EVALUATION OF FOUR ON-FARM PROGESTERONE TEST KITS AS AN AID TO REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT IN DAIRY COWS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. RAJAMAHENDRAN ◽  
B. WONG ◽  
J. ROBINSON ◽  
J. A. SHELFORD
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
On Farm

Four on-farm progesterone kits were evaluated for ease of use, color development and accuracy. No difference (P > 0.05) was found between kits in their ability to predict progesterone status but the accuracy of all kits varied with progesterone concentration. Tests were highly effective at low or high progesterone levels, but were of little predictive value for values between these extremes. Data suggest that on-farm progesterone tests are potentially useful management aids to confirm estrus, nonpregnancy and cyclicity. Key words: Progesterone, test kit, dairy cow

scholarly journals Diagnostic Indexes of a Rapid IgG/IgM Combined Antibody Test for SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Ying ◽  
Liu Yue-ping ◽  
Diao Bo ◽  
Ren Feifei ◽  
Wang Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Illness Onset ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Combined Test ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

[Abstract]ObjectiveCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become pandemic in the world. The need for IgG-IgM combined antibody test is booming, but data on diagnostic indexes evaluation was inadequate. The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic indexes of a rapid IgG-IgM combined antibody test for SARS-CoV-2.MethodsA total of 179 patients were enrolled. Serum were collected for IgG-IgM combined antibody test and corresponding nasal and pharyngeal swab specimens were collected for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. According to SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR results, patients under study were categorized as PCR positive group in 90 patients and PCR negative group in 89 patients.Results1. Of the 90 PCR positive samples, 77 were tested positive by SARS-CoV-2 IgG-IgM test kit, yielding a sensitivity of 85.6%. Meanwhile, of the 89 PCR negative sample, 8 samples were detected positive, resulting in a specificity of 91%. Positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of this test kit was 95.1%, 82.7%, and 88.3%, respectively. Kappa efficiency between IgG/IgM test kit and RT-PCR were 0.75. 2. Accuracy in mild/common and severe/critical subgroup were 73.9% and 97.7%, respectively. Accuracy in clinical confirmed, suspected cases and other disease subgroups were 70%, 60%, and 100%, respectively. 3. Patients were further divided into ‘0 - 7’, ‘8 - 15’ and ‘>= 16’ groups according to the time from illness onset to sample collection. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in these three groups were 18.8%, 77.8% and 40%; 100%, 50% and 87.5%; 100%, 64.3%, and 93.9, respectively.ConclusionThe sensitivity and specificity of this ease-of-use IgG/IgM combined test kit were adequate, plus short turnaround time, no specific requirements for additional equipment or skilled technicians, all of these collectively contributed to its competence for mass testing. At the current stage, it cannot take the place of SARA-CoV-2 nucleic acid RT-PCR, but can be served as a complementary option for RT-PCR. The combination of RT-PCR and IgG-IgM combined test kit could provide further insight into SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis.

Effects of feeding anionic products to non-lactating dairy cows on urine pH

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Beauchemin ◽  
G. R. Bowman ◽  
L. M. Rode ◽  
M. A. G. von Keyserlingk
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Urine Acidification ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Anionic products (anionic salts, Bio-Chlor™, Nutri-Chlor™, and SoyChlor 16-7™ ) were fed to 12 non-lactating dairy cows and urine pH was monitored. The products differed in their effectiveness: anionic salts, Bio-Chlor, and Nutri-Chlor lowered urine pH, but SoyChlor was not effective. For cows fed once daily, checking urine pH 12 to 18 h after feeding is most likely to indicate nadir pH. Key words: Dietary cation-anion difference, urine acidification, urine pH, dairy cow, non-lactating

Fecal Shedding of Salmonella spp. by Dairy Cows on Farm and at Cull Cow Markets

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. WELLS ◽  
P. J. FEDORKA-CRAY ◽  
D. A. DARGATZ ◽  
K. FERRIS ◽  
A. GREEN
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
National Study ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Milk Cows ◽  
Cull Cow ◽  
On Farm

As part of a national study of the U.S. dairy cow population, fecal samples were collected from representative cows on 91 dairies and 97 cull dairy cow markets in 19 states. Salmonella spp. were recovered from 5.4% of milk cows, 18.1% of milk cows expected to be culled within 7 days, and 14.9% of culled dairy cows at markets. On a premise basis, Salmonella shedding in milk cows was detected on 21.1% of dairies and 66% of cull dairy cow markets. The percentage of herds with at least one cow with detectable Salmonella fecal shedding was higher during the sampling period from May through July, in herds with at least 100 milk cows, and in herds in the South region. The most common Salmonella serogroups isolated were E (30.8% of isolates) and C1 (28.6%); the most common serotypes isolated were Salmonella Montevideo (21.5% of isolates), Salmonella Cerro (13.3%), and Salmonella Kentucky (8.5%). Fecal shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium or Salmonella Typhimurium var. copenhagen was infrequent (2.8% of isolates). Most isolates (88.9%) were susceptible to all 17 antimicrobials evaluated; multiple resistance was an infrequent occurrence. This study provides information describing the distribution of Salmonella fecal shedding from dairy cows on farm and at markets and will serve as a baseline for future studies.

THE USE OF RAPID ON-FARM MILK PROGESTERONE TESTS AS AN AID TO REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT IN DAIRY CATTLE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 997-1003
Author(s):  
R. RAJAMAHENDRAN ◽  
B. J. KEELING ◽  
J. ROBINSON ◽  
V. RAVINDRAN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Rectal Palpation ◽  
On Farm

A field study was conducted in 11 commercial dairy herds to test the accuracy and ease of use of a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for on-farm milk progesterone analysis. Milk samples were collected at milking following detection of estrus and on day 21 postbreeding. Progesterone was measured on-farm by producers using an ELISA kit and by a technician in the laboratory using a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Of the 256 samples collected at suspected estrus, estrual concentrations of progesterone (≤ 2 ng mL−1) were detected in 246 samples by the farmer and in 253 samples by laboratory analysis. Nonestrual concentrations (> 2 ng mL−1) were detected in 10 samples by the farmer and in three samples by RIA. At 21 d, there was 94% agreement between the two methods in detecting high (> 2 ng mL−1) milk progesterone concentrations (n = 149). The corresponding figure for low (≤ 2 ng mL−1) milk progesterone was 88% (n = 73). Seventy-two percent of the cows with high milk progesterone (by RIA) at 21 d were subsequently diagnosed pregnant by rectal palpation. The overall agreement between ELISA and RIA was 96.6% (453/469 samples). No significant differences were observed among farmers in their ability to perform ELISA tests on-farm. The results indicate that the ELISA kits can be used with ease by producers and are comparable in accuracy to RIA performed in the laboratory for detection/confirmation of estrus and diagnosis on nonpregnant/possibly pregnant cows at 21 d postbreeding. Key words: On-farm tests, progesterone, reproductive management, dairy cattle

BEHAVIOR OF PERIPARTURIENT DAIRY COWS AND THEIR CALVES

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. HOUWING ◽  
J. F. HURNIK ◽  
N. J. LEWIS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Assisted Delivery ◽  
Maintenance Behavior ◽  
Lateral Recumbency

The pre- and postparturient behavior of 14 Canadian Holstein cows and 16 heifers, and the neonatal behavior of their 31 calves were analyzed. In the 12 h before parturition an increase in semilateral recumbency and a decrease in standing and ruminating were noted. Twenty-four births, 13 by cows (87%) and 11 by heifers (69%), took place with the dam recumbent. Dams requiring assistance remained recumbent longer (4 min vs. 37 min). However, the management practice of placing the calf in front of the dam following an assisted delivery may have contributed to the longer period of recumbency. Cows stood sooner (14 min) than heifers (37 min) following delivery. During the first 3 h postpartum the dam spent 43% of the time licking her calf. Calves were observed in semilateral recumbency 65% of the time and lateral recumbency 14% of the time, interspersed with standing and suckling. Female calves and calves born to heifers stood and suckled earlier. This may have been related to the lower body weight of these calves compared to male calves and calves born to cows. After removal of the calves (10.1 ± 4.1 h), the dams' maintenance behavior, including lateral recumbency, ruminating, eating and self-licking, increased in frequency. Key words: Dairy cow, parturition, behavior

scholarly journals Acidification of urine by feeding anionic products to non-lactating dairy cows

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Bowman ◽  
K. A. Beauchemin ◽  
L. M. Rode
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Temporal Effects ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Three commercial anionic products (Bio-Chlor MM™, Bio-Chlor FR™ and SoyChlor 16-7™) were fed to non-lactating dairy cows in a total mixed ration (TMR). After the anionic products were included in the TMR at the manufacturers’ recommendations for 4-d, all products reduced urine pH below the desired threshold of 6.5. The rate at which the products reached nadir urine pH differed among the products, but once acidification was accomplished temporal effects on pH were minimal. Key words: Urine pH, dietary cation-anion difference, prepartum, dairy cow, non-lactating

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Calypte’s AWARETM Blood Serum Plasma (BSP) and Oral Mucosal Transudate (OMT) Rapid Tests for Detecting Antibodies to HIV-1 and 2 in Plasma and Oral Fluid

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A Alemnji ◽  
Gisele A Ngulefac ◽  
Peter M Ndumbe ◽  
Tazoacha Asonganyi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Mean Cost ◽  
Hiv 1

As programs to prevent and care for HIV-infected persons are scaled-up in Africa, there is the need for continuous evaluation of the performance of test kits that could best support these programs. The present study evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, ease of use, and cost of AWARE TM Blood Serum Plasma (BSP) and Oral Mucosal Transudate (OMT) Rapid HIV-1/2 test kits using real-time and archived samples of HIV-infected persons from Cameroon. Matched whole blood and OMT specimens were collected prospectively from HIV-positive and HIV-negative persons from different regions of Cameroon and tested using the AWARE TM BSP and OMT test kits, respectively. These results were compared to the gold standard that included a combination of Determine HIV-1/2 and Enzygnost HIV-1/2. The BSP Rapid test kit was further evaluated using well characterized panels of HIV-2 and HIV-1 group O samples. Cost and end-user analysis of the OMT test kit was done by comparing its actual cost, consumables, safety, bench time and manipulation with other test kits. Of the 732 matched samples, 412 (56.3%) and 320 (43.7%) were from females and males, respectively. Of these samples, 23 (3.1%) gave discordant results between Determine HIV-1/2 and Enzygnost HIV1/2 and were excluded from the analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the AWARETM BSP were 100%. The AWARETM OMT had 98.8% sensitivity, 98.9% specificity, 98.0% PPV and 99.4% NPV. The results of a well-characterized archived panel of HIV-2 (n=7) and HIV-1 group O (n=3) samples using the AWARETM BSP Rapid test kit gave 100% concordance. Total per patient cost of the AWARE OMT rapid test kit was US$4.72 compared to a mean cost of US $7.33 + 0.11 for the other test kits. Both the AWARETM BSP and OMT Rapid test kits demonstrated high sensitivities and specificities on all samples tested and were well adapted for use in resource-constrained settings with high HIV heterogeneity such as Cameroon. The AWARE TM HIV-1/2 OMT Rapid test kit appears to be the cheapest, safest and easiest to use compared with other available test kits.

Duration of a severe feed restriction required to reversibly decrease milk production in the high-producing dairy cow

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chanelle A. Toerien ◽  
John P. Cant
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Post Trial

To establish the duration of a severe feed restriction necessary to reversibly decrease milk production in high-producing Holstein cows, milk, plasma and urine parameters were assessed every 6 h during a 24-h restriction and 18-h refeed period. The 24-h restriction decreased yields of milk, protein and lactose by more than 30% without inducing ketosis or impairing milk production post-trial. Key words: Feed restriction, dairy cows, milk yield, plasma metabolites

EFFECT OF α-TOCOPHEROL SUPPLEMENTATION TO DAIRY COWS ON MILK AND PLASMA α-TOCOPHEROL CONCENTRATIONS AND ON SPONTANEOUS OXIDIZED FLAVOR IN MILK

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE-MARIE ST-LAURENT ◽  
J.W.G. NICHOLSON ◽  
M. HIDIROGLOU ◽  
M. SNODDON
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Spontaneous Oxidation ◽  
Key Words Spontaneous

An α-tocopherol supplementation study was conducted with 12 Holstein cows, assigned to one of three dietary α-tocopherol levels, 0, 700, and 3000 IU cow−1 d−1, as dl-α-tocopheryl acetate. Cows were fed a basal diet of alfalfa silage and a barley-corn-soybean meal grain mix. The study consisted of a pretreatment (wk 0), a treatment (wk 1 to 5) and a posttreatment phase (wk 6 and 7). Peak milk α-tocopherol levels were observed at wk 1 for the 700 IU group and at wk 2 (P < 0.05) for the 3000 IU group. During wk 2 to 5 milk α-tocopherol concentrations were highest for the 3000 IU group and peaked at 22.0 μg g−1 lipid; plasma α-tocopherol levels increased by 0.7 and 1.3 μg mL−1 for the 700 and 3000 IU groups. By the end of the posttreatment phase, milk α-tocopherol concentrations had returned to wk 0 levels. A field study was conducted of four herds (142 cows) with a chronic spontaneous oxidized flavor (SOF) milk problem. The herds were fed α-tocopherol at 0, 700 and 3000 IU cow−1 d−1 in a changeover design of 2-wk periods followed by access to spring pasture for 4-wk. Milk flavor improved when higher levels of α-tocopherol were fed and SOF was minimal when pasture was grazed. The percentage of cows in the herds producing SOF milk was 68, 61, 56, and 8 for the 0, 700 and 3000 IU d−1 treatments and pasture, respectively. α-Tocopherol levels were highest (P < 0.05) in milk for the 700 IU d−1 level of feeding and in plasma (P < 0.05) when pasture was consumed. Milk and plasma α-tocopherol levels did not correlate well with improved flavor scores. Key words: Spontaneous oxidation, milk, α-tocopherol, dairy cow, flavor, vitamin E

Estrus detection with activity tags in dairy cows housed in tie-stalls

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Kennedy ◽  
J. R. Ingalls
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Visual Detection ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Daily Exercise ◽  
Estrus Detection ◽  
Exercise Period

Activity tags were attached to the rear ankle of 11 Holstein dairy cows maintained indoors in tie-stalls except for a 3 h daily exercise period. Cows were monitored for 56–63 d. Activity tags detected 18/27 (67%) of estruses with 22 incorrect indications (false positives) compared to a visual detection rate of 19% with three false positives. Use of a correction method decreased the number of activity tag false positives considerably with only a decrease of two in the number of correctly identified estruses. Key words: Activity, estrus detection, tie-stall, dairy cow

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