tomato. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i3.9275 BJAR 2011; 36(3): 477-486

scholarly journals Making Sure PaLRaP Remains Healthy and Strong

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
John Barnett ◽  
Tom Reinsfelder
Keyword(s):  
Early Growth ◽  
Editorial Team ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Many

Thanks to the many contributions of numerous individuals, Pennsylvania Libraries: Research & Practice (PaLRaP) has been quite successful and well-received in its first year of existence. As we head into the second year of publication, members of the editorial team must now shift our focus from the initial stages of creation and early growth to the next phase of ongoing improvement and sustainability over the long term.

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