AN ASSESSMENT OF BULK WEIGHT AND OTHER SIMPLE CRITERIA FOR PREDICTING THE DIGESTIBLE ENERGY VALUES OF FEED GRAINS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. I. CHRISTISON ◽  
J. M. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Statistical Correlations ◽  
Weight Density ◽  
Polygonum Convolvulus ◽  
Bulk Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Gross Energy

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) typical of the ranges in bulk weight (density) and quality found in the commercial grain trade of Canada were analyzed for protein, gross energy, ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, ash, cell wall content and lignin, and also measured for kernel plumpness. Effects of admixtures of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.) were studied. Samples were fed to mice to obtain digestibility coefficients. Statistical correlations between analyzed traits and digestible energy (DE) contents of the grains and admixtures were obtained. Various published equations for predicting DE were tested. There was too little variation in the DE values of wheat to warrant distinction on this basis. Bulk weight was useful for differentiating oats on a DE basis. For barley, both gross energy and crude fiber determinations were needed to permit a reliable estimation of DE.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIPS OF VARIOUS PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERS TO DIGESTIBLE ENERGY IN WHEAT AND BARLEY CULTIVARS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. BHATTY ◽  
G. I. CHRISTISON ◽  
F. W. SOSULSKI ◽  
B. L. HARVEY ◽  
G. R. HUGHES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Bulk Weight ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Chemical Characters ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Seventeen cultivars of hard and soft spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and 29 cultivars of two-row and six-row barley (Hordeum distichum and H. vulgare) were examined for bulk weight (BW), 1,000-kernel weight (KW) and plumpness, and analyzed for gross composition, amylose, gross energy (GE), β-glucan (barley only), and for sedimentation (wheat only). Digestion coefficients and digestible energy (DE) values of the cultivars were determined by mouse-feeding. The ranges in protein, starch, amylose, and GE varied from 5 to 15%, whereas ether extract, fiber, ash and β-glucan contents varied from 1 to 3%. Except for sedimentation in wheat, and plumpness in barley there were no major differences in physical or chemical characters between hard and soft wheats or between two- and six-row barley. In wheat, DE was significantly correlated with BW (−0.59, P < 0.05), KW (−0.53, P < 0.05), plumpness (−0.55, P < 0.05), fiber (+0.72, P < 0.01), ash (−0.52, P < 0.05), sedimentation (−0.57, P < 0.05) and GE (+0.97, P < 0.01). Digestion coefficient was significantly correlated with protein (−0.58, P < 0.05), ash (−0.56, P < 0.05), and sedimentation (−0.57, P < 0.05). In barley, DE was significantly correlated with protein (+0.41, P < 0.05) and GE (+0.82, P < 0.01), and digestion coefficient was significantly correlated with BW (+0.55, P < 0.01), plumpness (+0.45, P < 0.05), ether extract (+0.50, P < 0.01), and fiber (−0.52, P < 0.01). For use as selection criteria the most significant correlations were between DE and GE and sedimentation in wheat, and between DE and GE in barley.

Predicting the digestibility of winter deer browse from its proximate composition

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1201-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Mautz ◽  
Helenette Silver ◽  
Haven H. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Deer Browse ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Feeding Trials

Digestion data obtained from feeding trials with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were analyzed for their relationship to concentration of protein, crude fiber, ether extract, nitrogen-free extract, and gross energy. Multiple regression analyses showed a significant relationship between digestible dry matter, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, digestible ether extract, digestible nitrogen-free extract, and different combinations of the above-mentioned proximate components. Predictive equations are presented for each of these variables. The multiple regression of digestible energy had a standard error representing ± 9% of the estimated mean, while this value for metabolizable energy was ± 12%. The between-animal variation determined during actual Feeding trials was about ± 15% for deer consuming the same browse. The equation for predicting metabolizable energy should have practical use in providing an estimate of winter browse nutritional quality.

EFFECT OF HULL AND PROTEIN CONTENTS OF BARLEY ON PROTEIN AND ENERGY DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDING VALUE FOR PIGS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL ◽  
A. SHIRES ◽  
M. O. KEITH
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Energy Prediction ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Barley Protein

Sixteen simulated barleys, containing combinations of 7.27, 11.27, 15.17 and 19.27 crude protein (CP) (air-dry basis) and 0, 10, 20 and 30% hulls, were made from barley (Hordeum vulgare L. 'Bonanza') that was finely ground and air-classified into hulls, starch, protein and fines fractions. These barleys were supplemented with vitamins and minerals and fed in four replicates to 16 pigs, of 20 kg initial weight, in a digestibility trial. Energy digestibility was highly correlated with percent hulls and percent crude fiber (r = − 0.9 for both factors; P < 0.01). Digestible energy prediction values were developed whereby barley with 0% hulls was 84% digestible and had 15.73 kJ DE/g dry matter; barley with 30% hulls was 64% digestible and contained 12.01 kJ DE/g. The gross energy of hulls was 17.5% digestible and contained 2.94 kJ/g. Apparent digestibility of protein decreased (P < 0.05) from 75.0 to 72.0% as hulls increased from 0 to 30% and from 82.2 to 62.5% as dietary CP increased from 21.9 to 8.0% (dry matter basis). Metabolic fecal protein (N × 6.25) increased from 1.49 to 2.79 g/100 g dietary dry matter as hulls increased from 0 to 30%. Apparent digestibility of hull protein, when fed in 16% CP diets, was 44% and the corresponding value for nonhull barley protein was about 75%. A tentative monetary evaluation of barleys varying in CP and hull or crude fiber contents relative to prices of a reference barley and soybean meal was presented. Key words: Barley, hulls, protein, digestibility, feeding value, pigs

scholarly journals Biosolids Benefit Yield and Nitrogen Uptake in Winter Cereals without Excess Risk of N Leaching

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1482
Author(s):  
Silvia Pampana ◽  
Alessandro Rossi ◽  
Iduna Arduini
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Winter Cereals

Winter cereals are excellent candidates for biosolid application because their nitrogen (N) requirement is high, they are broadly cultivated, and their deep root system efficiently takes up mineral N. However, potential N leaching from BS application can occur in Mediterranean soils. A two-year study was conducted to determine how biosolids affect biomass and grain yield as well as N uptake and N leaching in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), and oat (Avena byzantina C. Koch). Cereals were fertilized at rates of 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha−1 dry weight (called B5, B10, and B15, respectively) of biosolids (BS). Mineral-fertilized (MF) and unfertilized (C) controls were included. Overall, results highlight that BS are valuable fertilizers for winter cereals as these showed higher yields with BS as compared to control. Nevertheless, whether 5 Mg ha−1 of biosolids could replace mineral fertilization still depended on the particular cereal due to the different yield physiology of the crops. Moreover, nitrate leaching from B5 was comparable to MF, and B15 increased the risk by less than 30 N-NO3 kg ha−1. We therefore concluded that with specific rate settings, biosolid application can sustain yields of winter cereals without significant additional N leaching as compared to MF.

VARIATION IN PATHOGENICITY BETWEEN ISOLATES OF CLAVICEPS PURPUREA

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. DARLINGTON ◽  
D. E. MATHRE ◽  
R. H. JOHNSTON
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Weakly Virulent ◽  
Grass Hosts

Isolates of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. originally isolated from many different grass hosts in the northern Great Plains and several other areas in the United States and England were tested for their pathogenicity to selected cultivars or lines of male-sterile wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). While there was a great range in the level of virulence, no clear-cut evidence of specific races was obtained. A few isolates were weakly virulent on two cultivars of male-sterile spring wheat but were highly virulent on the other two cultivars tested. Wheat and barley breeders are advised to use a mixture of isolates in screening germ plasm for resistance to ergot.

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

COLD HARDENING AND DEHARDENING RESPONSES IN WINTER WHEAT AND WINTER BARLEY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. POMEROY ◽  
C. J. ANDREWS ◽  
G. FEDAK
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Time Required

Increasing the duration of freezing of Kharkov winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) demonstrated that severe injury does not occur to plants at a freezing temperature (−6 C) well above the lethal temperature for at least 5 days, but progressively more damage occurs as the temperature approaches the killing point (−20 C). High levels of cold hardiness can be induced rapidly in Kharkov winter wheat if seedlings are grown for 4–6 days at 15 C day/10 C night, prior to being exposed to hardening conditions including diurnal freezing to −2 C. The cold hardiness of Kharkov and Rideau winter wheat seedlings grown from 1-yr-old seed was greater than that from 5-yr-old seed. Cold-acclimated Kharkov winter wheat and Dover winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) demonstrated the capacity to reharden after varying periods under dehardening conditions. The time required to reharden and the maximum level of hardiness attained by the plants was dependent on the amount of dehardening. Considerable rehardening was observed even when both dehardening and rehardening were carried out in the dark.

Plant Volatiles and Oviposition Behavior in the Selection of Barley Cultivars by Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buddhi B Achhami ◽  
Gadi V P Reddy ◽  
M L Hofland ◽  
Jamie D Sherman ◽  
Robert K D Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Oviposition Behavior ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Wheat Stem Sawfly ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Hexenyl Acetate ◽  
Host Selection Behavior ◽  
Selection Decisions

Abstract Wheat stem sawfly, [Cephus cinctus (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)], females display complex behaviors for host selection and oviposition. Susceptible hollow stem wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars release a greater amount of attractive compound, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and receive a greater number of eggs compared to resistant solid stem wheat cultivars. However, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is becoming a more common host for C. cinctus in Montana. Therefore, how do host selection and oviposition behaviors on barley cultivars compare to what happens when encountering wheat cultivars? To answer this question, we carried out greenhouse experiments using two barley cultivars: ‘Hockett’ and ‘Craft’. Between these cultivars at Zadoks stages 34 and 49, we compared host selection decisions using a Y-tube olfactometer, compared oviposition behaviors on stems, and counted the number of eggs inside individual stems. In Y-tube bioassays, we found a greater number of C. cinctus females were attracted to the airstream passing over ‘Hockett’ than ‘Craft’ barley cultivars. Although the frequencies of oviposition behaviors were similar between these cultivars, the number of eggs was greater in ‘Hockett’. Volatile profiles indicated that the amount of linalool was greater in the airstream from ‘Craft’ than in ‘Hockett’ at Zadoks 34 while the amount of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was greater in airstream from ‘Hockett’ at both Zadoks 34 and 49. These results suggest that volatiles of barley plants influenced host selection behavior of ovipositing C. cinctus females, while other discriminating behaviors do not differ between cultivars.

Effects of dietary spray-dried plasma protein on nutrient digestibility and growth performance in nursery pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hansol Kim ◽  
Seung Hyung Lee ◽  
Beob Gyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Spray Dried

Abstract The objectives were to determine the digestible energy and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA; Exp. 1) and to determine growth performance (Exp. 2) of 2 sources of dietary spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) in nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, twelve nursery barrows (9.8 ± 0.9 kg) were assigned to a quadruplicated 3 × 2 Latin square design with 3 diets and 2 periods. Each period consisted of 5 days of adaptation, 2 days of fecal sampling, and 2 days of ileal collection. A basal diet was composed of corn, soybean meal, whey, and sucrose as the sole energy and AA sources. Experimental diets were prepared by replacing 15% of the energy and AA sources in the basal diet with SDPP 1 (manufactured in the USA; 78.2% crude protein and 4,862 kcal gross energy/kg as-is) or SDPP 2 (manufactured in Korea; 74.3% crude protein and 4,636 kcal gross energy/kg as-is). Spray-dried plasma protein 1 had greater digestible energy (P &lt; 0.05), but less (P &lt; 0.05) standardized ileal digestibility of Lys, Met, Trp, and Thr compared with SDPP 2. In Exp. 2, eighty-four nursery pigs (7.9 ± 0.7 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 7 replicate pens and 4 pigs per pen. Three corn-soybean meal-whey-based diets contained fish meal (6% and 3.5% for d 0 to 14 and d 14 to 28, respectively), SDPP 1 (4.5% and 2.7%), or SDPP 2 (5.0% and 3.0%) to maintain same energy and nutrient concentrations. During d 0 to 14 and overall period, pigs fed the diets containing SDPP gained more weight (P &lt; 0.05) than those fed the fish meal diet with no difference between 2 SDPP sources. In conclusion, SDPP 1 contains greater digestible energy but less AA digestibility compared with SDPP 2. Growth-promoting effects of both SDPP sources in nursery diets have been clearly demonstrated in this work.

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