THE USE OF CEREAL GRAINS AS COMPANION CROPS IN DRYLAND FORAGE CROP ESTABLISHMENT

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Kilcher ◽  
D. H. Heinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Companion Crop ◽  
Forage Yields

The effect of wheat, oats, barley, and spring rye as companion crops on the establishment of a perennial forage crop mixture consisting of crested wheatgrass, brome, and alfalfa under arid conditions compared to no companion crop was studied at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Cereal companion crops reduced the vigour, stand, and subsequent early forage yields of the grass-alfalfa mixtures, but less so if the cereal crop and the forage crop were seeded separately at right-angles to one another. The method of harvesting the cereal companion crop also influenced the performance of the subsequent forage crop. Cutting the cereal crops at a height of 8 inches or more for grain resulted in better grass-alfalfa stands and yields than was obtained when the cereal crops were mowed at a 2-inch height for hay. The effect of kind of cereal grain on performance of the perennial forage differed little. Wider row spacings for the cross-seeded companion crops also resulted in a better stand and yield of the grass-alfalfa crop.

A GRASS-ALFALFA MIXTURE COMPARED WITH CEREAL GRAINS FOR FODDER PRODUCTION UNDER SEMI-ARID CONDITIONS

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Kilcher ◽  
D. H. Heinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Arid Climate ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Fodder Production ◽  
Semi Arid

From 1952 to 1960 at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, the performance of a grass-alfalfa mixture was compared to that of oats and of wheat on dryland, principally from the standpoint of hay production. Average annual hay yields over the 9-year period were similar, but within single years large differences in yield occurred between crops. In seasons with favourable precipitation the perennial forage mixture gave higher hay yields, while the cereals gave the highest yields during very dry seasons.Small yields from the perennial crop were associated with low rainfall in May. It was concluded that perennial forage crops should be the main source of winter feed in a semi-arid climate, if used in conjunction with a cereal crop for insurance.

SELENIUM CONTENT OF SOILS AND CROPS AND THE EFFECTS OF LIME AND SULFUR ON PLANT SELENIUM

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA ◽  
K. A. WINTER
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Selenium Content ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Wheat Kernels ◽  
Positive Significant Correlation

Soils representing the more important series on Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) and forage and cereal crops grown on them were analyzed for Se content. Total soil Se content varied from 0.09 to 0.60 ppm and showed a positive significant correlation with the Se content of timothy (r = 0.40) and with soil pH (r = 0.29). The Se concentration of forage crop tissues and cereal grains from P.E.I. varied from 0.004 to 0.043 ppm. These concentrations of Se are considered to be deficiency levels for livestock feed. Wheat kernels contained a higher concentration of Se than barley kernels; however, barley tissue, sampled at the boot stage, contained higher quantities of Se than wheat sampled at the same stage. Addition of lime, S, B and Mo to the soil, under field conditions, did not affect the Se concentration of plant tissues.

EFFECTS OF COMPANION CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT ON THE UNDERSOWN FORAGE SEEDLING ENVIRONMENT

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEAN GENEST ◽  
HOWARD STEPPLER
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Light Soil ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Companion Crop ◽  
Forage Yields

Effects of companion crops, oats, barley, and wheat on light and soil moisture available to the undersown forage species, alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, timothy, and bromegrass, are reported. Early in the growing season, barley intercepted the highest percentage of both visible light and light energy, whereas at the end of the season, weeds growing where forage seedlings had been established without a companion crop intercepted a greater amount of light than companion crops undersown with a forage crop. Seedlings growing under companion crops managed as simulated pasture received the greatest amount of light. Soil moisture percentages were higher where forage seedlings were established without a companion crop. Forage yields reflected a greater advantage from improved moisture during establishment than from light penetration.

Cereal grain digestion by selected strains of ruminal fungi

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
Y. Dong ◽  
L. J. Yanke ◽  
H. D. Bae ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Neocallimastix Patriciarum ◽  
Grain Starch

The ruminal fungi Orpinomyces joyonii strain 19-2, Neocallimastix patriciarum strain 27, and Piromyces communis strain 22 were examined for their ability to digest cereal starch. All strains digested corn starch more readily than barley or wheat starch. Orpinomyces joyonii 19-2 exhibited the greatest propensity to digest starch in wheat and barley, whereas the digestion of these starches by N. patriciarum 27 and P. communis 22 was limited. Media ammonia concentrations were lower when fungal growth was evident, suggesting that all strains assimilate ammonia. Fungi formed extensive rhizoidal systems on the endosperm of corn, but O. joyonii 19-2 was the only strain to form such systems on the endosperm of wheat and barley. All strains penetrated the protein matrix of corn but did not penetrate starch granules. Starch granules from all three cereals were pitted, evidence of extensive digestion by extracellular amylases produced by O. joyonii 19-2. Similar pitting was observed on the surface of corn starch granules digested by N. patriciarum 27 and P. communis 22, but not on wheat and barley starch granules. The ability of ruminal fungi to digest cereal grains depends on both the strain of fungus and the type of grain. The extent to which fungi digest cereal grain in the rumen remains to be determined.Key words: ruminal fungi, cereal grain, starch digestion, ruminant.

AN EVALUATION OF ALTAI WILD RYE, ELYMUS ANGUSTUS TRIN., AS A FORAGE CROP

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lawrence ◽  
D. H. Heinrichs ◽  
R. B. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Russian Wild Rye ◽  
Better Than

A study was conducted with Altai wild rye (Elymus angustus Trin.), Russian wild rye (Elymus junceus), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), and intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium) on their relative merits as forage crops in the arid climate of Saskatchewan. The data show that Altai wild rye produced as much forage as Russian wild rye but less than crested wheatgrass and intermediate wheatgrass. However, it appeared to be less competitive with alfalfa than the other grasses in the test. The nutritive value of Altai wild rye was as good as or better than that of the other grasses; it excelled all of them in crude protein content throughout the season and contained about the same amount of fibre and fat at most stages of development; its ash content was higher than that of the other three grasses in 1954, a wet year, but only higher than the two wheatgrasses in 1957, a very dry year. Comparisons regarding palatability and digestibility suggest that Altai wild rye equals the better grasses in this respect. The study also indicates that nutritive value of grasses throughout the growing season varies much more in wet years when normal plant development occurs, than in dry years when growth is slow and sporadic.

scholarly journals An introductory review of resistant starch type 2 from high-amylose cereal grains and its effect on glucose and insulin homeostasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 748-764
Author(s):  
Kathryn F Harris
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Improve Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Insulin Control ◽  
High Amylose ◽  
Refined Carbohydrates

Abstract Refined carbohydrates result from milling techniques that remove the outer layers of a cereal grain and grind the endosperm into a flour ingredient that is devoid of dietary fiber. Technologies have been developed to produce high-amylose cereal grains that have a significantly higher resistant starch type 2 and thus dietary fiber content in the endosperm of the cereal grain, which has positive implications for human health. A review of the literature was conducted to study the effects of resistant starch type 2 derived from high-amylose grains on glucose and insulin response. While thousands of articles have been published on resistant starch, only 30 articles have focused on how resistant starch type 2 from high-amylose grains affects acute and long-term responses of glucose and insulin control. The findings showed that resistant starch has the ability to attenuate acute postprandial responses when replacing rapidly digestible carbohydrate sources, but there is insufficient evidence to conclude that resistant starch can improve insulin resistance and/or sensitivity.

scholarly journals Trichothecenes in Cereal Grains – An Update

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora A. Foroud ◽  
Danica Baines ◽  
Tatiana Y. Gagkaeva ◽  
Nehal Thakor ◽  
Ana Badea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Genetics Of Resistance ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Host Tissues

Trichothecenes are sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins produced by fungi from the order Hypocreales, including members of the Fusarium genus that infect cereal grain crops. Different trichothecene-producing Fusarium species and strains have different trichothecene chemotypes belonging to the Type A and B class. These fungi cause a disease of small grain cereals, called Fusarium head blight, and their toxins contaminate host tissues. As potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis, trichothecenes pose a health risk to human and animal consumers of infected cereal grains. In 2009, Foroud and Eudes published a review of trichothecenes in cereal grains for human consumption. As an update to this review, the work herein provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary review of the Fusarium trichothecenes covering topics in chemistry and biochemistry, pathogen biology, trichothecene toxicity, molecular mechanisms of resistance or detoxification, genetics of resistance and breeding strategies to reduce their contamination of wheat and barley.

INFLUENCE DE LA FERTILISATION AZOTEE ET DE L’ECARTEMENT ENTRE LES RANGS DE CEREALES-ABRI RECOLTEES COMME FOURRAGE SUR L’ETABLISSEMENT DE LA LUZERNE

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
GILLES DEPUIS
Keyword(s):  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Companion Crop ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Forage Yields

The effect of companion crop management on the establishment of alfalfa was evaluated. The studied variables included species of cereals, row spacing and seeding rate of companion crop, stage of maturity of the companion crop at harvest, and an additional nitrogen fertilizer application. The cereals were harvested as forage. In the year after the seeding year, the first yield of alfalfa was determined. In seven trials, forage yields of a pure stand of alfalfa were 3350 kg/ha in the first cut of the seeding year. These yields averaged 60% of forage yields obtained from the combination of alfalfa and companion crop. However, cereals substantially reduced the total digestible nutrients, crude protein and calcium contents of the forage as compared to the pure alfalfa. The additional 38 kg/ha of nitrogen at tillering provided an extra yield of 600 kg/ha. Row spacing had little or no effect on forage yield. Even though wider spacings has considerably reduced seeding rates increased spacing from 18 to 54 cm did not affect barley yield while wheat was reduced by 400 kg/ha and oat increased by 300 kg/ha. Also, the average number of stems per meter of row increased by 89% with an average weight gain of 23% for each stem at the 54-cm spacing. At the first cut in the year following establishment, yields of alfalfa established with a companion crop were equal to or lower than those in pure stand. Yield reductions varied from 0 to 13% with barley and wheat but approached 30% when oats were seeded in 18-cm rows. However, the yield reduction was only 14% in the 54-cm row spacing of oats.Key words: Medicago sativa L., nitrogen fertilization, companion crop

scholarly journals In vitro ruminal degradability of cereal grain starch

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Tománková ◽  
P. Homolka
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
In Vitro Method ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Grain Starch ◽  
Ruminal Degradability ◽  
Ground Wheat ◽  
Feed Samples

An in vitro method was used to determine ruminal degradability of starch (IVRDS) in a set of cereal grains. The set included 9 feed samples, including 2 samples of ground wheat, 2 samples of wheat treated with sodium hydroxide, ground barley, barley treated with sodium hydroxide, 2 samples of ground oats and ground maize. Ruminal degradability of starch was assayed by the feed fermentation for 2, 4, 6, 16 and 24 hours. A significant difference in starch degradability was found between treated and untreated ground samples after 2-hour fermentation (13.73 ± 3.12 vs. 32.77 ± 8.17; P < 0.001), 4-hour fermentation (33.44 ± 7.31 vs. 60.30 ± 16.71; P < 0.001) and 6-hour fermentation (42.63 ± 7.13 vs. 74.20 ± 6.38; P < 0.001). On the basis of the rate of ruminal degradability of starch the order of cereal grains was as follows (from the highest to the lowest value): ground oats, ground wheat, ground barley, ground maize, wheat and barley treated with sodium hydroxide.

Effect of forage crop establishment on dissolved organic carbon dynamics and leaching in a hill country soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Chibuike ◽  
Lucy Burkitt ◽  
Marta Camps‐Arbestain ◽  
Peter Bishop ◽  
Mike Bretherton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dynamics ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Crop Establishment
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