PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS RESPONSES TO DIETARY INCLUSION OF RAW SOYBEANS (CV. MAPLE AMBER) BY BOARS FED AD LIBITUM FROM 30 TO 95 KILOGRAMS LIVEWEIGHT

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. CASTELL ◽  
R. L. CLIPLEF
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Ad Libitum

Cull raw soybeans (SB), cv. Maple Amber, containing 17% oil and 36% crude protein (CP), were included as 0, 4.5, 9, 13.5, 18 and 22.5% of barley-based diets formulated to contain 16% CP. The mash diets were fed ad libitum to a total of 53 Landrace boars over the period from 30 to 95 kg average liveweight using a randomized block design with three replicates. Live performance responses to the increase in dietary SB content included a decline in overall growth rate (from 830 to 639 g d−1, P < 0.01) and efficiency of feed conversion (from 333 to 269 g gain per kg feed, P < 0.01). Post-kill measurements indicated an effect of dietary SB level on side weight (from 46 to 43% of carcass, P < 0.01), liver weight (from 24.8 to 28.2 g kg−1 warm carcass, P < 0.01) and areas of lean in the loin cross-section (from 31 to 26 cm2, P < 0.01) and ham face (from 137 to 121 cm2, P < 0.01) for pigs fed 0 and 22.5% SB diets, respectively. Analyses of samples of longissimus dorsi revealed a reduction in CP content (from 22.9 to 21.5%, P < 0.01) and increase in moisture content (from 74.4 to 75.4%, P < 0.05) for pigs fed the highest SB level compared to the control pigs. Iodine absorption numbers of the outer backfat layer increased, from 58 to 70 (P < 0.01), with the SB level fed. Sensory evaluation revealed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in incidence of off-flavor in loin roasts from boars fed diets containing more than 9% SB. The overall results suggested that a diet containing up to 5% SB would be unlikely to adversely affect performance or carcass merit of growing-finishing pigs. Key words: Pig, soybeans, live performance, carcass criteria, meat quality

LIVE PERFORMANCE, CARCASS AND MEAT QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF MARKET PIGS SELF-FED DIETS CONTAINING CULL-GRADE LENTILS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. CASTELL ◽  
R. L. CLIPLEF
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Inclusion Rate ◽  
And Control

Lentils rejected for use as human food were evaluated as an alternative to soybean meal (SBM) in barley-based diets containing 16% crude protein (CP). The first study involved 64 male castrates (four pigs/pen) fed diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 20% Laird lentils (LL, 23 % CP) ad libitum from 25 to 97 kg liveweight in a randomized block design with four replicates. Growth rates (mean of 914 g d−1) were similar on all diets but pigs fed the 10% LL diet were the most efficient (366 vs. 354 g gain kg−1 diet, P < 0.05), had thinner backfat (15.7 vs. 17.7 mm at 90 kg liveweight, P < 0.05) and more acceptable (P < 0.05) meat quality by physical and sensory evaluation compared to control (0% LL) pigs. The subsequent study, a one-way factorial design with four replicates using 60 gilts (3/pen) and five diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% Eston lentils (EL, 27% CP), was similarly conducted over the period from 25 to 90 kg liveweight. As observed previously, dietary lentils promoted curvilinear responses (usually optimum at 20% EL) although there were few significant (P < 0.05) differences between lentil-fed and control pigs apart from their meat quality criteria. Taking into account the costs of barley and SBM replaced, the value of cull lentils in each study was maximum at the 10% inclusion rate. Key words: Pig, growth, carcass, meat quality, lentils

Influence of Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase supplementation of wheat and corn based diets on growth performance of pigs

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Van Lunen ◽  
H. Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Trichoderma Longibrachiatum ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing wheat- and corn-based diets with xylanase on growth performance and FCR of pigs from 10 to 18 wk of age. Seventy-tow castrated male pigs were assigned to pens of two and in a randomized block design to six dietary treatments consisting of diets containing 60% wheat, 40% wheat and 20% corn, and 20% wheat and 40% corn with and without supplementation with xylanase. Feed and water were available ad libitum. Xylanase supplementation improved growth rate and FCR by 9.2 and 5.3%, respectively, regardless of level of wheat and corn inclusion. Key words: Pig, growth, feed enzyme, Trichoderma longibrachiatum xylanase, wheat, corn

Effects of number and siting of single-space feeders on performance and feeding behaviour of growing pigs

1994 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. S. Morrow ◽  
N. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Number Of Visits

SUMMARYTwo experiments of randomized block design were carried out at the Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland in 1991/92 involving groups of 20 pigs fed ad libitum from single-space feeders with built-in water supply from 37 kg to slaughter at 91 kg liveweight.Treatments were replicated 16 and 6 times respectively in Experiments 1 and 2. In the first experiment, one feeder perpen was compared with two feeders per pen positioned side by side. Two feeders increased feed intake (P < 0·05) but had no significant effects on growth rate or feed conversion. With two feeders, the total time that feeders were occupied and the number of visits to feeders were both increased, while the number of enforced withdrawals from feeders and the amount of queuing were both decreased compared with the single feeder. In the second experiment, placing two feeders 2 m or more apart instead of side by side had no significant effects on feed intake or growth rate but improved feed conversion efficiency by 4%. This improvement was associated with fewer and longer visits to feeders but no difference in enforced withdrawals or queuing. In both experiments all treatments showed broadly similar patterns of diurnal feeding behaviour with two peaks of activity daily, a smaller peak pre-midday and a larger one in the afternoon. This pattern was influenced more by number of visits to feeders than by the mean duration of each visit. It is recommended that two single-space feeders are used in pens of 20 finishing pigs when non-pelleted diets are offered ad libitum and that feeders are sited some distance apart, not side by side.

scholarly journals Ractopamine and lysine levels on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1961-1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Caperuto de Almeida ◽  
Elias Tadeu Fialho ◽  
Paulo Borges Rodrigues ◽  
Márcio Gilberto Zangeronimo ◽  
José Augusto de Freitas Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Performance Trial

It was evaluated the effect of diets supplemented or not supplemented with ractopamine and digestible lysine on the performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. A total of 50 barrows and 50 gilts (90.2 kg ± 3.5 kg) were used. In the growth performance trial, a randomized block design was utilized in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of five levels of digestible lysine (0.68; 0.78; 0.88; 0.98 and 1.08%) and two levels of ractopamine (0 and 5 ppm), totaling ten diets and five replications. In a study of carcass characteristics, the same design and levels of lysine and ractopamine were used, but another factor (sex of animals- female and male) was included, totaling 20 treatments, each one with five replicates. Except for lysine daily intake, it was not observed effect of levels of digestible lysine. The supplementation with ractopamine improved daily weight gain and feed conversion but it did not affect the average feed intake. A greater loin depth and higher yield of carcass meat was obtained in gilts, regardless to supplementation with ractopamine, and also in the males fed ractopamine. The ractopamine improved the rib-eye area but it did not affect the yield and carcass length neither thickness of subcutaneous fat. The levels of digestible lysine did not affect carcass characteristics in either sex. It was found that sex had effect on backfat thickness, which was lower in the carcasses of gilts. The use of 5 ppm ractopamine improves animal performance and carcass characteristics of barrows. The level of 0.68% digestible lysine is sufficient for pigs of both sexes fed diets supplemented with or without ractopamine to show maximal performance and a good carcass composition.

Phosphorus digestibility in low-phytate barley fed to finishing pigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Thacker ◽  
B. G. Rossnagel ◽  
V. Raboy
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Acclimatization Period ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Phytate Content

Twenty-four crossbred barrows (Camborough 15 Line female × Canabred sire) weighing an average of 51.3 ± 5.1 kg were used in a trial conducted during two periods according to a completely randomized block design. The pigs were assigned to one of six dietary treatments comprised of a normal two-rowed, hulled variety of barley (CDC Bold) or three low-phytate genotypes selected to contain approximately 68, 41 or 3% of the normal level of phytate. A normal hulless barley (CDC Dawn) and a hulless genotype selected to contain 54% of the normal phytate content were also included. The diets fed contained 99.5% barley and 0.5% chromic oxide. The marked feed was provided for a 7-d acclimatization period, followed by a 3-d fecal collection. At the conclusion of the first replicate, the pigs were assigned to different treatments and the procedure was repeated resulting in eight observations per treatment. Selection for phytate content had no effects on the apparent fecal digestibility of dry matter, crude protein or gross energy (P > 0.05). The digestibility coefficients for dry matter and energy were significantly higher for the hulless varieties of barley than the hulled genotypes. Phosphorus digestibility increased as the level of phytate in the barley declined. The linear relationship relating phosphorus digestibility (y) to phytate content (x) was: y = 67.7 − 12.54x       (r2= 0.64; P < 0.0001).

scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF FIELD PEA (Pisum sativum) SCREENINGS AS FEED FOR MARKET PIGS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 577-579
Author(s):  
A. G. CASTELL ◽  
L. R. NEDEN ◽  
K. MOUNT
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Key Words Pig ◽  
Ad Libitum

Partial or complete replacement of soybean meal by screenings from two cultivars (B.C. Blues, Century) as 0, 11, 22 or 33% of barley diets (16% crude protein) did not reduce growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion or carcass grade of pigs fed ad libitum from 26 to 94 kg liveweight. Key words: Pig, pea, screenings, growth, carcass

scholarly journals Performance of Santa Ines lambs fed diets of variable crude protein levels

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia Helena Machado da Rocha ◽  
Ivanete Susin ◽  
Alexandre Vaz Pires ◽  
Jalme de Souza Fernandes Jr. ◽  
Clayton Quirino Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Santa Inês

Differences among dietary protein levels suggested in the literature point out to the need for better evaluation of protein requirements of growing lambs, raised in drylot on a high-concentrate diet. This study evaluates the influence of crude protein (CP) levels in high concentrate diets on performance and carcass traits of ram lambs, confined for 56 days. Forty eight (48) Santa Ines lambs (initial body weight 18.4 ± 0.4 kg; 86 ± 2 days old) were fed 4 experimental diets containing 14, 16, 18 or 20% CP, in a completely randomized block design. Diets consisted of 80% concentrate and 20% sugarcane bagasse. There were no differences in average daily gain: values of 228, 220, 230 and 231 g d-1 were obtained for diets containing 14, 16, 18 and 20% CP, respectively. There were no differences in dry matter intake and feed conversion: values were 1.03; 1.02; 1.08 and 1.10 kg d-1; 4.19; 4.28; 4.35 and 4.44 kg DM kg-1 gain for diets with 14, 16, 18 and 20% CP, respectively. Plasma urea nitrogen concentrations increased linearly as diets contained more CP. There were no differences in carcass traits.

scholarly journals Effect of Basil Leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) Supplement on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing Pullets

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
NWORGU Friday Chima
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
The Cost

<p>The performance and carcass characteristics of Growing Pullets (GP) fed basil leaf (<em>Ocimum gratissimum)</em> (OG) supplement was studied for 8 weeks using eighty-four 13 weeks old Nera Black GP. The birds were maintained on growers diet supplemented with 4 levels of basil leaves supplement(BLS) (0, 5, 10 and 15g/bird) for treatments A, B, C and D, respectively at 3 days interval throughout the period of experiment. Each treatment was replicated thrice with seven birds per replicate in a completely randomized block design. Treatment A served as control. The birds were fed the same growers diet. Feed and water were served <em>ad-libitum</em>. Data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and comparisons made using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results of the experiment showed a significant (p&lt;0.05) treatment effects in total feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FRC) and number of eggs laid, final live weight (FLW) and mean body weight gain (MBWG). Similar scenario was observed in dressed, breast, thigh, plucked weights and egg follicle formation. Birds in control had the highest total feed intake (TFI) (6671.55 g) and MBWG (523.84 g) compared to other treatments (B, C and D) whose values were 6644.27, 6640.29 and 6152.67 g for TFI and 483.34, 500.00 and 445.24 g for MBWG, respectively. The cost of feed consumed was best on birds fed 15gBLS (N353.04/bird) while the highest number of eggs laid was recorded in birds served 5 g(83) and 15gBLS (77) with reference to control (57). Birds served 5-15g BLS had increased liver weight (26.01, 25.01 and 27.42 g) compared to control (24.38 g), while those fed 15gBLS had reduced dressed weight (DW) (952.50 g). The best egg follicle formation was recorded on those served 5g BLS/bird. There was progressive reduction in MBWG, TFI and egg follicle with increasing weight of OG, unlike FRC and liver weight, which increased linearly. Therefore, the GP are recommended to be served 5-15gBLS/bird and later reduced to 5gBLS/bird at 3 days interval when the GP had come up to 15-20% in lay, in order to minimize further loss in weight and to improve egg follicle formation.</p>

EFFECTS OF DIETARY COMPOSITION ON THE RELATIVE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF MALE AND FEMALE PIGS FED FROM 25 KG TO 92 KG LIVEWEIGHT

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-450
Author(s):  
A. G. CASTELL ◽  
D. T. SPURR
Keyword(s):  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Relative Performance ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Satisfactory Performance ◽  
Field Peas

One hundred and twenty-four feeder pigs, representing two breed groups (Hampshire × Yorkshire and Yorkshire) were used in three experiments to compare the live performance and carcass characteristics of boars, barrows and gilts fed, from 25 to 92 kg, a 16% protein, barley–soybean meal diet or diets based on a utility grade, soft wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Pitic 62) with 0, 7½ and 15% field peas (Pisum sativum cv. Century) to provide total protein levels of 13, 14 or 15%. Under conditions of adequate nutrition, boars were superior to barrows in efficiency of feed conversion and estimates of carcass leanness, while gilts were intermediate in feed conversion and equivalent to boars in carcass indices. The amount and composition of the diet consumed had a greater effect upon the relative performance of boars and, to a lesser extent, of gilts than was observed with barrows. In addition, the dressing percentage was consistently lower with boars than with barrows or gilts. Sexual odor or taint was not noticeably present in the carcasses at the packing plant, although there was a tendency for meat from boars on restricted feeding to have a higher moisture and darker lean than that present in carcasses from barrows and gilts. The results also suggested that satisfactory performance of growing–finishing pigs could be achieved with diets based on Pitic 62 wheat using field peas as the sole source of supplementary protein.

A note on purebred performance of Belgian Piétrain pigs

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Howard ◽  
W. C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Size At Birth

SUMMARYIn an analysis of data from 211 litters in a Pietrain herd, litter size at birth and at weaning was lower than is generally found in indigenous breeds. Mortality in growing and breeding pigs was high with circulatory failure accounting for 23% and 95% of deaths respectively. Pietrains, fed ad libitum over the live-weight range 27 to 87 kg, grew more slowly by 130 g/day than contemporary Large Whites on the same feeding regime, had higher killing-out percentages (by 3 to 4 units) and larger eye muscles in cross-section (by 9·9 cm2) but tended to have higher feed conversion ratios. There was no breed difference in backfat measurements but Pietrain carcasses were shorter by 83 mm and their muscle quality was markedly inferior to that of the Large Whites.

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