The Influence of Soil Moisture and Soil Type on the Oviposition Behaviour of the Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius)

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy L. Edwards ◽  
Henry T. Epp
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Melanoplus Sanguinipes ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Moist Sand ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Oviposition Sites ◽  
Different Soils

Abstract Three different soils – sand, loam and clay – at each of three moisture levels – saturated, intermediate, and dry – were offered to female Melanoplus sanguinipes as oviposition sites. When given a free choice the females preferred moist sand to all other oviposition sites and avoided soil that was completely dry. When no moist soil was available, coarse dry soil was preferred to fine dry soil, but the oviposition rate was reduced. The females would probe and dig at random into any of the soil offered but would withhold their eggs temporarily if the subsurface soil was not moist. Soil water pH appeared to have very little influence on the females' acceptance of an oviposition site as egg pods were deposited in soils with a range of pH from 3.0 to 11.6. It is suggested that although the absence of moisture in the soil may affect the distribution of egg-pods in the microhabitat and may reduce the rate of egg-pod production slightly, the temperature prevailing during the oviposition period is perhaps a more important factor in determining the number of egg-pods deposited.

Influence of moist - dry cycles on pH changes in surface soils

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. Paul ◽  
M. K. Conyers ◽  
A. S. Black
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New South ◽  
N Mineralisation ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Water Acidification ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Dry Soil

It is well established that in the moderately acidic soils of southern Australia, the 0–2 cm layer commonly has a higher pH than soil layers between 2 and 10 cm depth. The surface 2 cm of soil is also exposed to much greater fluctuations of moisture content than deeper soil layers. There are contradictory or speculative reports in the literature on how soil moisture fluctuation affects pH and processes which influence pH. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of moist–dry cycles on pH, and on processes involving H+ transformations, in 3 surface soils (0–2 cm) sampled from southern New South Wales. Following a pre-incubation, the 3 surface soils were incubated for 28 days at 30°C and were: (i) maintained continuously dry, (ii) subjected to short (2 days dry, 5 days moist) or long (7 days dry, 7 days moist) moist–dry cycles, or (iii) maintained continuously moist. During the incubation, the pH of continuously dry soil slightly increased by 0.03–0.10 units, while the pH of continuously moist soil decreased by 0.16–0.39 units. In soils subject to both short and long moist–dry cycles, the pH decreased by 0.06–0.34 units. However, relative to soils maintained moist, exposure to moist–dry cycles suppressed acidification by 0.05–0.26 pH units. In dry soils the pH increased, since some of the NH4+-N produced by net N mineralisation was not subsequently nitrified, and there was a net reduction of Mn. In soils which received water, acidification was predominately attributed to nitrification. Relative to soils maintained moist, acidification was suppressed by 1.6–6.5 mmol H+/kg due to the 11–35% decrease of nitrification on exposure to moist–dry cycles. In acidic surface soils (pH <5.5), acidification rates were further suppressed by 0.1–1.0 mmol H+/kg due to the 1.06–2.06 times greater net Mn reduction in moist–dry soils than in continuously moist soils.

Influence of Soil Moisture on Phytotoxicity of Cinmethylin to Various Crops

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Russell ◽  
Thomas J. Monaco ◽  
Jerome B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Crop Injury ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Soil

Field trials were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the effects of moisture on cinmethylin activity. The herbicide was applied preemergence at rates of 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ai ha−1to both dry and moist sandy loam soil, followed by varying irrigation regimes. Plant species used in the study included soybean, snap bean, cotton, peanut, and cucumber. Peanut was the most tolerant to cinmethylin, followed by cotton, soybean, snap bean, and cucumber. When cinmethylin was applied to a moist soil, less crop injury resulted than when it was applied to a dry soil. If 7.6 cm of water was applied shortly after cinmethylin application to a dry soil, severe crop injury occurred. When 2.5 cm of irrigation was applied within 8 h or at 5 days after cinmethylin application to a dry soil, crop injury was reduced when compared to applying 7.6 cm irrigation.

Dissipation and Phytotoxicity of Sodium Azide in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Ketchersid ◽  
M. G. Merkle
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sodium Azide ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Moist Environment ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Plant Germination

The dissipation of sodium azide (NaN3) from soil was significantly affected by pH, soil moisture, and relative humidity (RH). Loss was more rapid from acid than from alkaline soils. Moist soil (20 to 60% field capacity) or air dry soil in a moist environment (100% RH) lost NaN3more rapidly than air dry soil in a dry (0% RH) environment. However, dissipation was decreased when soil moisture exceeded 60% field capacity. Degree of leaching and phytotoxicity of NaN3was not affected by soil pH. Bioassay studies indicated that 10 ppm NaN3in the soil significantly reduced germination and growth in plant species tested. At concentrations of NaN3below 10 ppm, plant germination was often delayed but normal growth occurred after NaN3dissipation.

RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF SIX PYRETHROID AND TWO ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS INSECTICIDES ON SOIL SURFACE AGAINST DARKSIDED CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON TOBACCO IN ONTARIO

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Euxoa Messoria ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Organophosphorous Insecticides ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractSix pyrethroids, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate and permethrin, and two organophosphorous insecticides, acephate and chlorpyrifos, were applied to the soil surface in the greenhouse and field to evaluate their effectiveness and residual toxicity against the darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), in Ontario.Four years of tests indicated that the pyrethroid insecticides were consistently similar in effectiveness and residual toxicity at the rates applied. On air-dry soil surfaces in the greenhouse, the pyrethroids were significantly more toxic and persistent than was chlorpyrifos. On moderately moist soil surfaces in the field, chlorpyrifos was as toxic to the cutworm larvae as were the pyrethroid insecticides, but less persistent. None of the pyrethroids was affected by soil moisture to the same extent as was chlorpyrifos. Acephate-treated soil surfaces, regardless of indoor or outdoor conditions, were less toxic and the toxicity less persistent than with chlorpyrifos-treated soil. Although not statistically different, the high rates of pyrethroids were consistently more toxic and persistent to the cutworm larvae than the low rates of the same materials. All the pyrethroid insecticides have excellent potential as soil treatments for controlling cutworms on tobacco.

scholarly journals White Root Rot of Raspberries

1951 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
GC Wade
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
White Root Rot ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil

The disease known as white root rot affects raspberries, and to a less extent loganberries, in Victoria. The causal organism is a white, sterile fungus that has not been identified. The disease is favoured by dry soil conditions and high soil temperatures. It spreads externally to the host by means of undifferentiated rhizomorphs; and requires a food base for the establishment of infection. The spread of rhizomorphs through the soil is hindered by high soil moisture content and consequent poor aeration of the soil.

scholarly journals Germination of Ocotea pulchella (Nees) Mez (Lauraceae) seeds in laboratory and natural restinga environment conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 935-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
LA. Pires ◽  
VJM. Cardoso ◽  
CA. Joly ◽  
RR. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Weibull Model ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Base Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Optimal Temperature Range ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Temperature Water

The germination response of Ocotea pulchella (Nees) Mez seeds to light, temperature, water level and pulp presence is introduced. The laboratory assays were carried out in germination chambers and thermal-gradient apparatus, whereas the field assays were performed in environments with distinct light, temperature and soil moisture conditions within a permanent parcel of Restinga forest of the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, Cananéia, São Paulo. The seeds do not exhibit dormancy, they are non photoblastic, and a loss of viability in dry stored seeds can be related to a decrease in water content of the seed. The presence of the pulp and the flooded substratum influenced negatively the germination of O. pulchella seeds tested in the laboratory. Otherwise, light and temperature probably are not limiting factors of the germination of O. pulchella seeds in the natural environment of Restinga. The optimum temperature range for germination of Ocotea pulchella seeds was 20 to 32 ºC, the minimum or base temperature estimated was 11 ºC and the maximum ranged between 33 and 42 ºC. The isotherms exhibited a sigmoidal pattern well described by the Weibull model in the sub-optimal temperature range. The germinability of O. pulchella seeds in the understorey, both in wet and dry soil, was higher than in gaps. Germination was not affected by fluctuations in soil moisture content in the understorey environment, whereas in gaps, germination was higher in wet soils. Thus, the germination of this species involves the interaction of two or more factors and it cannot be explained by a single factor.

Soil solarisation combined with low rates of soil fumigants controls clubroot of cauliflowers, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
IJ Porter ◽  
PR Merriman ◽  
PJ Keane
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Disease Rating ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Type Water ◽  
Soil Fumigants

The effect of solarisation combined with low rates of soil fumigants on the severity of clubroot and yield of cauliflowers was determined at 2 locations in southern Victoria. The effectiveness of treatments was shown to be dependent on location; on the type, water content and temperature of soil; and on the population density of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Yields were reduced depending upon the disease severity, usually within 60 days after transplanting. Propagules of P. brassicae could survive for more than 28 days in ovens at 45�C when in dry soil but died within 14 days at 40�C in moist soil. At Werribee in 1985 on a red brown earth, solarisation combined with dazomet (100 kg dazomet/ha) gave significantly better control than either treatment alone. This treatment reduced P. brassicae in the 0-10 cm layer, reduced the disease rating from 2.7 to 0.9 (0-3), and increased yield from 2.4 to 47 t/ha compared with controls. In 1986, solarisation combined with 98% methyl bromide-2% chloropicrin (100 and 250 kg/ha) reduced the population density of P. brassicae in the 0-10 and 10-20 cm layers of soil, reduced the disease rating from 3 to 1.8, and increased yield from 0 to 22 t/ha. These treatments were more effective than solarisation and dazomet used alone or in combination. At Keysborough in 1985 on a grey sand, separate treatments of solarisation or dazomet (100 and 250 kg dazometha) were as effective as combined treatments and significantly reduced disease and increased yields compared to controls. Solarisation combined with either fumigant significantly reduced the distribution and total number of weeds at all sites and was generally more effective than separate treatments.

scholarly journals Effect of soil drought on evapotranspiration of a  young spruce forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 166-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Matejka ◽  
J. Rožnovský ◽  
T. Hurtalová ◽  
D. Janouš
Keyword(s):  
Water Regime ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Soil Desiccation ◽  
Dry Soil

Daily courses of the actual transpiration of a forest stand were determined by an experimentally verified mathematical Soil – Vegetation – Atmosphere Transfer model. The results refer to the Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) monoculture situated in the highest locations of the Beskids Mts. Drought-free transpiration was estimated as a model simulation run for nonlimiting soil moisture exceeding the level of decreased availability of water. Drought-induced reduction in transpiration was quantified as a difference between actual transpiration and simulated transpiration for moist soil. The results led to conclusions that dry soil causes a significant reduction in actual evapotranspiration and its components in comparison with moist soil. Simultaneously, the effect of soil desiccation was compensated by extremely high evaporative demands of the atmosphere, so that the daily totals of evapotranspiration and its components remained sufficiently high. The high values of global radiation and saturation deficit in the air favourably influenced the water regime of the analysed forest stand in the dry period.

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