AN EVALUATION OF ALTAI WILD RYE, ELYMUS ANGUSTUS TRIN., AS A FORAGE CROP

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lawrence ◽  
D. H. Heinrichs ◽  
R. B. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Russian Wild Rye ◽  
Better Than

A study was conducted with Altai wild rye (Elymus angustus Trin.), Russian wild rye (Elymus junceus), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), and intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium) on their relative merits as forage crops in the arid climate of Saskatchewan. The data show that Altai wild rye produced as much forage as Russian wild rye but less than crested wheatgrass and intermediate wheatgrass. However, it appeared to be less competitive with alfalfa than the other grasses in the test. The nutritive value of Altai wild rye was as good as or better than that of the other grasses; it excelled all of them in crude protein content throughout the season and contained about the same amount of fibre and fat at most stages of development; its ash content was higher than that of the other three grasses in 1954, a wet year, but only higher than the two wheatgrasses in 1957, a very dry year. Comparisons regarding palatability and digestibility suggest that Altai wild rye equals the better grasses in this respect. The study also indicates that nutritive value of grasses throughout the growing season varies much more in wet years when normal plant development occurs, than in dry years when growth is slow and sporadic.

The nutritive value of common heather (Calluna vulgaris) I. The preparation of samples of Calluna vulgaris for analytical purposes and for digestibility studies

1952 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynmor Thomas ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
Large Samples

1. The methods employed by some of the earlier workers for separating analytical samples from heather, show little uniformity and are, in general, poorly defined. No procedure capable of separating the relatively large weights of material necessary for digestibility studies has hitherto been devised.2. Analytical samples prepared by (a) a method used by Thomas, and (b) a method suggested by Braid were compared. The results obtained were very similar, but the latter method was recommended as being the better denned.3. Two methods of preparing large samples for digestibility studies, one adapted for winter heather and the other for use in spring and summer, have been used. Both of these methods, when applied to winter heather, give samples which compare well with a sample obtained by the method of Braid.4. Samples separated in summer by method 5 were compared with samples of material similar to that observed to be eaten by sheep. It was found that the former were of appreciably lower crude protein content and contained slightly more lignin than the latter.5. No evidence of an adverse effect on digestibility by oven-drying for 24–48 hr. at 38° C. was obtained.

scholarly journals Development of yield and nutritive value of timothy in primary growth and regrowth in northern growing conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. NISSINEN ◽  
P. KALLIAINEN ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Percentage Unit ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

The development of the yield and nutritive value of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) both in the primary growth and in the regrowth were studied at MTT Plant Production Research, a unit of MTT Agrifood Research Finland, in Rovaniemi (66°35´N) in 1999–2001. The dry matter yield and leaf:stem ratio were measured from the crop samples, and the contents of crude protein and organic matter digestibility of both whole plant samples and leaf and stem fractions were analysed. In primary growth, the most rapid increase of dry matter, 220–240 kg ha-1 per day, was measured around the beginning of the heading stage. There was a very strong positive correlation between the proportion of stems and the amount of dry matter in the primary yield. The daily growth rate of the regrowth was less than half of that of the primary growth. The fastest decrease, 1 percentage unit per day, in crude protein content was measured at the pasture stage (4–5-leaf stage). During the entire sampling period, the average daily decline in crude protein content in the primary growth of timothy was 0.65 percentage units. The main cause for the rapid decline in crude protein content was the high proportion of stem matter and its low protein content. In the regrowth, during the last four weeks before the harvest, the average daily decline in crude protein content was 0.28 percentage units.The average decline in organic matter digestibility from early pasture stage to late silage stage was 0.9 percentage units per day. The most remarkable change was noticed at the growth stage of timothy when about the half of stems were heading and it was then that the digestibility decreased by more than one percentage unit per day. The rapid decline in organic matter digestibility was due to the low digestibility of stem matter. The daily change in forage digestibility in the regrowth was very small, on average 0.11%.;

scholarly journals Research on Crude Protein Contents in Medicago Sativa Hay Harvest During 2008-2009 Using FT-NIR Spectrometry

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura DALE ◽  
Ioan ROTAR ◽  
Vasile FLORIAN ◽  
Roxana VIDICAN ◽  
André THEWIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Crude Protein Content

Medicago sativa or alfalfa is a flowering plant that belongs to Pea Family that is widely grown throughout the world as forage for cattle, and is most often harvested as hay. Usually, alfalfa has the highest nutritive value of all common hay crops. This work aims to highlight a way for direct, non-destructive analysis of crude protein content in alfalfa hays. The primary objective was to build a model for crude protein calibration for alfalfa based on FT-NIR spectroscopy. The samples for analysis were collected over two experimental years (2008-2009) from field trials from the research station– Agricultural Development, Cojocna. In order to construct the model, reference values are needed; for this reason, the crude protein content was determined using the classical Kjeldahl method (Kjeltec Auto Analyser, Tecator). The values for crude protein ranged from 12.63% to 19.12% on the dry matter basis. The regression model’s construction was based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) calculated with the SIMPLS algorithm, using different pre-processing techniques and leave-one-out cross validation. Calibration of the two years together drove to a coefficient of determination for cross validation, R2 of 0.965. The robustness of the model was confirmed by applying it to independent samples (external validation) where the coefficient of determination was R2 = 0.977, RMSEP = 0.8. The results obtained indicated that NIRS can be used to determine crude protein, which could be used as criteria for quality control of alfalfa hays.

scholarly journals Effect of seedbed methods and time of harvest on the yield and nutritive value of some forage crops grown on Vertisol at Debre Zeit, Ethiopia

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-497
Author(s):  
Abate Tedla ◽  
Helena Airaksinen ◽  
M. A. Mohamed-Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Lablab Purpureus ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Time Of Harvest

The influence of the improved drainage broadbed and furrow (BBF), as opposed to the traditional flat seedbed over the growing season on the dry matter yield and nutritive value of Avena sativa, Vigna unguiculata, Lablab purpureus, Vida dasycarpa, Trifolium steudneri and Sesbania sesban were studied on Vertisol. Up to 7 t/ha dry matter yield was recorded for Avena sativa and Lablab purpureus when planted on Vertisols with improved drainage. Dry matter yield of forage crops also increased with advance in stage of maturity or subsequent harvests. On both improved and traditional flat seedbed methods, the chemical analysis of forage crops showed similar declines in crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) levels as the maturity of forage crops progressed.

Plant and animal responses of elephant grass pasture-based systems mixed with pinto peanut

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
A. C. Vieira ◽  
C. J. Olivo ◽  
C. B. Adams ◽  
J. C. Sauthier ◽  
L. R. Proença ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
High Density ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Grazing Systems

AbstractThe effects of growing pinto peanut mixed with elephant grass-based pastures are still little known. The aim of the current research was to evaluate the performance of herbage yield, nutritive value of forage and animal responses to levels of pinto peanut forage mass mixed with elephant grass in low-input systems. Three grazing systems were evaluated: (i) elephant grass-based (control); (ii) pinto peanut, low-density forage yield (63 g/kg of dry matter – DM) + elephant grass; and (iii) pinto peanut, high-density dry matter forage yield (206 g/kg DM) + elephant grass. The experimental design was completely randomized with the three treatments (grazing systems) and three replicates (paddocks) in split-plot grazing cycles. Forage samples were collected to evaluate the pasture and animal responses. Leaf blades of elephant grass and the other companion grasses of pinto peanut were collected to analyse the crude protein, in vitro digestible organic matter and total digestible nutrients. The pinto peanut, high-density dry matter forage yield + elephant grass treatment was found to give the best results in terms of herbage yield, forage intake and stocking rate, as well as having higher crude protein contents for both elephant grass and the other grasses, followed by pinto peanut with low-density forage yield + elephant grass and finally elephant grass alone. Better results were found with the grass–legume system for pasture and animal responses.

The nutritive value of Panicum maximum (Guinea grass): I. Yields and chemical composition related to season and herbage growth stage

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Johnson ◽  
W. A. Hardison ◽  
L. S. Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Guinea Grass

The results of more than fifty estimates1 of herbage yield and ninety-seven analyses of chemical composition are presented in the first of several reports on nutritive evaluation studies of Panicum maximum (guinea grass). Effects of stage of maturity and season are discussed.Herbage yield increased at an increasing rate with maturity, and was depressed by about 40 % in the dry season compared to the wet season. The most significant differences in chemical composition were a decrease in crude protein from 9·8 % to 6·6% and a corresponding increase in crude fibre from 32·1 % to 39·4% as the grass matured from about 2½ weeks to about 2½ months in age. An increased level of nitrogen fertilization resulted in crude protein content being nearly doubled and crude fibre somewhat reduced.

Degradability of crude protein from clover herbages used in irrigated dairy production systems in northern Victoria

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
In Sacco

An in sacco (nylon bag) technique was used to estimate the degradability of dry matter (DM) and crude protein, and to estimate the effective rumen degradability of protein (ERDP), for 3 irrigated clover herbages. Pasture characteristics (nutritive values and leaf: stem ratios) were also described, and relationships to ERDP established. The nutritive value characteristics and degradabilities of white clover (Trifolium repens L.), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.), and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were also compared for various regrowth periods (of 3, 4, 6, and 12 weeks). Nutritive value characteristics of clover herbages varied from 9.9 to 11.9 MJ/kg DM for metabolisable energy, 153 to 304 g/kg DM for crude protein, and 209 to 377 g/kg DM for neutral detergent fibre. The leaf: stem ratio correlated well with the crude protein content of the clovers, with herbages consisting of more leaf generally having superior crude protein content (R2 = 0.64, P < 0.001). The effective rumen degradability of protein for clover herbages ranged from 60 g/kg DM for mature (12 week regrowth) subterranean clover to 195 g/kg DM for vegetative (3 weeks regrowth) Persian clover. For clover herbages with a 3-week regrowth period, after initial cutting to 5 cm, and at ruminal outflow rates of 0.08/h, the effective rumen degradability of protein varied from 136 to 195 g/kg DM. A positive relationship between crude protein and ERDP (R2 = 0.82) suggested that ERDP could be estimated for clover herbages that have been previously assessed for crude protein content, obviating the need for in sacco studies. Calculated degradabilities were lower for all clovers when higher ruminal outflow rates were assumed. Using the metabolisable protein system, metabolisable protein supply and metabolisable protein in excess of animal requirements were calculated. Ruminal losses of nitrogen were also estimated for cows consuming white clover of varying regrowth periods in both early and late lactation. It was concluded that metabolisable protein supply is unlikely to limit production in these examples. At regrowth periods of 3 weeks, metabolisable protein contributions from microbial and dietary sources were similar, and twice that required by the animal. Ruminal losses of nitrogen were substantial and amounted to 66—23% of nitrogen intake. In the experiments reported here, if all of the energy required to excrete excess protein (as urea) could instead be used for the production of milk, cows may have produced 0.5mp;mdash;2.0 kg more milk per day. Such losses could potentially be reduced if the protein content and/or degradabilities of clover herbages were reduced, and/or energy rich supplements were offered.

Evaluation of a long-established silvopastoral Brachiaria decumbens system: plant characteristics and feeding value for cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina A. Lima ◽  
Domingos S. C. Paciullo ◽  
Fabyano F. Silva ◽  
Mirton J. F. Morenz ◽  
Carlos A. M. Gomide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Signal Grass ◽  
The Difference

One of the main challenges of using a silvopastoral system (SPS) is maintaining pasture and animal productivity over time. Our objective was to compare the productive characteristics and nutritive value of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) and the liveweight gain of dairy heifers in a SPS and open pasture (OP, signal grass under full sunlight) during the rainy seasons of four experiments between 2003 and 2016, which characterised systems from their 6th to 19th years after establishment in south-eastern Brazil when analysed together. The experimental design was a randomised complete block in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme (two production systems (SPS and OP) and four experiments (2003–2004, 2004–2007, 2011–2014 and 2014–2016)). From the 7th year onwards, the progressive reduction of photosynthetically active radiation negatively impacted the productive characteristics of the SPS pasture. Total forage mass was reduced by 19% in SPS compared with the OP in 2004–2007, 38% in 2011–2014 and 31% in 2014–2016. Crude protein content was 23% and 30% higher in the SPS than in the OP in 2011–2014 and 2014–2016, respectively. However, during the study period (until the 19th year), the liveweight gain of heifers was similar between systems since the higher crude protein content available in SPS contributed to improved forage nutritional value. From the 17th to the 19th year, weight gain per area was lower in the SPS compared with the OP (169 vs 199 kg ha–1), although the difference between systems was small. Signal grass presents a high degree of phenotypic plasticity in response to changes in shade levels, which gives this species a high potential for use in SPS.

The apparent digestibility of crude protein by the ruminant: IV. The effect of crude fibre

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Glover ◽  
M. H. French
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
General Equation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Modified Equation

The role of crude fibre in modifying the general equation relating the digestibility coefficient of crude protein to the percentage of crude protein in the dry matter of a feed is described.It is shown that for normal average food-stuffs the effect is slight and that for all practical routine purposes the original equation will provide satisfactory estimates of the digestibility coefficient when only the crude-protein content of the dry feed is known.On the other hand, when exceptional feeds are encountered, particularly those in which the crudefibre/crude-protein relationship is abnormal, then more accurate estimates of the digestibility coefficient of crude protein can be obtained from the modified equation which is described above.

scholarly journals Yield and Nutritive Value of Sorghum, Maize and Soybean Forages Harvested in Southwestern Puerto Rico.

1969 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-411
Author(s):  
D. G. St. Louis ◽  
J. A. Arroyo-Aguilú ◽  
A. Ramírez-Ortiz ◽  
R. E. McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Forage Sorghum ◽  
High Yields

Six varieties of forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sorghum X sudangrass hybrids (S. bicolor X S. sudanese), six varieties of grain sorghum (S. bicolor) and three varieties each of maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) were grown in 1.2 x 3.7 m plots at the Lajas Experiment Substation. All plots were harvested in the boot, flower and dough stages. Ratoons of the sorghum varieties were also harvested after 45 days of regrowth until the stands diminished. The forage sorghums and maize had higher yields of green and dry material than the grain sorghums. However, only the grain sorghums showed any significant increase in yield as the crop matured. All crops decreased in nutritive value with advance in age. In general, maize was higher in nutritive value than the forage sorghums. Results indicated that forage sorghums can be recommended due to high yields of good quality forage on irrigated lands on the south coast. However, results with soybean forage were poor. It does not appear feasible to produce soybeans to enhance the crude protein content of forage pellets.

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