The responses of sorghum and sunflowers to 2,4-D and dicamba residues in clay soils in central Queensland

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Walker ◽  
VA Osten ◽  
DW Lack ◽  
L Broom
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

The residual phytotoxicity of 2,4-D mine and dicamba to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) was investigated under central Queensland conditions of variable rainfall and high temperatures. Effects of soil water content, sowing depth, and leaching in clay soils were determined. Phytotoxicity, as measured by decreases in shoot dry matter in pots, increased with herbicide rate and decreased rapidly in moist soil (34% w/w) but was maintained for at least 14 days in dry soil (114% w/w). 2,4-D and dicamba were phytotoxic when leached into the soil but not when they remained on the soil surface. Seedling growth and yield were not affected by 2 kg 2,4-Dha applied at 7 or more days pre-sowing, or by 0.5 kg 2,4-D/ha and 0.14 kg dicamba/ha applied at 1 day pre-sowing, in 5 field environments. When either herbicide was applied at higher rates 1 day pre-sowing, seedling growth was reduced if 25 mm of irrigation was received within 4 days of sowing, and yields were reduced in the field environment that received 144 mm of rainfall within 14 days of sowing.

Effects of Rotational Crop Herbicides on Rice (Oryza sativa)

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Johnson ◽  
J. Dwayne Beaty ◽  
Diana K. Horton ◽  
Ronald E. Talbert ◽  
Charles B. Guy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Head Rice ◽  
Rough Rice ◽  
Rotational Crop ◽  
One Year

Experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1991 on two silt loam and two clay soils to determine the effect of herbicides applied to the previous crop on growth and yield of rice. All herbicides were applied preplant-incorporated at recommended rates adjusted as needed for soil texture. Rice was planted the following year. Imazaquin, imazethapyr, alachlor, metolachlor, clomazone, trifluralin, and atrazine did not injure rice the year following application. Norflurazon was the only herbicide to injure rice on silt loam soils, with injury at one silt loam location in one of two years. Norflurazon and fluometuron residues caused rice injury on clay soils, and chlorimuron residues caused injury in one year on a day soil. This chlorimuron carryover injury was from August-planted soybean but did not occur from June-planted soybean. Norflurazon, fluometuron, and chlorimuron temporarily reduced rice dry matter early in the season. No herbicide reduced either rough rice or percent head rice yield on any of the soils.

scholarly journals CONTROL OF CUTWORMS IN ASPARAGUS FIELDS IN THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-112
Author(s):  
F. L. Banham ◽  
R. H. Handford
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Euxoa Ochrogaster ◽  
Dry Soil

Emulsions of dieldrin, aldrin, isodrin, toxaphene and chlordane applied to the soil surface and incorporated to a depth of about 4 inches proved highly effective in controlling the red-back cutworm, Euxoa ochrogaster (Guen.) when tested in asparagus fields in the interior of British Columbia in the summer of 1953 and 1954. In 1953 aldrin emulsion mixed with the soil was much more effective than when it was left on the soil surface, Bran bait containing paris green, although giving fairly satisfactory control, was less effective and slower in action than the emulsions. In 1952, dieldrin, aldrin, and isodrin dusts, applied to the soil surface, were superior to and faster in action than bran baits containing aldrin or endrin; all of the 1952 treatments were apparently slower in action in dry soil than in relatively moist soil. A survey of asparagus fields treated by growers in 1953 but not in 1954 indicated that aldrin emulsion, mixed with the soil at about 4 lb. of toxicant per acre, protects asparagus for at least two years.

Phytophthora clandestina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Moist Soil

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora clandestina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Trifolium subterraneum. DISEASE: Root rot of subterranean clover; a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. In field plants, black necrotic lesions develop 1-4 cm below the soil surface extending into the stele and causing orange-brown to brown tissue discoloration. Dry matter can be reduced by 71% (69, 5030). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia & Oceania; Australia (NSW, WA, Vic.) TRANSMISSION: Presumably by zoospores released in moist soil. Oospores may act as perennating structures.

Residual effect of 2,4-D on the growth and yield of wheat and barley on alkaline clay soils in southern Queensland

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 855
Author(s):  
JM Marley ◽  
GR Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Dimethyl Amine ◽  
Dry Soil

Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the residual phytotoxicity of 2,4-D to wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) on alkaline clay soils in southern Queensland during winter. Effects of soil moisture, 2,4-D formulation, application rate, crop species and cultivar were investigated. With the exception of a 4% reduction in wheat grain yield in 1 field trial (considered commercially acceptable), grain yields of wheat and barley were not affected when seed was sown within 2 h of field application of 2,4-D dimethylamine or ethyl ester at rates of application up to 1 kg/ha. No significant reduction in phytotoxicity (measured by shoot dry matter reduction of wheat) of 2,4-D dimethylamine occurred when exposed on dry soil for 4 weeks in pots, or of ethyl ester or dimethyl amine exposed for 16 days on dry soil in the field. In moist soil in pots, loss of phytotoxicity to wheat of 2,4-D dimethyl amine was complete within 4 weeks when the herbicide was applied at 2 kg/ha or 2 weeks when applied at 0.5 kg/ha.

scholarly journals Survival of Oospores of Phytophthora capsici in Soil

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 1478-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Babadoost ◽  
C. Pavon
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
The University ◽  
Depth Of Burial

This study assessed survival of Phytophthora capsici oospores in soil in Illinois. Soils differing in texture and other characteristics were collected from four Illinois Counties (Champaign, Gallatin, Madison, and Tazewell), equilibrated to –0.3 MPa, and infested with oospores of P. capsici at a density of 5 × 103 oospores/g of dry soil. Samples (25 g) of the infested soil were placed in 15-μm mesh polyester bags, which were sealed and placed at 2-, 10-, and 25-cm depths in 15.3-cm-diameter PVC tubes containing the same field soil as the infested bags. Tubes were buried vertically in the ground at the University of Illinois Vegetable Research Farm in Champaign in October 2004. Soil samples were assayed for recovery and germination of oospores 1 day and 3, 6, 12, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months after incorporation of oospores into the soil. Overall, the percentage of oospore recovery and the percentage of germination of oospores were not affected significantly by soil source and burial depth but both the oospore recovery and oospore germination were significantly (P = 0.001) affected by the duration of oospore burial. The rate of oospore recovery from soil samples was 61.06, 16.69, 10.28, 1.05, 0.30, 0.06, 0.05, and 0.004% after 1 day and 3, 6, 12, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months, respectively, following incorporation of oospores into the soil; and mean oospore germination was 47.17, 30.53, 21.33, 15.64, 7.42, 2.67, 2.61, and 0.00%, respectively. Survival of P. capsici oospores was compared in soil samples stored in a laboratory at 22°C versus on the soil surface or buried 2, 10, or 25 cm deep in a field. Oospores were recovered 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after incorporation for both storage locations. The percentage of oospores recovered from samples stored in the laboratory was significantly (P = 0.004) greater than recovery from samples stored in the field, regardless of the depth of burial. Twenty-four months after incorporation of oospores, 26.52% of oospores were recovered from soil samples in the laboratory, whereas only 0.12% of oospores were recovered from soil samples in the field. Overall, the percentages of germination of oospores recovered from samples in the laboratory and field over 24 months were not significantly different. In both experiments, germinated oospores produced mycelia, sporangia, and zoospores, and were virulent on ‘California Wonder’ bell pepper. This study showed that oospores of P. capsici can survive and remain virulent in Illinois soils for more than 36 months but oospores were no longer viable after 48 months in soil in a field environment.

No-till crop establishment on red earth soils at Katherine, Northern Territory: effect of sowing depth and firming wheel pressure on the establishment of cowpea, mung bean, soybean and maize

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
DG Abrecht
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Mung Bean ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
No Till ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Red Earth

The effect of sowing depth and firming wheel pressure of a no-till planter on the emergence and seedling growth of soybean, cowpea, mung bean and maize was examined in a red earth soil at Katherine, Australia. Each species was planted in a factorial combination of 3 sowing depths (60, 80, 100 mm) and 3 seed firming wheel pressures (1, 6, 11 kg/cm tyre width). Hot, dry conditions for 14 days after sowing resulted in rapid drying of the soil and high soil temperature. Most seed germinated but there was considerable variation in seedling emergence. Good seedling emergence of mung bean (96%) and cowpea (95%) contrasted with poorer emergence of soybean (57%) and maize (50%). Maize germinated more slowly than the grain legumes and unemerged seedlings had ceased growing when the coleoptiles were < 10 mm long. Soybean germinated rapidly and hypocotyls of the unemerged seedlings had stopped growing within 20 mm of the soil surface. The development of maize and soybean seedlings may have been retarded by high temperatures and severe soil water deficits. Deep planting slowed emergence but increased seedling growth in maize and soybean. The effect was most evident in soybean. Firming wheel pressure did not influence the soil strength below the planted seed and did not significantly affect seed germination, seedling emergence or seedling growth.

scholarly journals Supplemental Carbon Dioxide and Light Improved Tomato and Pepper Seedling Growth and Yield

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Fierro ◽  
André Gosselin ◽  
Nicolas Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Supplementary Lighting

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of CO, enrichment (900 μl·liter-1, 8 hours/day) in combination with supplementary lighting of 100 μmol·s-1·m-2(16-h photoperiod) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedling growth in the greenhouse and subsequent yield in the field. Enrichment with CO2 and supplementary lighting for ≈ 3 weeks before transplanting increased accumulation of dry matter in shoots by ≈ 50% compared with the control, while root dry weight increased 49% for tomato and 6270 for pepper. Early yields increased by =1570 and 11% for tomato and pepper, respectively.

Stubble height effects on microclimate, yield and water use efficiency of spring wheat grown in a semiarid climate on the Canadian prairies

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Cutforth ◽  
B. G. McConkey
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Use Efficiency

In the semiarid region of the western Canadian prairies, seeding directly into standing cereal stubble is gaining popularity. This four year study was conducted at Swift Current, SK, to determine how seeding into tall (>30 cm high), short (about 15 cm high) and cultivated cereal stubble altered the microclimate thereby affecting the growth and yield of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The treatments were deployed immediately before seeding on plots that had overwintered with tall stubble. Seeding wheat into tall stubble increased grain yield and water use efficiency by about 12% compared to wheat seeded into cultivated stubble. Yield and water use efficiency for wheat seeded into short stubble were intermediate to the other stubble treatments. As well, wheat seeded into tall stubble grew taller than wheat seeded into the cultivated stubble. Further, there was a tendency for spring wheat grown in tall stubble to produce more dry matter and more leaf area, to have a lower proportion of dry matter as leaves and a higher proportion as stems, and to have a lower harvest index than the other treatments.Growing season evapotranspiration (ET) was not affected by stubble height. When the seedlings were small, compared to cultivated stubble, tall stubble altered the microclimate near the soil surface by reducing the daily average windspeed, soil temperature, and incoming solar radiation, and increasing the reflected solar radiation. Throughout much of the growing season, potential ET at the soil surface, measured with minilysimeters, was significantly lower in the tall stubble. Tall stubble, compared to cultivated stubble, increased the proportion of ET that was transpired by the wheat. As well, reduced windspeeds and increased photosynthetic area may have increased the efficiency of net carbon assimilation. To increase grain yields, producers in the semiarid prairies who direct-seed spring wheat are advised to seed into stubble left standing as tall as practical (at least 30 cm). Key words: Standing stubble, wheat, microclimate, water use, yield

RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF SIX PYRETHROID AND TWO ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS INSECTICIDES ON SOIL SURFACE AGAINST DARKSIDED CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON TOBACCO IN ONTARIO

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Residual Toxicity ◽  
Euxoa Messoria ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Organophosphorous Insecticides ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractSix pyrethroids, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate and permethrin, and two organophosphorous insecticides, acephate and chlorpyrifos, were applied to the soil surface in the greenhouse and field to evaluate their effectiveness and residual toxicity against the darksided cutworm, Euxoa messoria (Harris), in Ontario.Four years of tests indicated that the pyrethroid insecticides were consistently similar in effectiveness and residual toxicity at the rates applied. On air-dry soil surfaces in the greenhouse, the pyrethroids were significantly more toxic and persistent than was chlorpyrifos. On moderately moist soil surfaces in the field, chlorpyrifos was as toxic to the cutworm larvae as were the pyrethroid insecticides, but less persistent. None of the pyrethroids was affected by soil moisture to the same extent as was chlorpyrifos. Acephate-treated soil surfaces, regardless of indoor or outdoor conditions, were less toxic and the toxicity less persistent than with chlorpyrifos-treated soil. Although not statistically different, the high rates of pyrethroids were consistently more toxic and persistent to the cutworm larvae than the low rates of the same materials. All the pyrethroid insecticides have excellent potential as soil treatments for controlling cutworms on tobacco.

scholarly journals Allelopathic Behaviour of Cyperus Rotundus L. On Both CHORCHORUS OLITORIUS (BROAD LEAVED WEED) AND ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI (GRASSY WEED) ASSOCIATED WITH SOYBEAN

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kowthar El-Rokiek ◽  
Samia El-Din ◽  
Faida Sharara
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Barnyard Grass ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Chromatography Analysis

Allelopathic Behaviour ofCyperus RotundusL. On BothCHORCHORUS OLITORIUS(BROAD LEAVED WEED) ANDECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI(GRASSY WEED) ASSOCIATED WITH SOYBEANPurple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) foliage and tubers were tested for allelopathic potential against the following weeds; juteChorchorus olitorius(broad leaved weed), and barnyard grassEchinochloa crus-galli(grassy weed) associated with soybean. In the greenhouse, during 2008 and 2009, foliage and tubers ofC. rotunduswere mixed with soil surface at 20, 40, 60 and 80 g/kg.C. rotundusnegatively affected those of jute and barnyard grass particularly at 80 g. Jute was more susceptible to allelopathy byC. rotundusthan barnyard grass. Inhibition in weed dry matter was higher with tuber than foliage residues. Tuber residues reduced the dry weight of jute and barnyard grass by 85.96% of the control and by 58.28% with 80 g, respectively. On the other hand, soybean growth and yield showed a high significant increase compared with unweeded pots. A high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed thatC. rotundusfoliage contained the following phenolic acids: caffeic, ferulic, coumaric, benzoic, vanelic, chlorogenic and cinnamic. Tubers contained hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, ferulic, vanelic and chlorogenic.

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