YIELD EFFECT OF PULSES ON SUBSEQUENT CEREAL CROPS IN THE NORTHERN PRAIRIES

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. WRIGHT
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Crop Residue Incorporation ◽  
High Yields

A study comparing the crop sequences pulse-barley-wheat and barley-barley-wheat, was conducted from 1982 to 1987 on Black and Gray-wooded soils in northeastern Saskatchewan. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), and lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) had similar effects, increasing subsequent cereal yield, on average, by 21% in the first and 12% in the second year. Incorporation of pulse residue was not necessary in order to attain high yields. The yield response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to N fertilizer was slightly greater on barley than on pulse residue, but N fertilizer alone was unable to bring the yield on barley residue up to the yield on pulse residue. However, there were great differences in the effect of year, soil type, preceding crop, residue incorporation, and fertilizer response, and there were many significant interactions of these treatments. These treatment effects could not be consistently accounted for by differences in N cycling, soil moisture, or disease.Key words: Barley, faba bean, field pea, lentil, wheat, crop sequence

NITROGEN FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS FOR BARLEY WHEN APPLIED WITH CATTLE MANURE CONTAINING WOOD SHAVINGS AS A SOIL AMENDMENT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. MACKAY ◽  
J. M. CAREFOOT ◽  
T. G. SOMMERFELDT
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Chernozemic Soil ◽  
Mineralizable N

In an 8-yr experiment on an irrigated Dark Brown Chernozemic soil, four rates of N (0, 34, 67 and 101 kg ha−1), applied annually with 45 t ha−1 of manure containing softwood shavings (avg. of 46% dry wt) produced a linear yield response (from 3.5 with the check to 4.3 t ha−1 at the highest rate) of barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L. 'Galt'). There were large differences in yields among years, which could be attributed to weather factors, but there was no significant N × year response. Protein content increased linearly (from 11.2 to 13.5%), and both kernel weights and "test weights" (kg hL−1) decreased slightly but significantly with N applications. There was a pronounced "residual" effect of N rates on both grain yield (from 3.8 to 6.3 t ha−1) and protein content (from 10 to 13%) in the first year after applications of manure and N fertilizer ceased. These effects decreased rapidly and had practically disappeared by the end of the 3rd yr, although yields of all treatments remained high (about 5 t ha−1). Organic matter and N contents of the soil were increased by 70 and 41%, respectively, from the cumulative applications of shavings manure. It is concluded that application of manure containing large quantities of softwood shavings has a negligible effect on the N fertilizer requirements of the crop being grown. Beneficial residual effects of N fertilizer applied with the manure may result because of buildup of NO3-N throughout the soil profile, and likely also because of N release from readily mineralized organic compounds or microbial biomass. However, this effect was not reflected in soil tests for readily mineralizable N by NO3 incubation or KCl digestion methods and the effects were practically dissipated after 3 yr. The recovery of applied N fertilizer by the crops was high at all rates (61–79%), and essentially all of the N applied (fertilizer + manure) was accounted for by crop removal + increased soil N. Key words: Mineralizable-N soil tests, Chernozemic soil, repeated fertilizer applications, residual effects

QUALITY EFFECTS OF PULSES ON SUBSEQUENT CEREAL CROPS IN THE NORTHERN PRAIRIES

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1013-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. WRIGHT
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Preceding Crop ◽  
Barley Crop

A study comparing the crop sequences pulse-barley-wheat and barley-barley-wheat was conducted from 1982 to 1987 on black and gray soils in northeastern Saskatchewan. Faba bean, field pea, and lentil had a similar effect on the subsequent barley crop increasing kernel mass by 1.9 mg, plumpness by 5 percentage units, and protein content by 0.6 percentage units. This indicates that barley produced on pulse residues would likely have higher nutritive value and higher malting quality than that grown on barley residues, unless conditions were such that the increase in protein were enough to cause the sample to be discriminated against for malting purposes. Incorporation of pulse residues was unnecessary to attain high barley quality. In general, linear response of kernel mass and plumpness to N fertilizer was greater on barley than pulse residues, but the response of protein content to N fertilizer was unaffected by preceding crop. Fertilizer N was unable to increase barley quality produced on barley residues to the level of that produced on pulse residues. Protein content of wheat grown in year 3 of each cycle was unaffected by whether or not a pulse crop had been included in the crop sequence.Key words: Barley, faba bean, field pea, lentil, wheat, tillage

Wheat yield response to rainfall in a long-term multi-rotation experiment in the Victorian Wimmera

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 951 ◽  
Author(s):  
MC Hannah ◽  
GJ O'Leary
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Crop Sequence

Seventy-six years of wheat yield data from a long-term rotation experiment at Dooen in the Victorian Wimmera were analysed to describe the response of wheat yield to seasonal rainfall, crop sequence, and time. Wheat yields from 7 different 1- to 4-course rotations involving wheat, barley, oat, field pea, grass pasture and fallow were compared as a function of growing-season (May-November) rainfall. The field layout had no within-year replication, but each phase of each rotation was represented once in each year. An approximate quadratic response of wheat yield to both current year and previous year May-November rainfall was observed for each rotation. Previous year May-November rainfall boosted wheat yields grown on fallow, but decreased the yield of wheat grown on field pea or wheat stubble. Highest wheat yields followed fallow preceded by pasture, high yields followed fallow preceded by a cereal, moderate yields followed field pea, and low yields occurred for continuous wheat. Long-term trends in wheat yields adjusted for rainfall depended on crop sequence and fluctuated more in the non-fallow, 3-course rotations. Over the 76 years, average yield declined in all rotations except the continuous wheat, which was always low, but there was evidence that yield of all continuous cropped rotations had increased during the last 2 decades.

Nitrogen nutrition of cereals in a short-term rotation. I. Single season treatments as a source of nitrogen for subsequent cereal crops

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 703 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Papastylianou ◽  
DW Puckridge ◽  
ED Carter
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
The Third ◽  
Second Year

The residual effects of one season of five cultural treatments common in southern Australian dryland farming were examined with respect to soil water and nitrogen, and the production of cereals in the next two years. The initial treatments were medic or subterranean clover pasture, faba beans, oats or bare fallow. In the second year barley, wheat and triticale were grown on the same plots, with 0,30,60 or 90 kg ha-1 of fertilizer nitrogen. Wheat was sown over the whole area for the third season. The medic and subterranean clover pastures contributed approximately 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in top growth, but this remained on the surface until cultivation. Oats and fallow plots declined in total soil nitrogen by about 70 kg ha-1. The nitrogen content of the faba bean stubble showed that this crop has the potential of providing equivalent nitrogen to a good legume pasture. At the beginning of the second season the previous plots of fallow, beans, subterranean clover and medic had 36,27, 14 and 12 mm more water in the top metre of soil than oat plots. Cereals after oats apparently did not respond to fertilizer nitrogen because of the dry conditions, but on other plots the yield response was not proportional to the additional water. Although first year treatments affected growth of the three cereals in the second season, the new cereal, triticale, showed no evidence of different adaptation to growing conditions than wheat or barley. The effects of first and second year treatments carried through to the wheat crop in the third season. There were marked differences in nitrogen availability, but evidence that the second crop was depleting soil nitrogen reserves. Nitrogen from first year legume residues was available earlier in the season than second year fertilizer nitrogen which had been leached from the surface soil.

Impact of crop sequence decisions in the Saskatchewan Parkland

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
H. R. Kutcher ◽  
K. L. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Sequence

Rotations are constantly being adapted to current economic and management realities. As a result, the crop sequence used tends to depend more on the economic value of particular crop types, principally cereals, oilseeds and pulse crops in the Saskatchewan Parkland, than on the best management practices for optimizing crop productivity. A study was conducted from 1999 to 2001 at Melfort, SK, to assess the effects of growing barley, wheat, canola, flax, and field pea on their own and the other crop stubbles. When a crop was seeded on its own stubble, the poorest grain yield and quality were recorded, a difference that often was related to major pathogens affecting crop productivity. In the first 2 yr of this study, when near normal temperature and precipitation were recorded, little difference was observed in the average crop yield response when any of the crops were seeded on the other broadleaf and cereal stubbles considered in the study. The exception was flax, which performed poorer when seeded on canola than flax stubble, a reflection of the negative impact canola has on arbuscular mycorrhizae populations on subsequent flax in rotation. In 2001, a year with below-normal precipitation and above-average temperature, crops seeded into pea and flax stubble had yields that were 15–40% of the best stubble treatments. Under these drought conditions, field pea was the best crop choice for flax stubble, while wheat was the best choice for pea stubble. The results of this study indicate that for the Saskatchewan Parkland, the lowest risk crop sequence decision is to avoid seeding a crop in its own stubble. Key words: Malt barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), pea, (Pisum sativum L.), crop rotation, disease management

THE EFFECT OF SPRING AND FALL APPLICATION OF N ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.) AND RAPESEED (Brassica campestris L.)

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. NUTTALL ◽  
K. E. BOWREN ◽  
W. K. DAWLEY ◽  
S. S. MALHI
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Fall Application

Application of N fertilizer in the fall as opposed to spring has been a controversial recommendation for cereal crops grown in Western Canada. Also, oilseed crops such as rapeseed may not respond to N in the same way as cereals. To investigate spring and fall application of N on barley and rapeseed, factorial split plot experiments were designed with three N treatments of 45, 90 and 134 kg N ha−1 and four P treatments of 0, 9.4, 18.8 and 28.2 kg P ha−1, as main plots. A control without fertilizer was included and the subplots were spring and fall times of broadcast application of ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), cultivar Conquest and rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) cultivar Arlo were seeded as the test crops over a 5-yr period and a 6-yr period, respectively, at separate sites on Melfort silty clay soil to determine the differences in yield and quality of grain between spring and fall applied N. In some years yield response to N fertilizer was greater when applied in the spring and in other years when applied in the fall, resulting in a significant time of N × year interaction effect on yield. However, on the average, there was no significant difference in yield of barley or rapeseed grain between fall and spring applied N, 3.51 vs. 3.59 and 1.39 vs. 1.41 t ha−1, respectively. Nitrogen and P fertilizer increased yield as much as 2.17 t of barley and 0.76 t of rapeseed ha−1 although the concentration of mineralized ammonium- and nitrate-N in the soil was rated medium according to provincial soil test standards. The difference in yield response of barley (Y, t ha−1) between spring and fall applied N among years was related to the rainfall (X, mm) in May by the equation:[Formula: see text]and for rapeseed:[Formula: see text]Because N was applied relatively late in the fall, the available soil N was medium and the conditions for N loss in these experiments minimal, differences in barley and rapeseed yield response to N fertilizer between spring and fall applied N were small. When P fertilizer was applied at a heavy rate, fall application of N produced a higher yield of rapeseed than spring application in all years. Key words: P, protein, rainfall, interaction, N, barley, rapeseed, time

Long term effects of rotation, tillage and stubble management on wheat production in southern NSW

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Heenan ◽  
AC Taylor ◽  
BR Cullis ◽  
WJ Lill
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Total N ◽  
Grain Yields

A long term field experiment began in 1979 at Wagga Wagga, N.S.W., to compare the sustainability of a range of rotation, tillage and stubble management systems on a red earth. This paper reports yield, yield components and grain protein of wheat for 1979-90. Rotations considered were alternating lupin-wheat (LW), lupin-wheat-wheat (LWW), continuous wheat (WW) with and without N fertilizer (100 kg N/ha), and alternating sub-clover-wheat (CW). Soil N supply at the start of the experiment was high following many years of sub-clover based pasture. From 1979 to 1983, there was a negative grain yield response to N fertilizer and no response to a legume in rotation except in the drought of 1982 when low yields were recorded from LW. Thereafter, a positive grain yield response was usually produced to N fertilizer in WW rotations, until 1989 and 1990, when these crops displayed aluminium toxicity sym ptoms. Overall, average grain yields from legume rotations were higher than WW with added N fertilizer. Since 1983, LW rotations consistently produced higher mean grain yields than CW, but mean grain protein and total N uptake were lower. Yields and N uptake by the second wheat crop in a LWW rotation indicated little carryover of benefits from the lupins. Slightly higher mean grain yield and harvest index, but lower mean grain protein, were produced by direct drilling, compared with cultivation before sowing, following lupins or sub-clover. However, retaining stubble rather than burning in autumn consistently reduced grain yields. There was no evidence that early burial of wheat stubble following summer rain, rather than incorporation in autumn, improved grain yield or total N uptake. The build-up of giant brome grass and diseases, particularly where stubble was retained and crops direct-drilled, casts some doubt on the long term sustainability of these short term rotations in this environment.

Economics of Fertilizer Application to Wheat Crop: The Results of a Survey in Lyallpur District (Notes and Comments)

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-99
Author(s):  
Barkat Ali Quraishi ◽  
Muhammad Jameel Khan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Reliable Knowledge

Reliable knowledge about the contribution of various factors responsible for increasing agricultural production is indispensable for planning. This holds particularly for the fertilizer use, which has been recognized as one of the quickest and, perhaps, the cheapest means for increasing agricultural produc¬tion. In Pakistan the emphasis on planned development is gaining momentum and for this purpose more data and fuller information on fertilizer response are becoming increasingly essential. The Agricultural Research Stations in the country have been conducting experiments with a view to determining the extent to which the cropped yield may increase due to the application of fertilizer. But such experiments, because of their somewhat controlled nature in respect of certain factors, obviously can¬not tell us with a desired measure of accuracy as to what is actually happening at millions of private farms throughout the country. And, as such, the planning in this regard is apt to be wrong.

Preliminary DRIS norms for coastal Douglas-fir soils in Washington and Oregon

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Shumway ◽  
H.N. Chappell
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Diagnostic Work

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) has been used successfully in agricultural crops and holds promise for use in forest stands. This study used soil tests to develop DRIS norms and evaluate their effectiveness in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests. DRIS norms for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium were developed using soil test and site index data from 72 soil series that commonly support Douglas-fir in western Washington. The norms were tested using soil test and stand basal area growth response data from 20 thinned and 30 unthinned N fertilizer test sites in coastal Washington and Oregon. Response to urea fertilizer in thinned stands averaged 34% and 43% for 224 and 448 kg N•ha−1, respectively, when N was identified as the most limiting nutrient. When N was not the most limiting nutrient, N response averaged 8% and 10% for 224 and 448 kg N•ha−1, respectively. Results were similar in unthinned stands and thinned stands, although response to fertilizer appeared to be slightly less in unthinned stands when N was the most limiting nutrient. DRIS correctly classified 25 of the 33 sites (76%) where N fertilizer increased growth by more than 15%. More importantly, 13 of the 17 (76%) sites that responded by less than 15% were correctly identified by DRIS. The results clearly indicate that N fertilizer response is dependent on the interactions (balance) between soil nutrients at a given site. Future soil diagnostic work needs to focus on techniques, like DRIS, that provide an assessment of these interactions.

scholarly journals Agroinfiltration for transient gene expression and characterisation of fungal pathogen effectors in cool-season grain legume hosts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes W. Debler ◽  
Bernadette M. Henares ◽  
Robert C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Transient Gene Expression ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Pathogen Effectors ◽  
Green Fluorescent

Abstract Key message Modified pEAQ-HT-DEST1 vectors were used for agroinfiltration in legumes. We demonstrate protein expression and export in pea, lentil, and faba bean; however, the method for chickpea was not successful. Abstract Agroinfiltration is a valuable research method for investigating virulence and avirulence effector proteins from pathogens and pests, where heterologous effector proteins are transiently expressed in plant leaves and hypersensitive necrosis responses and other effector functions can be assessed. Nicotiana benthamiana is widely used for agroinfiltration and the characterisation of broad-spectrum effectors. The method has also been used in other plant species including field pea, but not yet developed for chickpea, lentil, or faba bean. Here, we have modified the pEAQ-HT-DEST1 vector for expression of 6 × histidine-tagged green-fluorescent protein (GFP) and the known necrosis-inducing broad-spectrum effector necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide (Nep1)-like protein (NLP). Modified pEAQ-based vectors were adapted to encode signal peptide sequences for apoplast targeting of expressed proteins. We used confocal microscopy to assess the level of GFP expression in agroinfiltrated leaves. While at 3 days after infiltration in N. benthamiana, GFP was expressed at a relatively high level, expression in field pea and faba bean at the same time point was relatively low. In lentil, an expression level of GFP similar to field pea and faba bean at 3 days was only observed after 5 days. Chickpea leaf cells were transformed at low frequency and agroinfiltration was concluded to not be successful for chickpea. We concluded that the pEAQ vector is suitable for testing host-specific effectors in field pea, lentil, and faba bean, but low transformation efficiency limits the utility of the method for chickpea.

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