Effects of dietary level and formaldehyde treatment of corn on nutrient digestion and metabolism in sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1197-1205 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. O. Oke ◽  
S. C. Loerch ◽  
D. R. Redman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
N Metabolism

The effects of dietary level and formaldehyde treatment of corn on ruminal and intestinal digestion of starch and nitrogen (N), N metabolism, and concentration of plasma metabolites were determined. Four wethers (average wt 32 kg) with duodenal and ileal cannulae were fed diets containing either formaldehyde-treated or untreated corn at 50 or 75% of total dietary dry matter intake. The design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Starch digested in the stomach (percentage of intake) was reduced 38% (P < 0.01) by formaldehyde treatment of corn, whereas starch digested in the small intestine (percentage of intake or of flow to small intestine) was increased (P < 0.01) by formaldehyde treatment. An increase (P < 0.01) in starch digested in the small intestine (as a percentage of intake and flow of starch to the small intestine) was observed for treated corn vs. untreated corn at both the 50 and 75% levels. The magnitude of improvement in N retention for formaldehyde-treated vs. untreated corn was dependent on the level of corn in the diet (interaction, P < 0.01). Concentrations of plasma glucose were 21% greater (P < 0.05) when wethers were fed treated corn than when they were fed untreated corn. Wethers fed treated corn also had lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of plasma urea N and essential amino acids than when they were fed untreated corn. These data suggest that formaldehyde treatment of corn shifted the site of digestion of a large proportion of dietary starch from the fore-stomach to the small intestine. Formaldehyde treatment of corn enhanced metabolic utilization of amino acids as reflected by improved N retention, decreased concentrations of essential amino acids and urea N in plasma. Key words: Sheep, formaldehyde, starch, corn, digestion, metabolism

scholarly journals Digestion, absorption and utilization of single-cell protein by the preruminant calf

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Sedgman ◽  
J. H. B. Roy ◽  
Joanne Thomas ◽  
I. J. F. Stobo ◽  
P. Ganderton
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
True Digestibility

1.Two experiments of Latin square design were made, each with four Friesian bull calves fitted with re-entrant duodenal and ileal cannulas at 4–10 d of age. The calves were used to studythe effect of giving milk-substitutes containing 0, 300, 500 and 700 g bacterial protein (Pruteen)/kg total protein on apparent digestibility of nitrogen fractions and amino acids and true digestibility of 3H-labelled milk protein and 35S-labelled bacterial protein in the small intestine. A third experiment of Latin square design with four intact Friesian calves was used to measure apparent digestibility of nutrients throughout the alimentary tract and retention of N, calcium and phosphorus.2.At the duodenum, volume of outflow, its pH, and outflow of total-N (TN), protein-N (PN) and non-protein-N (NPN) decreased with time after feeding. At the ileum, volume of outflow and TN outflow were unaffected by time after feeding but PN outflow decreased; NPN outflow at the ileum increased to a maximum 6 h after feeding and then declined.3.Increased inclusion of Pruteen did not affect the volume of outflow at the duodenum or ileum, but duodenal PN outflow increased. At the ileum, pH values were lower and TN, PN and NPN outflows were higher with increasing concentration of Pruteen in the diet. Apparent digestibility in the small intestine tended to decrease with greater amounts of Pruteen, but was only significant for NPN. Apparent digestibility from mouth to ileum significantly decreased for TN and PN as Pruteen inclusion increased.4.Amino acid concentration in duodenal outflow, with the exception of that of arginine, reflected intake. The total amount of each amino acid in ileal outflow increased and the apparent digestibility of most amino acids decreased with greater amounts of Pruteen in the diet. Apparent digestibility of nucleic acid-N from Pruteen was very high.5.True digestibility in the small intestine and between mouth and ileum of 3H-labelled milk protein was high and did not differ between dietary treatments. True digestibility of 36S-labelled Pruteen was low for the milk-protein diet and tended to increase linearly as more dietary Pruteen was included.6.Dry matter concentration in faeces and a high apparent digestibility throughout the whole alimentary tract of carbohydrates did not differ between treatments. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and fat, apparent absorption of Ca, P and ash throughout the tract, retention of N, Ca and P and biological value of the protein decreased with inclusion rates greater than 300 g Pruteen/kg total dietary protein. The amount of N apparently absorbed in the large intestine was estimated as 0.9 g/d.7.Comparison of intake of apparently absorbed essential amino acids with requirement suggests that histidine is likely to be the limiting amino acid, assuming that arginine is synthesized in the body.8.Efficiencies of utilization of protein for tissue synthesis and to cover obligatory loss are estimated as 0.80, 0.75, 0.66 and 0.47 for diets containing 0, 300, 500 and 700 g Pruteen/kg total protein in the diet. Efficiencies of utilization of individual essential amino acids were also estimated.

scholarly journals Nitrogen metabolism in calves: Effect of giving different amounts of dietary casein with and without formaldehyde treatment

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209
Author(s):  
A. P. Williams ◽  
R. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total N ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Dietary Casein

1. Calves were given a basal diet of straw and flaked maize (12 g nitrogen/kg dry matter (DM)) or diets with some flaked maize replaced by untreated (UT) casein or formaldehyde-treated (FT) casein to give 19, 26 or 34 g N/kg DM.2. At all intakes rumen ammonia concentrations were lower and amounts of total-N, non-ammonia-N and amino acid-N entering the duodenum were higher when FT-rather than UT-casein supplements were given.3. Direct measurement of casein entering the duodenum indicated that giving FT rather than UT casein led to much greater amounts of dietary casein escaping degradation in the rumen (70–90% compared to 10–20%). Calculated values for fermentable N indicated that with this low degradability diets containing FT-casein would have provided inadequate N for maximum microbial synthesis in the rumen, and this probably accounted for the marked reduction in amounts of non-casein-N entering the duodenum when FT rather than UT casein was given.4. Amino acid patterns in duodenal digesta samples after giving the basal diet or diets containing UT-casein were similar. Giving diets containing FT-casein led to changes in this pattern which could sometimes, although not always, be accounted for by estimated differences in proportions of dietary and microbial proteins.5. At the highest level of N intake FT-casein-supplemented diets led to significantly higher concentrations of most essential amino acids and lower concentrations of most non-essential amino acids in plasma than did UT-casein-supplemented diets. Plasma urea concentrations increased with increasing N intake but were not significantly different for UT- and FT-casein-supplemented diets.

scholarly journals Oxidation of essential amino acids by the ovine gastrointestinal tract

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald E. Lobley ◽  
Xiangzhen Shen ◽  
Guowei Le ◽  
David M. Bremner ◽  
Eric Milne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ruminant Animal

It is not known if the ruminant animal gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can oxidise essential amino acids (AA) other than leucine. Therefore, the oxidation of four essential AA (leucine, lysine, methionine and phenylalanine), supplied systemically as labelled 1-13C forms, was monitored across the mesenteric-drained viscera (MDV; small intestine) and portal-drained viscera (PDV; total GIT), as part of a 4×4 Latin square design, in four wether sheep (35–45 kg) fed at 1·4 × maintenance. Oxidation was assessed primarily by appearance of13CO2,corrected for sequestration of [13C]bicarbonate. The GIT contributed 25 % (P<0·001) and 10 % (P<0·05) towards whole-body AA oxidation for leucine and methionine respectively. This reduced net appearance across the PDV by 23 and 11 % respectively. The contribution of MDV metabolism to total PDV oxidation was 40 % for leucine and 60 % for methionine. There was no catabolism of systemic lysine or phenylalanine across the GIT. Production and exchange of secondary metabolites (e.g. 4-methyl-2-oxo-pentanoate, homocysteine, 2-aminoadipate) across the GIT was also limited. Less AA appeared across the PDV than MDV (P<0·001), indicative of use by tissues such as the forestomach, large intestine, spleen and pancreas. The PDV: MDV net appearance ratios varied (P<0·001) between AA, e.g. phenylalanine (0·81), lysine (0·71), methionine (0·67), leucine (0·56), histidine (0·71), threonine (0·63) and tryptophan (0·48). These differences probably reflect incomplete re-absorption of endogenous secretions and, together with the varied oxidative losses measured, will alter the pattern of AA net supply to the rest of the animal.

scholarly journals Intravenous energy infusion in lambs: effects on nitrogen retentin, plasma free amino acids and plasma urea nitrogen

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Eskeland ◽  
W. H. Pfander ◽  
R. L. Preston‡
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Significant Difference

1. Acetate, propionate, butyrate and glucose were each administered intravenously (2.09 MJ (0.5 Mcal)/d) to lambs on either high-concentrate (HC) or high-roughage (HR) diets in two experiments with 4 × 4 Latin square design. During a control period all animals received a saline infusion.2. In lambs on the HC diet glucose was the most effective metabolite tested for improving nitrogen retention. Acetate was 51%, butyrate, 75%, propionate, 90% as effective as glucose in promoting N retention. Propionate infusion was most effective in increasing N retention in lambs on the HR diet. Acetate was 60%, butyrate, 75%, and glucose, 80% as effective as propionate. Glucose infusion did not lower plasma urea N (PUN) concentration in lambs receiving the HC diet, but the three volatile fatty acids (VFA) did lower it (P < 0.01). All energy sources significantly reduced the PUN concentrations with the HR diet, but differences between sources were not significant.3. Plasma concentrations of valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were depressed to 57, 71, 89 and 90% of their control values during glucose, propionate, butyrate and acetate infusion. Plasma concentrations of lysine and methionine were significantly decreased from control values (P < 0.05) but there was no significant difference between energy sources. Lysine, valine, isoleucine and leucine were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in lambs given the HR diet than in lambs given the HC diet. The concentration of alanine was greater (P < 0.05) during glucose infusion than during acetate and butyrate infusions, indicating net synthesis of alanine and possibly other non-essential amino acids during glucose infusion, since the plasma free amino acid N concentration increased despite decreased concentrations of plasma essential amino acids during glucose infusion.4. The results indicated that glucose and propionate were superior to acetate and butyrate as energy sources for protein formation.5. The poor relationship between PUN and N balance and plasma free essential amino acids suggested that PUN concentration may have been inappropriate to assess the protein status under some dietary conditions.

DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faba Beans

Four castrated pigs, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study digestion in the small intestine. A nitrogen-free diet was used for the estimation of metabolic nitrogen and amino acids. Faba beans, as the sole source of dietary protein, were used raw or after autoclaving for 30 or 60 min. The four diets were fed to the pigs in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. The pigs were fed each diet for 6 days prior to a 24-hr collection of total ileal contents. Autoclaving of faba beans had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen and individual amino acids except arginine, which was significantly increased. The intestinal uptake of arginine was the highest and of cystine the lowest in all faba bean diets. It was concluded that autoclaving faba beans had no beneficial effect on the digestion of nutrients in the small intestine of the pig.

scholarly journals Evaluation of undehydrated barley feed fractions and dried oat feed fractions from integrated starch-ethanol process in diets of growing pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi ◽  
Erkki Aimonen
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Extract Content ◽  
Protein Supply

The nutrient digestibility and protein utilization of undehydrated barley fractions: protein (BP), protein fibre mixture (BPF) and distillers solids (DS) at two levels of inclusion in diets fortified to equal lysine content were assayed with growing pigs in a 6 x 6 Latin square. Dried barley fibre (BF), oat protein (OP) and oat fibre (OF) from integrated starch-ethanol production were evaluated as feed ingredients for pigs in three other trials. DS and OP had a higher essential amino acids content than BP, especially with respect to lysine. All fractions had a rather high ether extract content 46-196 g/kg and their fatty acid composition is presented. BP showed higher protein digestibility than DS (0.931 vs. 0.857) and pigs on BP-diet retained more N than on DS-diet. BF showed a low digestibility of OM and CP and 0.1 inclusion of BF mixed with BP depressed CP digestibility and N-retention. A higher protein supply from cereal protein in the diet promoted N-retention but decreased protein utilization. OP had high digestibility and OF was more digestible than BF. The study confirmed the high digestibility and energy values of the proteinous grain fractions and a high protein utilization when adequately fortified with lysine. The fibrous fractions have a rather low nutrient digestibility and their use in pig diets is therefore limited.

The effect of starvation and low nitrogen intakes on the concentration of free amino acids in the blood plasma and on the nitrogen metabolism in sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Crossbred wethers were given a control diet (8 g nitrogen, 730 g dry matter daily) or a low nitrogen diet (0.5 g nitrogen, 520 g dry matter daily) or starved, for a 12 or 20 day experimental period. The concentrations of free serine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, histidine, and arginine in the plasma of the starved sheep decreased significantly while the concentrations of lysine, 3-methylhistidine, and isoleucine increased significantly. The ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids increased from 0.35 to 0.56 in the starved sheep. In sheep on the low nitrogen diet, the ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids in the plasma decreased from 0.40 to 0.27, with significant increases in the concentrations of glutanlic acid, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, and 3-methylhistidine. Starvation and the low nitrogen diet both resulted in a reduction of the plasma urea concentrations. Starvation and the low nitrogen diet resulted in a 20-50 % reduction in the flow of saliva and a 40-78% increase in the concentration of total nitrogen. This resulted in no significant change in the daily secretion of nitrogen in the saliva. The concentration of urea in the saliva was increased by 3-54%. The concentrations of individual free amino acids in saliva are reported. The nitrogen content of the rumen was reduced, and after 7 days of starvation or on the low nitrogen diet all rumen nitrogen could be attributed to ammonia and free �-amino nitrogen.

scholarly journals Digestion of protein in small and large intestine of the pig

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. G. Holmes ◽  
H. S. Bayley ◽  
P. A. Leadbeater ◽  
F. D. Horney
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Protein Free Diet

1. Six 45 kg pigs with re-entrant ileal cannulas were used in two 3 × 3 Latin-square design experiments to study the site of absorption of protein and amino acids. Semi-purified diets containing soya-bean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) or no protein source (protein-free) were offered at the rate of 1 kg dry matter/d.2. Flow-rates of ileal contents for 24 h collection periods, corrected for recovery of marker, were 3135, 3127 and 1243 ml (SE 390) for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively.3. Amounts of dry matter digested in the small intestine were 730, 669 and 809 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001).4. Nitrogen intakes were 32·6, 29·9 and 5·9 g/d, and amounts digested in the small intestine were 25·7, 20·2 and 1·6 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001). Amounts digested in the large intestine were 2·6, 3·7 and 0·7 g/d.5. Total amino acid intakes and amounts collected at the ileum and in the faeces were (g/d): SBM, 177, 24 and 18; RSM, 149, 28 and 22; protein-free 3, 9 and 12. Digestibility in the small intestine was higher for SBM than RSM for seventeen of the eighteen amino acids estimated. Greater quantities of arginine, methionine, cystine and tyrosine were voided in the faeces than passed through the ileal cannulas for pigs receiving the SBM and RSM diets. For those receiving the protein-free diet this was true for each amino acid except proline.6. Significant differences were found between all diets in the concentration of some amino acids in ileal and faecal amino-N, and endogenous protein secretions did not mask the differences between diets.7. Differences in digestibility between SBM and RSM were greater at the ileum than in the faeces. Amino acid fermentation in the large intestine obscured or reduced differences between SBM and RSM.

Optimum dietary amino acid pattern and limiting order of some essential amino acids for growing-furring blue foxes (Alopex lagopus)

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Dahlman ◽  
J. Valaja ◽  
E. Venäläinen ◽  
T. Jalava ◽  
I. Pölönen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Pattern ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Acid Control ◽  
Blue Fox ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

AbstractThe optimum pattern and limiting order of some essential amino acids for growing-furring blue foxes were assessed from nitrogen (N) retention responses. Total tract digestibility and N balance trials were carried out on 24 weaned blue fox males in an 8 ✕ 5 cyclic change-over experiment. Eight experimental diets were prepared by removing proportionately about 0·4 of each of the amino acids studied – methionine + cystine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan and histidine – successively from the amino acid control diet. The main source of protein in the amino acid control diet was casein and an amino acid mixture was added to bring the calculated crude protein (CP) content up to the level of 170 g/kg dry matter (DM). Low-protein (CP 95·7 g/kg DM) and high-protein (CP 166·6 g/kg DM) diets, the protein proportion of which was casein protein, served as negative and positive control diets, respectively. The reduction in N retention when one amino acid in turn was deleted from the amino acid control diet was calculated, and a regression analysis was made between N retention and relative amino acid intake. Data on the animals’ intake of each limiting amino acid and those on the amino acid control diet were used. The optimum amino acid pattern, expressed relative to lysine = 100, proved to be: methionine + cystine 77, threonine 64, histidine 55 and tryptophan 22. The first-limiting amino acids were methionine + cystine. Blue fox responses (N retention, weight gain) to deletion of methionine + cystine from the diet were very severe and exceeded those to deletion of any other amino acid. Moreover, removing methionine + cystine from the diet significantly impaired the apparent digestibility of organic matter, reducing it to a level even lower than that of the low-protein diet. After methionine + cystine, the next-limiting amino acid in casein-based diets was threonine, followed by histidine and tryptophan. The results show the importance of verifying the sufficiency of dietary methionine + cystine in the practical feeding of blue foxes.

INFLUENCE OF CORN GRAIN ON AMINO ACIDS SUPPLIED TO AND ABSORBED FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 195-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. KOMAREK ◽  
R. A. JANDZINSKI
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Corn Grain

Increasing corn grain from 40 to 60% of the diet (as fed) of steers increased the essential amino acids supplied to the small intestine by 30% and the absorption by 59%. Increasing corn from 60 to 80% did not change the supplies but increased the digestibility of protein entering the duodenum. Key words: Cattle, small intestine, amino acids, passage, absorption

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