THE USE OF RAPID ON-FARM MILK PROGESTERONE TESTS AS AN AID TO REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT IN DAIRY CATTLE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 997-1003
Author(s):  
R. RAJAMAHENDRAN ◽  
B. J. KEELING ◽  
J. ROBINSON ◽  
V. RAVINDRAN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Rectal Palpation ◽  
On Farm

A field study was conducted in 11 commercial dairy herds to test the accuracy and ease of use of a rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for on-farm milk progesterone analysis. Milk samples were collected at milking following detection of estrus and on day 21 postbreeding. Progesterone was measured on-farm by producers using an ELISA kit and by a technician in the laboratory using a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Of the 256 samples collected at suspected estrus, estrual concentrations of progesterone (≤ 2 ng mL−1) were detected in 246 samples by the farmer and in 253 samples by laboratory analysis. Nonestrual concentrations (> 2 ng mL−1) were detected in 10 samples by the farmer and in three samples by RIA. At 21 d, there was 94% agreement between the two methods in detecting high (> 2 ng mL−1) milk progesterone concentrations (n = 149). The corresponding figure for low (≤ 2 ng mL−1) milk progesterone was 88% (n = 73). Seventy-two percent of the cows with high milk progesterone (by RIA) at 21 d were subsequently diagnosed pregnant by rectal palpation. The overall agreement between ELISA and RIA was 96.6% (453/469 samples). No significant differences were observed among farmers in their ability to perform ELISA tests on-farm. The results indicate that the ELISA kits can be used with ease by producers and are comparable in accuracy to RIA performed in the laboratory for detection/confirmation of estrus and diagnosis on nonpregnant/possibly pregnant cows at 21 d postbreeding. Key words: On-farm tests, progesterone, reproductive management, dairy cattle

Escherichia coli O157 in Cull Dairy Cows on Farm and at Slaughter

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1386-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL H. RICE ◽  
ERIC D. EBEL ◽  
DALE D. HANCOCK ◽  
THOMAS E. BESSER ◽  
DONALD E. HERRIOTT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cull Cows ◽  
On Farm

Cull dairy cattle both on the farm and at slaughter from herds in the states of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington were surveyed for Escherichia coli O157 by culturing fecal swab samples. A total of 205 cull cows from 19 dairy herds were sampled on the farm of origin; 7 (3.4%) tested positive for E. coli O157. A total of 103 cull cows from 15 dairy herds were sampled at slaughter; 4 (3.9%) were positive for E. coli O157. Eighty-nine cull cows were sampled both at the farm and at slaughter; 2 (2.2%) were positive in both locations, 3 (3.3%) only on the farm, and 2 (2.2%) only at the slaughter plant. Seven (7.9%) of the 89 cull cows tracked from farm to slaughter were positive in at least one location. This suggests a higher prevalence of E. coli O157 in cull dairy cattle than previously has been reported to occur in other ages and classes of cattle.

scholarly journals Q-Fever Studies on the Dairy Cattle of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-233
Author(s):  
Gilberto Rosado-Carbó ◽  
Carlos N. Berrocal ◽  
José D. Rivera-Anaya
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Milk Samples

The presence of Q-fever antibodies was determined in 278 of the 561 milk samples from an equal number of Puerto Rican dairy herds tested by the capillary-tube agglutination technique. The incidence of positive agglutinations was found to be 49.55 percent. Over 50 percent of the dairies of Hatillo and Arecibo, the two with the largest numbers of dairy herds in Puerto Rico, showed positive agglutinations.

scholarly journals Melatonin differences between day and night milk in primiparous holstein friesian and jersey dairy cattle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saim Boztepe ◽  
İsmail KESKIN ◽  
Ahmet SEMACAN ◽  
Fikret AKYUREK ◽  
İbrahim AYTEKIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
New Production ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Jersey Cows

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the levels of melatonin in the day and night milk of Holstein and Jersey cows. In the study, samples of daytime milk produced from 27 head of Holstein and 27 head of Jersey cows in the first lactation, which were raised in a private dairy cattle enterprise in the Kaşınhanı neighborhood of Meram district of Konya city Turkey, and night milk samples taken from the same cows that were blackened for one (1) week were used. Melatonin levels in milk samples taken from day and night milk were determined separately for Holstein and Jersey cows with the help of Bovine Melatonin (MLT) Elisa Kit. In the study, it was determined that the ratio of melatonin in day and night milk in Holstein cows was 2.912 pg/ml and 11.314 pg/ml, respectively, and the ratio of melatonin in Jersey cows was 2.924 pg/ml and 6.954 pg/ml in the same order. The difference between the melatonin levels of the day and night milk of Holstein and Jersey cows was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01). At the end of the study, it can be stated that night milk can be used for medical purposes and a new production source may arise for producers since there is a significant difference in melatonin between day and night milk.

Use of serum amyloid A and milk amyloid A in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Gerardi ◽  
Daniele Bernardini ◽  
Carla Azzurra Elia ◽  
Vanni Ferrari ◽  
Luciano Iob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Elisa Kit ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Close Relationship

Mastitis is the most frequent and costly disease in dairy herds, as it negatively affects yield and milk quality. The presence of clinical mastitis is quite easy to asses, whereas the diagnosis of the subclinical form can be more difficult and requires laboratory assays. Somatic cell count (SCC) is widely used as a rapid and low-cost indicator of mastitis, even if is not useful in discriminating between the clinical and subclinical form. As amyloid A has been investigated as a marker of mastitis, the aim of this study was to assess the potential value of measuring amyloid A in serum and milk and the correlation with SCC in the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. The reliability of two different ELISA kits for the measurement of amyloid A in milk was also tested. During a 1-month trial period, 21 cows were assigned to three experimental groups according to their health status: 6 cows with clinical mastitis (CM), 10 cows with subclinical mastitis (SM) and 5 healthy cows (HE). Amyloid A was measured both in serum (SAA) and in quarter milk samples (mAA) with a serum ELISA kit, and in quarter milk samples (MAA) with a milk ELISA kit. SCC, total microbial count (TMC) and bacterial examination of the milk were also carried out. After a log transformation, the data were submitted to ANOVA and linear regression. TMC was significantly higher in cows with clinical mastitis, while no differences were observed between the other two experimental groups. SCC and MAA levels were significantly different among the three groups. mAA concentrations were similar between cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis, and SAA was not affected by mastitis. A significant correlation between SCC and MAA or mAA was detected, while no correlation was recorded between SAA and mAA. A close relationship between MAA and mAA was noticeable even at low concentrations, suggesting MAA as a potential physiological marker of subclinical mastitis.

EVALUATION OF FOUR ON-FARM PROGESTERONE TEST KITS AS AN AID TO REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT IN DAIRY COWS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. RAJAMAHENDRAN ◽  
B. WONG ◽  
J. ROBINSON ◽  
J. A. SHELFORD
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Progesterone Concentration ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
On Farm

Four on-farm progesterone kits were evaluated for ease of use, color development and accuracy. No difference (P > 0.05) was found between kits in their ability to predict progesterone status but the accuracy of all kits varied with progesterone concentration. Tests were highly effective at low or high progesterone levels, but were of little predictive value for values between these extremes. Data suggest that on-farm progesterone tests are potentially useful management aids to confirm estrus, nonpregnancy and cyclicity. Key words: Progesterone, test kit, dairy cow

scholarly journals Chemical, physical and technological properties of milk as affected by the mycotoxin load of dairy herds

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Křížová ◽  
Oto Hanuš ◽  
Marcela Klimešová ◽  
Jan Nedělník ◽  
Josef Kučera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Technological Properties ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Milk Characteristics

Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the impacts of different levels of mycotoxin load of Czech dairy herds on the larger scale of the milk indicators including milk physical and technological properties. During three subsequent years individual milk samples (IMSs) were collected from four herds of Czech Fleckvieh (C) and from four herds of Holstein cows (H). The IMSs were collected regularly twice in summer and twice in winter, resulting in a total of 936 IMSs. The feeding rations consisted mainly of conserved roughage and supplemental mixtures according to milk yield and standard demands. Samples of feedstuffs were collected at the same time as IMSs and were analysed for content of deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEA), aflatoxin (AFL), and T-2 toxin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Based on the mycotoxin load, herds were divided into three groups – Load 1 (negligible, n =  36), Load 2 (low, n =  192), and Load 3 (medium, n =  708). All feedstuff samples were positive for at least one mycotoxin. The most frequently occurring mycotoxins were FUM, DON, and ZEA. Relatively high incidence of AFL (56 % positive samples) was observed. The following milk indicators were influenced by the mycotoxin load of herds: fat, acetone (Ac), log Ac, pH, electric conductivity, alcohol stability, curds quality, curd firmness, whey volume, whey protein, non-protein nitrogen (NPN), urea N in NPN, fat ∕ crude protein ratio, and casein numbers on crude and true protein basis, respectively (P < 0.05). The overall level of mycotoxin load was relatively low, with no clear effect on milk characteristics.

Prevalence of pathogens in milk samples of dairy cows with clinical mastitis and in heifers at first parturition

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd-Alois Tenhagen ◽  
Inken Hansen ◽  
Annette Reinecke ◽  
Wolfgang Heuwieser
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

Prevalence of mastitis pathogens in milk samples from dairy cows and heifers was studied over a period of 1 year (Aug 2005–Aug 2006) in ten dairy herds in Germany. Milk samples (n=8240) were collected from heifers without clinical mastitis at parturition (n=6915), from primiparous cows with clinical mastitis (n=751) and from older cows with clinical mastitis (n=574). Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) were the predominant group of bacteria isolated (46·8% of samples) from clinically healthy quarters of primiparous cows around parturition, followed by streptococci (12·6%), coliforms (4·7%) and Staphylococcus aureus (4·0%). Thirty-three percent of samples were negative on culture (range on farm level, 12·0–46·4%). In cases of clinical mastitis in primiparous and older cows, streptococci were the predominant finding (32·1 and 39·2%) followed by CNS (27·4 and 16·4%), coliforms (10·3 and 13·1%) and Staph. aureus (10·0 and 11·7%). Negative results were obtained from 21·3% (range, 0·0–30·6%) and 19·5% (range, 0·0–32·6%) of these samples. Results indicated substantial differences in the prevalence of pathogens among herds. There was a positive within-herd correlation between the monthly prevalences for Streptococcus dysgalactiae between the three groups of samples. This correlation was also found between clinical samples of primiparous and older cows for Staph. aureus. These correlations were not found for the other pathogens. Besides herd, prevalence of pathogens was influenced by parity, type of sample and season.

scholarly journals The applications of timed artificial insemination and timed embryo transfer in reproductive management of dairy cattle

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (suppl spe) ◽  
pp. 383-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divakar Justus Ambrose ◽  
Marcos Germán Colazo ◽  
John Patrick Kastelic
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Reproductive Management ◽  
Estrus Detection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cattle

Fertility of dairy cattle is generally decreasing. Overall estrus detection efficiency in lactating dairy cattle is low, as expression of estrus is often compromised. Consequently, undetected estrus, low AI-submission rates, and long inter-breeding intervals are the main contributors to poor reproductive efficiency. Although failure to become pregnant is the most common reason for culling dairy cattle, pregnancy rates could be improved by increasing the AI-submission rate through increased estrus detection efficiency, timed insemination (Timed-AI), or timed embryo transfer (Timed-ET). In these protocols, ovarian follicular development and luteolysis are controlled, culminating in synchronous ovulation in most cows. There are several modifications to improve pregnancy rates in Timed-AI protocols, e.g. presynchronization with 2 doses of PGF2a 14 d apart, and starting the Ovsynch protocol 12 d after the 2nd PGF2a. Timed-AI programs ensure a timely first breeding; this should be followed with early pregnancy diagnosis to identify nonpregnant cows, and prompt re-insemination. However, in a recent field study involving 23 dairy herds, the mean interval between 1st and 2nd breeding was 42 d; only 28% of the cows were rebred within 24 d after 1st breeding. Fortunately, there are several resynchronization protocols to reduce inter-breeding intervals. Anestrus cows, or those with cystic ovarian follicles, have a good chance of conceiving when subjected to synchronization of ovulation and Timed-AI. Furthermore, Timed-ET is a practical and viable option for synchronizing and selecting recipient cattle for embryo transfers. In summary, systematic and judicious use of Timed-AI and Timed-ET protocols can greatly enhance reproductive performance, and improve herd productivity.

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