scholarly journals CONTROL OF CUTWORMS IN ASPARAGUS FIELDS IN THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-112
Author(s):  
F. L. Banham ◽  
R. H. Handford
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Euxoa Ochrogaster ◽  
Dry Soil

Emulsions of dieldrin, aldrin, isodrin, toxaphene and chlordane applied to the soil surface and incorporated to a depth of about 4 inches proved highly effective in controlling the red-back cutworm, Euxoa ochrogaster (Guen.) when tested in asparagus fields in the interior of British Columbia in the summer of 1953 and 1954. In 1953 aldrin emulsion mixed with the soil was much more effective than when it was left on the soil surface, Bran bait containing paris green, although giving fairly satisfactory control, was less effective and slower in action than the emulsions. In 1952, dieldrin, aldrin, and isodrin dusts, applied to the soil surface, were superior to and faster in action than bran baits containing aldrin or endrin; all of the 1952 treatments were apparently slower in action in dry soil than in relatively moist soil. A survey of asparagus fields treated by growers in 1953 but not in 1954 indicated that aldrin emulsion, mixed with the soil at about 4 lb. of toxicant per acre, protects asparagus for at least two years.

RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF SIX PYRETHROID AND TWO ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS INSECTICIDES ON SOIL SURFACE AGAINST DARKSIDED CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON TOBACCO IN ONTARIO

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Euxoa Messoria ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Organophosphorous Insecticides ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractSix pyrethroids, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate and permethrin, and two organophosphorous insecticides, acephate and chlorpyrifos, were applied to the soil surface in the greenhouse and field to evaluate their effectiveness and residual toxicity against the darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), in Ontario.Four years of tests indicated that the pyrethroid insecticides were consistently similar in effectiveness and residual toxicity at the rates applied. On air-dry soil surfaces in the greenhouse, the pyrethroids were significantly more toxic and persistent than was chlorpyrifos. On moderately moist soil surfaces in the field, chlorpyrifos was as toxic to the cutworm larvae as were the pyrethroid insecticides, but less persistent. None of the pyrethroids was affected by soil moisture to the same extent as was chlorpyrifos. Acephate-treated soil surfaces, regardless of indoor or outdoor conditions, were less toxic and the toxicity less persistent than with chlorpyrifos-treated soil. Although not statistically different, the high rates of pyrethroids were consistently more toxic and persistent to the cutworm larvae than the low rates of the same materials. All the pyrethroid insecticides have excellent potential as soil treatments for controlling cutworms on tobacco.

The responses of sorghum and sunflowers to 2,4-D and dicamba residues in clay soils in central Queensland

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Walker ◽  
VA Osten ◽  
DW Lack ◽  
L Broom
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

The residual phytotoxicity of 2,4-D mine and dicamba to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) was investigated under central Queensland conditions of variable rainfall and high temperatures. Effects of soil water content, sowing depth, and leaching in clay soils were determined. Phytotoxicity, as measured by decreases in shoot dry matter in pots, increased with herbicide rate and decreased rapidly in moist soil (34% w/w) but was maintained for at least 14 days in dry soil (114% w/w). 2,4-D and dicamba were phytotoxic when leached into the soil but not when they remained on the soil surface. Seedling growth and yield were not affected by 2 kg 2,4-Dha applied at 7 or more days pre-sowing, or by 0.5 kg 2,4-D/ha and 0.14 kg dicamba/ha applied at 1 day pre-sowing, in 5 field environments. When either herbicide was applied at higher rates 1 day pre-sowing, seedling growth was reduced if 25 mm of irrigation was received within 4 days of sowing, and yields were reduced in the field environment that received 144 mm of rainfall within 14 days of sowing.

The Influence of Soil Moisture and Soil Type on the Oviposition Behaviour of the Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius)

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy L. Edwards ◽  
Henry T. Epp
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Melanoplus Sanguinipes ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Moist Sand ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Oviposition Sites ◽  
Different Soils

Abstract Three different soils – sand, loam and clay – at each of three moisture levels – saturated, intermediate, and dry – were offered to female Melanoplus sanguinipes as oviposition sites. When given a free choice the females preferred moist sand to all other oviposition sites and avoided soil that was completely dry. When no moist soil was available, coarse dry soil was preferred to fine dry soil, but the oviposition rate was reduced. The females would probe and dig at random into any of the soil offered but would withhold their eggs temporarily if the subsurface soil was not moist. Soil water pH appeared to have very little influence on the females' acceptance of an oviposition site as egg pods were deposited in soils with a range of pH from 3.0 to 11.6. It is suggested that although the absence of moisture in the soil may affect the distribution of egg-pods in the microhabitat and may reduce the rate of egg-pod production slightly, the temperature prevailing during the oviposition period is perhaps a more important factor in determining the number of egg-pods deposited.

Soil solarisation combined with low rates of soil fumigants controls clubroot of cauliflowers, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
IJ Porter ◽  
PR Merriman ◽  
PJ Keane
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Disease Rating ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Type Water ◽  
Soil Fumigants

The effect of solarisation combined with low rates of soil fumigants on the severity of clubroot and yield of cauliflowers was determined at 2 locations in southern Victoria. The effectiveness of treatments was shown to be dependent on location; on the type, water content and temperature of soil; and on the population density of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Yields were reduced depending upon the disease severity, usually within 60 days after transplanting. Propagules of P. brassicae could survive for more than 28 days in ovens at 45�C when in dry soil but died within 14 days at 40�C in moist soil. At Werribee in 1985 on a red brown earth, solarisation combined with dazomet (100 kg dazomet/ha) gave significantly better control than either treatment alone. This treatment reduced P. brassicae in the 0-10 cm layer, reduced the disease rating from 2.7 to 0.9 (0-3), and increased yield from 2.4 to 47 t/ha compared with controls. In 1986, solarisation combined with 98% methyl bromide-2% chloropicrin (100 and 250 kg/ha) reduced the population density of P. brassicae in the 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers of soil, reduced the disease rating from 3 to 1.8, and increased yield from 0 to 22 t/ha. These treatments were more effective than solarisation and dazomet used alone or in combination. At Keysborough in 1985 on a grey sand, separate treatments of solarisation or dazomet (100 and 250 kg dazometha) were as effective as combined treatments and significantly reduced disease and increased yields compared to controls. Solarisation combined with either fumigant significantly reduced the distribution and total number of weeds at all sites and was generally more effective than separate treatments.

scholarly journals Effect of salinity on the microwave emission from dry soil surface

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Manaf Ezzldien Al-Sabbagh ◽  
Jasim Khalaf Shallal ◽  
Sabah Hussein Ali
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Microwave Emission ◽  
Dry Soil

scholarly journals Effect of soil drought on evapotranspiration of a  young spruce forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 166-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Matejka ◽  
J. Rožnovský ◽  
T. Hurtalová ◽  
D. Janouš
Keyword(s):  
Water Regime ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Soil Desiccation ◽  
Dry Soil

Daily courses of the actual transpiration of a forest stand were determined by an experimentally verified mathematical Soil – Vegetation – Atmosphere Transfer model. The results refer to the Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) monoculture situated in the highest locations of the Beskids Mts. Drought-free transpiration was estimated as a model simulation run for nonlimiting soil moisture exceeding the level of decreased availability of water. Drought-induced reduction in transpiration was quantified as a difference between actual transpiration and simulated transpiration for moist soil. The results led to conclusions that dry soil causes a significant reduction in actual evapotranspiration and its components in comparison with moist soil. Simultaneously, the effect of soil desiccation was compensated by extremely high evaporative demands of the atmosphere, so that the daily totals of evapotranspiration and its components remained sufficiently high. The high values of global radiation and saturation deficit in the air favourably influenced the water regime of the analysed forest stand in the dry period.

The determination of the size distribution of soil clods and crumbs

1940 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Russell ◽  
R. V. Tamhane
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Personal Factor ◽  
Water Stable Aggregates ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Training

1. It is possible to determine the size distribution of clods in the field by simple sieving of the soil without any pre-treatment provided the soil is not too wet. There is a personal factor involved in the sieving, but with care and training this will not affect comparisons of results obtained by that person. If the soil is too wet the individual clods smaller than 3 mm. stick together on the 3 mm. sieve. This sticking together is first apparent on the 3 mm. sieve but may become appreciable on the ¼ in. (6 mm.) sieve. No certain way was found for overcoming this difficulty.2. There appears to be no best method for determining the size distribution of the soil crumbs, i.e. of the water-stable aggregates in the soil. The method and the technique must be chosen so as to give the maximum amount of useful information. If an appreciable proportion of the crumbs are larger than ½ mm., a water-sieving method is practically essential.3. The method of wetting to be used can only be chosen from a consideration of what information is wanted. If possible it would be desirable for general purposes to use a very slow or a vacuum wetting technique and a very rapid wetting technique such as wetting the soil by immersion in water.4. The decision whether air-dry or field-moist soil should be used depends entirely on the information needed. For general purposes the use of air-dry soil is recommended.

Germination of Weedy Rice in Response to Field Conditions during Winter

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Fogliatto ◽  
Francesco Vidotto ◽  
Aldo Ferrero
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Storage Condition ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Delayed Germination

Weedy rice is a problematic weed that infests paddy fields worldwide. Differing populations, with varying physiological and morphological traits, characterize this weed. In particular, seed dormancy makes its control difficult. The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination behavior of five Italian weedy rice populations (two awnless, two awned, and one mucronate) after exposure of seeds to different field storage conditions (flooding, burial, and dry soil surface) during winter in two sites (Grugliasco and Vercelli, Italy). Seed samples were taken from each population, storage condition, and site, every 15 d for petri dish germinability testing. The two sites displayed slightly different germination patterns, which were probably due to the differing climatic conditions. One of the awned populations showed the highest (always exceeding 80%) and fastest germination percentage in all field conditions and sites, compared with the other four populations. Although flooding promoted germination in one awnless population, it delayed germination in two others (one awned and one awnless), attaining only 20% germination after more than 100 d. In all populations, burial delayed germination, whereas seed placement on the dry soil surface enhanced it. Our study indicated that autumn tillage that promotes weedy rice seed burial should be discouraged; spring tillage that exposes seeds to the soil surface and cause their depletion should be encouraged. The tested technique of winter flooding can also improve weedy rice control, despite its varying efficacy among populations. Cycles of flooding and drying followed by spring tillage might improve weedy rice seed control.

SOIL pH VARIATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA APPLE ORCHARDS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. NEILSEN ◽  
P. B. HOYT
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Ph Variation ◽  
Individual Trees

Soil pH variation was examined in British Columbia apple orchards. Soil pH tended to increase as distance from the tree trunk and depth from the soil surface increased. However, pH variation from tree to tree was frequently significant both for widely separated trees in orchards where pH was expected to be variable and for adjacent trees in orchards expected to have uniform soil pH. To represent orchard blocks adequately, emphasis should, therefore, be placed upon collecting samples from many rather than a few trees. Nonetheless, the possibility of decreased soil pH near trees can not be ignored in sampling individual trees.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LEAF AND SOIL BORON AND BORON TOXICITY OF PEACHES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. NEILSEN ◽  
P. B. HOYT ◽  
J. YORSTON ◽  
W. VAN LIEROP
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Boron Toxicity ◽  
Leaf Boron

Soil and leaf boron were determined in British Columbia peach orchards exhibiting a range of B concentration, including suspected toxicity. B toxicity always occurred when leaf concentration in May exceeded 130 mg/kg, and frequently occurred when leaf B concentration in July was between 50 and 83 mg/kg. Revised leaf standards were suggested to indicate a desirable range of 26–50 mg/kg leaf B in July. Leaf and soil B for peaches were generally correlated. Exceptions occurred when soil B was concentrated near the soil surface or deep in the soil profile. Leaf B in July was from 26 to 50 mg/kg when soil B to a 90-cm depth ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 mg/L of soil. Key words: Boron toxicity, leaf and soil B, peaches

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