SELENIUM CONTENT OF SOILS AND CROPS AND THE EFFECTS OF LIME AND SULFUR ON PLANT SELENIUM

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA ◽  
K. A. WINTER
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Selenium Content ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Wheat Kernels ◽  
Positive Significant Correlation

Soils representing the more important series on Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) and forage and cereal crops grown on them were analyzed for Se content. Total soil Se content varied from 0.09 to 0.60 ppm and showed a positive significant correlation with the Se content of timothy (r = 0.40) and with soil pH (r = 0.29). The Se concentration of forage crop tissues and cereal grains from P.E.I. varied from 0.004 to 0.043 ppm. These concentrations of Se are considered to be deficiency levels for livestock feed. Wheat kernels contained a higher concentration of Se than barley kernels; however, barley tissue, sampled at the boot stage, contained higher quantities of Se than wheat sampled at the same stage. Addition of lime, S, B and Mo to the soil, under field conditions, did not affect the Se concentration of plant tissues.

THE USE OF CEREAL GRAINS AS COMPANION CROPS IN DRYLAND FORAGE CROP ESTABLISHMENT

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Kilcher ◽  
D. H. Heinrichs
Keyword(s):  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Crop Establishment ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Companion Crop ◽  
Forage Yields

The effect of wheat, oats, barley, and spring rye as companion crops on the establishment of a perennial forage crop mixture consisting of crested wheatgrass, brome, and alfalfa under arid conditions compared to no companion crop was studied at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Cereal companion crops reduced the vigour, stand, and subsequent early forage yields of the grass-alfalfa mixtures, but less so if the cereal crop and the forage crop were seeded separately at right-angles to one another. The method of harvesting the cereal companion crop also influenced the performance of the subsequent forage crop. Cutting the cereal crops at a height of 8 inches or more for grain resulted in better grass-alfalfa stands and yields than was obtained when the cereal crops were mowed at a 2-inch height for hay. The effect of kind of cereal grain on performance of the perennial forage differed little. Wider row spacings for the cross-seeded companion crops also resulted in a better stand and yield of the grass-alfalfa crop.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS SOURCES OF SULFUR ON YIELD AND SULFUR CONCENTRATION OF CEREALS AND FORAGES

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA ◽  
J. A. MacLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Field experiments were conducted at three locations in Prince Edward Island to determine the effects of various sources of S (Agri-Sul, gypsum, and Urea-Sul) on S concentration of tissue and yields of forages and cereals. Gypsum was effective in increasing the S concentration in plant tissues. Agri-Sul at 10–80 kg S∙ha−1 was generally ineffective in increasing the S concentration of forages and cereals. In the absence of added S (check treatments), the plant tissue S concentrations in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) ranged from 0.18 to 0.39 and from 0.14 to 0.27%, respectively. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum distichon L.), the S concentrations varied from 0.12 to 0.26 and from 0.13 to 0.20% in the boot stage tissue and grain, respectively, in the check treatments. In general, the S concentration was higher in the boot stage tissue than in the grain. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds and vegetative material from the check treatments contained 0.19–0.24% and 0.17–0.36% S, respectively. Gypsum or Urea-Sul did not increase the yields of forages or cereals. In one instance Agri-Sul slightly increased the alfalfa yield (5–8.5%), but this was not associated with tissue S increases. Plant tissue S levels as low as 0.12–0.18% appeared to be adequate for barley, wheat, timothy, peas, and alfalfa. Key words: Sources of sulfur, tissue S, yields, cereals, forages

RESPONSE TO COPPER AND OPTIMUM LEVELS IN WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS UNDER GREENHOUSE AND FIELD CONDITIONS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA ◽  
L. B. MacLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Greenhouse Tests

Experiments were conducted on a Charlottetown fine sandy loam soil under greenhouse and field conditions to determine the optimum levels of Cu in cereal crops. An application of 0.5 ppm Cu to the soil, under greenhouse conditions, resulted in percent yield increases of about 38, 180 and 500 for kernels of wheat, barley and oats, respectively. Under field conditions, Cu application, in general, did not affect the kernel yield or the weight of 1000 kernels of any of the three cereal crops. Under greenhouse conditions, without applied Cu, wheat and barley heads were 10 to 14 days later in emerging. For maximum yields under greenhouse conditions, the optimum content of Cu in plant tissues at the boot stage was 3.2 to 3.3 ppm for wheat and oats, and 4.8 ppm for barley. A Cu content of 2.3, 2.0 and 1.8 ppm in wheat, barley and oat kernels, respectively, appeared to be sufficient. For straw, a Cu content of 3.9, 3.0 and 2.3 ppm in wheat, barley and oats, respectively, appeared to be adequate for optimum growth of the crops. In general, the Cu content of kernels from field tests was higher than that of kernels from greenhouse tests. Under field conditions, Cu applications did not increase the Cu content of either the boot stage tissue or of the kernels. The results indicated that exchangeable (oxalate-extractable) Cu content of about 1.2 to 1.8 ppm in soil is indicative of Cu deficiency for growing cereal crops under greenhouse conditions.

MINERAL ELEMENTS IN CEREAL GRAINS AND LEGUMES GROWN IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 569-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. WINTER ◽  
U. C. GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Samples of barley, wheat, clover and alfalfa grown in Prince Edward Island were analyzed for Ca, P, K, Mg, Mo, S, Mn, Zn and Fe. Compared with the requirements for livestock, the cereal grains and forages tended to be low or deficient in several minerals. The need for a suitable trace-mineralized salt in cattle and sheep diets is indicated. Key words: Minerals, trace elements, grains, legumes

BORON AND MOLYBDENUM NUTRITION OF WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS GROWN IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND SOILS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Boron Concentration ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Greenhouse Experiment ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Boron Toxicity ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Significant Yield

In a greenhouse experiment, an application of 0.25 ppm B to a sandy loam soil resulted in significant yield increases of kernels of wheat, barley, and oats. Yields of barley and wheat decreased at 0.5 ppm applied B, and those of oats at 1 ppm added B. Barley was most sensitive, oats the least, and wheat intermediate to B toxicity. Boron toxicity symptoms in barley were characterized by severe brown spotting and burning of older leaf tips, while in wheat and oats the leaf tips were bleached. A boron concentration of less than 5 ppm in boot stage tissue was in the deficiency range, while a level of 6 to 10 ppm was in the sufficiency range. In wheat and barley, a B concentration of greater than 16 ppm, and in oats of greater than 35 ppm, was indicative of toxicity. The B content of straw proved to be a good indicator for detecting B sufficiency. A survey of fields from Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) showed a range in B concentration of boot stage tissue from 0.5 to 9.9 ppm in barley, 1.1 to 6.0 ppm in wheat, and 0.5 to 5.8 ppm in oats. Under greenhouse conditions, no response to added Mo was found. Applications of 0.25 to 0.5 ppm Mo to the soil reduced yields of wheat and barley. Optimum levels of Mo in the boot stage tissue were 0.09 to 0.18 ppm in barley and wheat, and 0.22 to 0.28 ppm in oats. Sufficiency levels in kernels were 0.16 to 0.20 ppm for wheat, 0.26 to 0.32 ppm for barley, and 0.33 to 0.50 ppm for oats. In general, Mo concentration of 0.08 to 0.19 ppm in cereal straw was considered to be in the sufficiency range. The Mo concentration of boot stage tissue from survey samples ranged from 0.04 to 0.34 ppm in barley, 0.04 to 2.37 ppm in wheat, and 0.06 to 0.60 ppm in oats.

Iron status of crops in Prince Edward Island and effect of soil pH on plant iron concentration

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umesh C. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Cereal Grain

Field studies were conducted in Prince Edward Island (PEI) on the Fe nutrition of cereals and forages and to determine the relationship between plant Fe and soil pH. The Fe concentration in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) boot stage tissue (BST) and grain ranged from 35 to 65 and from 19 to 42 mg kg−1, respectively, in the control and from 38 to 57 and from 22 to 45 mg kg−1, respectively, in the soil applied Fe treatments. In the foliar applied Fe treatments, the cereal BST contained as much as 121 mg Fe kg−1 in the FeSO4.7H2O treatments and up to 86 mg kg−1 in the chelate-Fe treatment, but neither of these two sources increased Fe concentration in the grain. In the first cut of forages in the foliar treatments, the Fe was as high as 131 mg Fe kg−1, but no differences were generally found between the control and Fe treatments in the second cut. Over the soil pH ranges of 4.5–6.9, no consistency was found in the correlation coefficient (r) values between plant Fe and soil pH. In spite of the Fe concentrations as low as 19 mg kg−1 in cereal grain and 23 mg kg−1 in forages in the control treatments, no yield response to added Fe was found. However, the Fe concentrations as found in this study would be considered deficient for livestock and mineral supplements of Fe to the feeds may be desirable. Key words: Cereals, forages, soil pH, plant iron, acid soils

Measurement of rill erosion by snowmelt on potato fields under rotation in Prince Edward Island (Canada)

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linnell Edwards ◽  
G. Richter ◽  
B. Bernsdorf ◽  
R.-G. Schmidt ◽  
J. Burney
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Sediment Deposition ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Rill Erosion ◽  
Cool Period ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Potato Rotation

Cool-period soil erosion from farmland in Prince Edward Island occurs predominantly through rilling mainly due to snowmelt. This is mostly evident on fields coming out of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), a crop that is traditionally cultivated as part of a 2-yr rotation with cereal grains, or a 3-yr rotation with cereal grains and a forage crop for hay. Accurate assessment of snowmelt erosion (associated processes and effects) has been historically constrained by data inadequacy, particularly for rilling; and although a number of models have now been developed for estimating cool-period erosion, they still stand to benefit from the generation of actual field data. In the present study, actual volume measurements were made of erosion forms, for about 80 site-years, after the spring snowmelt in fields at various stages of potato rotation. Cool-period erosion, predominantly rills, amounted to about 30 t ha−1 for 2-yr and 3-yr rotations, thus an annual seasonal average of 15 t ha−1 and 10 t ha−1, respectively. Potato fields left untilled over winter averaged about 20 t ha–1 which increased to 36 t ha−1 with fall ploughing. Sediment deposition in fields coming out of potatoes was 13.3 t ha−1 compared with the amount of 0.4 t ha−1 in fields coming out of forages and 1.6 t ha−1 in fields coming out of grain. Fields going into the winter in sod or stubble showed negligible erosion, averaging about 0.1 t ha−1 in spring. The results of this study demonstrate the dominant influence of cropping practice in the erosion process during the cool period, and the tendency for traditional computational procedures to underestimate soil loss. Key words: Cool-period erosion, rilling, rill volume, sediment deposition, soil-loss prediction, erosion mapping, crop rotation

EFFECTS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE APPLICATION ON THE HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF WHEAT AND FORAGE CROPS

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. ZWARICH ◽  
J. G. MILLS
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Heavy Metal Content ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Wheat Kernels ◽  
Sludge Application

A growth chamber experiment was employed to investigate the effect of digested sewage sludge application on the heavy metal content of wheat and brome-alfalfa forage crops. Samples of wheat were also obtained from farm fields which had received heavy applications of sludge. No adverse effects on yields or appearance of crops were noted. The tissue levels of Hg, Cr and Pb were unaffected by sludge treatment. Cu levels in wheat kernels and straw were only slightly increased, but Cu levels in the forage crop were elevated by the sludge treatment. There was a considerable increase in the Zn content of all crops, but levels were not excessive. Sludge treatment produced up to a sixfold increase in the Cd content of wheat kernels and a considerable increase in the Cd content of the forage crop. The increased cadium levels are undesirable, but can be controlled by restricting the sludge application rate. There was little or no effect of sludge treatment on Cd levels in wheat straw.

EFFECT OF ZINC FERTILIZATION ON PLANT ZINC CONCENTRATION OF FORAGES AND CEREALS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMESH C. GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Zinc Sulfate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Cereal Grain

Field experiments were conducted in Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) to determine the effects of Zn (zinc sulfate) applied to the soil; applied as a foliar spray; and the effects of chelated Zn applied as a foliar spray on Zn concentration of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant tissue Zn levels as low as 12 mg kg−1 in forages, 14 mg kg−1 in cereal boot stage tissue and 19 mg kg−1 in cereal grain were not related to Zn deficiency. Tissue Zn levels as high as 123 mg kg−1 in barley boot stage tissue and 153 mg kg−1 in alfalfa did not result in yield reduction or any Zn toxicity symptoms. Cereal and forage yields were not affected by Zn treatments. In most cases, soil and foliar Zn applications were effective in increasing the Zn concentration in forages and cereals. Should a Zn deficiency be suspected (either from the crop or animal nutrition viewpoint) Zn could be applied to the soil at 20 kg ha−1 or as a foliar spray at 0.5 to 1.0 kg ha−1 to overcome the problem in this region (and in other areas with similar soil and climatic conditions). Key words: Plant Zn, soil and foliar applied Zn, Zn chelate and zinc sulfate, podzol soils

scholarly journals A high-quality genome assembly highlights rye genomic characteristics and agronomically important genes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangwei Li ◽  
Lijian Wang ◽  
Jianping Yang ◽  
Hang He ◽  
Huaibing Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Physical Organization ◽  
Prolamin Loci ◽  
High Quality Genome ◽  
Strong Expansion

AbstractRye is a valuable food and forage crop, an important genetic resource for wheat and triticale improvement and an indispensable material for efficient comparative genomic studies in grasses. Here, we sequenced the genome of Weining rye, an elite Chinese rye variety. The assembled contigs (7.74 Gb) accounted for 98.47% of the estimated genome size (7.86 Gb), with 93.67% of the contigs (7.25 Gb) assigned to seven chromosomes. Repetitive elements constituted 90.31% of the assembled genome. Compared to previously sequenced Triticeae genomes, Daniela, Sumaya and Sumana retrotransposons showed strong expansion in rye. Further analyses of the Weining assembly shed new light on genome-wide gene duplications and their impact on starch biosynthesis genes, physical organization of complex prolamin loci, gene expression features underlying early heading trait and putative domestication-associated chromosomal regions and loci in rye. This genome sequence promises to accelerate genomic and breeding studies in rye and related cereal crops.

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