DIGESTION BY CATTLE OF UREA-TREATED, AMMONIA-TREATED, OR ROLLED HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. RODE ◽  
K.-J. CHENG ◽  
J. W. COSTERTON
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Chemically Treated ◽  
Feeding Value

A study was conducted to compare the feeding value of processed high-moisture barley (HMB) treated by rolling (R-HMB), adding 6% urea (U-HMB), adding 3% anhydrous amonia (A-HMB), or left untreated (W-HMB). After ensiling for at least 42 d, the four treated HMB were fed with timothy hay (1:1 on a dry matter basis) to four ruminally fistulated steers during four time periods in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. During each period, treated HMB was incubated in saccus in the rumen of steers fed the same HMB. Chromium sesquioxide was mixed with the HMB and served as an indigestible fecal marker. HMB dry matter (DM) remaining in bags after incubation was 96.9, 69.3, 91.6 and 95.0% after 12 h and 85.6, 46.9, 67.0 and 50.0% after 36 h incubation for W-HMB, R-HMB, U-HMB and A-HMB, respectively. Disappearance of DM in R-HMB was greater (P < 0.01) than in chemically treated HMB at all time intervals tested. Disappearance of DM in W-HMB was less (P < 0.01) than in chemically treated HMB at incubation times of 8–36 h but was similar at 1 and 4 h incubation. Examination of the barley hulls by scanning electron microscopy indicated that chemical treatment of HMB resulted in greater digestion of the hull, greater growth of bacterial cells, and less production of extracellular polysaccharides than physical treatment (rolling) of HMB. Starch digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed R-HMB (86.8%) than for steers fed A-HMB (76.9%) or U-HMB (69.1%). No differences between treatments were observed in DM digestibility. Key words: Cattle, nylon bags, high-moisture barley, electron microscopy, ammonia, processing

scholarly journals Metabolic and Productive Response and Grazing Behavior of Lactating Dairy Cows Supplemented with High Moisture Maize or Cracked Wheat Grazing at Two Herbage Allowances in Spring

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 919
Author(s):  
Verónica M. Merino ◽  
Lorena Leichtle ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Francisco Lanuza ◽  
Julián Parga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Grazing Behavior

The aim was to determine the effect of the herbage allowance (HA) and supplement type (ST) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, grazing behavior, rumen function, and blood metabolites of grazing dairy cows in the spring season. Experiment I: 64 Holstein Friesian dairy cows were distributed in a factorial design that tested two levels of daily HA (20 and 30 kg of dry matter (DM) per cow) and two ST (high moisture maize (HMM) and cracked wheat (CW)) distributed in two daily rations (3.5 kg DM/cow/day). Experiment II: four mid-lactation rumen cannulated cows, supplemented with either HMM or CW and managed with the two HAs, were distributed in a Latin square design of 4 × 4, for four 14-d periods to assess ruminal fermentation parameters. HA had no effect on milk production (averaging 23.6 kg/day) or milk fat and protein production (823 g/day and 800 g/day, respectively). Cows supplemented with CW had greater protein concentration (+1.2 g/kg). Herbage DMI averaged 14.17 kg DM/cow.day and total DMI averaged 17.67 kg DM/cow.day and did not differ between treatments. Grazing behavior activities (grazing, rumination, and idling times) and body condition score (BCS) were not affected by HA or ST. Milk and plasma urea concentration increased under the high HA (+0.68 mmol/L and +0.90 mmol/L, respectively). Cows supplemented with HMM had lower milk and plasma urea concentrations (0.72 mmol/L and 0.76 mmol/L less, respectively) and tended (p = 0.054) to have higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. Ruminal parameters did not differ between treatments.

INFLUENCE OF HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY ON THE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDLOT CATTLE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. KENNELLY ◽  
G. W. MATHISON ◽  
G. de BOER
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Daily Gain

Three factorial experiments were conducted to determine the relative feeding value of dry barley (DB) and high-moisture barley (HMB), and to evaluate the influence of method of ensiling (Pit vs. Harvestore® (HAV) silo), source of roughage (hay vs. silage), and level of concentrate (90 vs. 75%) on the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. In exp. 1, 252 steers (initial wt 357 kg) were assigned on the basis of weight to six treatments (two pens × 21 animals per pen). A mixed diet consisting of 85.2% barley grain (dry matter (DM) basis) was offered free choice. The barley portion of the ration consisted of either 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% DB with the balance being HMB from a pit silo. The sixth treatment consisted of feeding 100% HMB for the first 57 d and 100% DB for the remainder of the trial. Overall average daily gain (ADG) for steers fed 100% DB (1.70 kg d−1) was significantly higher than observed for animals fed 100, 75 or 50% HMB (1.46, 1.49 and 1.56 kg d−1, respectively). The kg of feed DM required per kg gain (FC) varied between 5.76 and 7.13 and was not (P > 0.05) influenced by treatment. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in carcass characteristics. In exp. 2, 360 steers (initial wt 340 kg) were allotted on the basis of weight to six treatments designed to evaluate the effect of source (Pit vs. HAV) and level of HMB, in diets containing 10.2% silage, on animal performance. Overall ADG (1.11 – 1.17 kg d−1), FC (6.66 – 7.01) and carcass characteristics were similar (P > 0.05) for animals fed Pit HMB, HAV HMB and DB. In exp. 3, 264 weanling calves (initial wt 216 kg) were allotted on the basis of weight to six treatments which differed in type of barley (HMB vs. DB), source of roughage (hay vs. silage) and level of concentrate (75 vs. 90%; DM basis). The feeding period was 127 d. Daily gains varied between 0.78 and 0.91 kg d−1 and FC ranged from 6.40 to 7.10 and were not influenced (P > 0.05) by source of barley or source or level of roughage. While animals fed DB had significantly higher ADG than those fed HMB in exp. 1, the overall results from the three experiments indicate that on a DM basis HMB has similar feeding value to DB, and that there is no major difference between Pit and HAV-stored HMB for feedlot cattle. Key words: High moisture, barley, cattle, gain, feed conversion

FEEDING VALUE FOR FINISHING STEERS AND HOLSTEIN MALE CALVES OF WHOLE DRIED CORN AND OF WHOLE AND ROLLED HIGH MOISTURE ACID-TREATED CORN

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. MACLEOD ◽  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
R. A. CURTIS
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Holstein Cattle ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Liver Abscesses ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Feeding Value

Three experiments were conducted (1) to compare the feeding value of dried shelled corn and acid-treated high moisture (HM) corn and (2) to determine the effects of rolling acid-treated HM corn for all-concentrate diets fed to finishing beef-type cattle and to growing and finishing Holstein male calves. In a 120-day finishing period, Hereford and Hereford × Charolais steers performed similarly with respect to gain, feed efficiency, carcass measurements and grade on whole dried corn and on whole and rolled acid-treated HM corn. No health problems occurred during the feeding trial in which gains averaged 1.49 kg per day. The performance of Holstein male calves fed from a starting weight of 95 kg to 385 kg also demonstrated that acid-treated HM corn was comparable in feeding value to dried shelled corn. While growth of calves on whole and rolled HM corn was similar (1.24 kg/day), four calves receiving rolled HM corn were lost from the experiment due to acute bloat, laminitis and peritonitis. One calf fed whole dried corn had peritonitis and was also removed from the experiment. Incidence of liver abscesses among cattle completing the trials was 28 and 26% for beef-type and Holstein cattle, respectively. Rumen abnormalities, i.e. clumping of papillae, ulceration of rumen epithelium and accumulation of hair, were evident in calves on all treatments. Rolling of HM corn did not improve digestibility of dry matter (P > 0.05), and percentage of whole kernels in feces of steers fed whole dried or whole HM corn was low (0.45 and 0.32%, respectively).

VOLUNTARY INTAKE OF SHREDDED NEWSPRINT BY DAIRY COWS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. GRIEVE ◽  
J. H. BURTON ◽  
H. E. BRAUN ◽  
R. FRANK
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Shredded newsprint is a potential source of bedding for livestock, but because it may contain certain heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls significant voluntary consumption of newsprint by animals would be undesirable. To determine consumption levels, 18 Holstein cows in mid-lactation (average 19 wk) were used in a double latin square design. Squares represented access to shredded newsprint or chopped hay in the feed manger except during feeding time. Within squares, cows were allotted to each of three complete mixed rations over three 6-wk treatment periods. Rations comprised hay crop silage, corn silage, high moisture grain corn and soybean meal with roughage:concentrate ratios of 30:70 (LR), 50:50 (MR) and 70:30 (HR). Mixed rations were fed according to individual cow requirements for energy depending on body weight, milk yield and milk fat percent. Cows were allowed 4 h after each of two feedings per day to consume their allotted mixed ration. Voluntary consumption of newsprint was only 0.3 kg per cow per day or 2% of total dry matter intake while for those offered hay consumption was 2.6 kg∙cow−1∙day−1 or 15% of total dry matter intake. Intakes of mixed rations were unaffected by roughage:concentrate ratio or newsprint versus hay. However, total dry matter consumption (mixed ration plus newsprint or hay) was higher for cows offered hay (17.3 kg∙cow−1∙day−1) than for those offered newsprint (15.1 kg∙cow−1∙day−1). Levels of heavy metals in milk or blood samples of cows with access to newsprint were within normally accepted ranges. PCBs were at undetectable levels in all cases. Bedding cows with newsprint is unlikely to result in significant consumption or contamination of animals or their products. Key words: Lactating cows, newsprint consumption, heavy metals

INFLUENCE OF METHODS OF CONSERVATION ON FEEDING VALUE OF HIGH MOISTURE BARLEY FED TO DAIRY STEERS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL FLIPOT ◽  
GHISLAIN PELLETIER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acid ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Daily Gain

Thirty-two Holstein steers averaging 369 kg were used to evaluate the feeding value of high moisture barley (HMB). The HMB was harvested at 74.8–77.8% dry matter and ensiled whole in a concrete silo, or was treated with paraformaldehyde or organic acid mixture (propionic 80%, acetic 15% and benzoic acids 5%), and stored on a barn floor. Dry barley (DB) was harvested from the same field at a moisture level of 13.4%. Steers were fed barley ad libitum plus grass silage at the rate of 1.0% of body weight. At feeding, the dry matter content of the DB and HMB was higher than at harvesting. Total nitrogen was higher (P < 0.05) in ensiled HMB and paraformaldehyde-treated HMB compared to DB and organic-acid-mixture-treated HMB. Soluble nitrogen was reduced (P < 0.05) by the paraformaldehyde treatment. Cellulose was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by any treatments. Daily gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency, rib eye area, fat over 12th rib, 12th rib fat, bone and muscle were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the different treatments. Carcass yields were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for steers fed DB and ensiled HMB compared to those fed paraformaldehyde- and organic-acid-treated HMB.

AMMONIA OR UREA TREATMENT OF WHOLE HIGH MOISTURE SHELLED CORN

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
P. McCAUGHEY ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Large Decrease ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Ground Corn

Treatments of high moisture shelled corn were compared in diets containing approximately 60% (dry matter (DM) basis) corn silage. In an initial digestibility trial, treatments were: (1) ensiled, ground; (2) 1.5% (wt/wt) mixture of acetic: propionic acid, whole; (3) 2% (wt/wt DM basis) anhydrous ammonia, whole. Treatments were evaluated with six yearling steers in a double 3 × 3 latin square design. Urea was included in the ensiled and acid-treated corn diets to supply sufficient nitrogen. Ammoniating whole corn resulted in similar starch and energy digestibilities compared to ensiled ground corn. However, a large decrease in starch digestibility occurred with acid-treated whole corn. Digestibility of acid detergent fiber was greater (P < 0.05) with both ammoniated and acid-treated whole than ensiled ground corn. In a feedlot trial, two high moisture corn treatments compared were: (1) ensiled, ground; (2) 3.7% (wt/wt DM basis) urea, whole. Eighty Hereford yearling steers compared the two corn diets each with or without monensin. Temperatures rose steadily within bins plateauing approximately 21/2 wk after storage. The amount of urea that hydrolyzed to ammonia varied depending upon location within bins. A total of 1.4% DM loss occurred during storage. Urea-treatment tended to slightly reduce liveweight gain and feed efficiency. Monensin decreased intake (P < 0.05) and slightly improved feed efficiency (P > 0.05) with both types of corn. Effects of monensin on rumen VFA were similar with both corn diets. Type of corn had no effect on rumen VFA proportions.

FEEDING VALUE AND PRESERVATION OF HIGH MOISTURE GRAIN TREATED WITH SULFUR DIOXIDE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1209-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. MATHISON ◽  
R. M. ELOFSON ◽  
L. P. MILLIGAN
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Single Location ◽  
Feeding Value

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of sulfur dioxide as a moist grain preservative. In exp. 1 barley containing 30% moisture was treated with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0% (wt/wt) sulfur dioxide and stored in 300-kg lots in wooden boxes from May to August. Grains treated with the two highest levels of chemical were well preserved. Sulfur dioxide treatment did not influence (P > 0.05) apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM) or energy. In exp. 2, approximately 26 t of barley (22% moisture) were preserved with 1% sulfur dioxide. This material was in good condition when fed after 6 mo of storage; however, grain thiamin levels were below detectable limits and the sulfur content of the grain was increased from 0.27 to 0.68% (DM basis). Daily gains and gain: feed DM ratios were similar (P > 0.05) for 23 steers given dry barley and 24 steers given sulfur dioxide-treated barley during a 104-d feeding period when the grains were included in diets containing 90% concentrate with or without added thiamin. Dry matter intake of steers fed sulfur dioxide-treated grain tended (P < 0.10) to be reduced in the first 28 d of the trial (6.9 vs. 7.3 kg d−1) and final carcass backfat depths were reduced from 1.17 to 0.92 cm (P < 0.05) when treated grain was fed. In exp. 3 a barley/oat grain mixture (21% moisture) was treated with 1% sulfur dioxide in September 1983 and stored in a 22-t bin. The grain was well preserved when removed from the bin in November 1983. Sulfur dioxide treated-grain or addition of sodium bicarbonate to the diet had no influence (P > 0.05) on rate of gain, feed conversion or carcass weight when compared to dry grain when 16 heifers per treatment were fed 0.75 kg hay plus concentrate ad libitum. Carcass backfat depths were reduced (P < 0.05) from 1.16 to 0.92 cm when sulfur dioxide-treated grain was fed but were increased to 1.47 cm when sodium bicarbonate was added to the diet containing treated grain. In exp. 4 sodium metabisulfite preserved damp grain from October to January. In the last experiment the movement of sulfur dioxide through grain was examined. It was found that the chemical was ineffective when added at a single location at the bottom of a bin. It was concluded that sulfur dioxide and sodium metabisulfite are useful preservatives for high-moisture grain in small bins when the moisture content is below 30% and the ambient temperatures are cool. Key words: Sulfur dioxide, sodium metabisulfite, high-moisture grain, preservatives, cattle

Feeding value of high moisture ammonia-treated wheat straw for lambs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Streeter ◽  
G. W. Horn ◽  
D. G. Batchelder
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Supplemental Protein

ABSTRACT1. Two experiments were conducted to determine the feeding value of high moisture wheat straw treated with ammonia. The straw was chopped, water added to attain 350 g dry matter per kg treated straw, then treated with 84 or 90 g anhydrous ammonia per kg wheat straw dry matter and stored in a large plastic bag.2. In Experiment 1, the treated straw was providedad libitumto lambs in individual pens with either a control supplement (molasses and minerals), or 200 or 400 g of a soya bean meal- or maize gluten meal-based supplement.3. Lambs fed the control supplement consumed 24·8 g of treated straw dry matter per kg live weight and lost 32 g live weight per day during the 28-day study. Source of supplemental protein did not affect live-weight gain or treated straw consumption. Level of supplement increased live-weight gains (P< 0·01) but did not affect treated straw consumption.4. In Experiment 2, the lambs were fed one of three levels of supplement that each supplied 58 or 116 g of crude protein per day. Supplemental protein level increased cellulose digestibility (P< 0·01) with no effect on hemicellulose digestibility. Protein level did not affect treated straw consumption or live-weight gain.5. Supplement level decreased cellulose digestibility (P< 0·01), hemicellulose digestibility (P< 0·01), and treated straw intake (P< 0·01) but increased live-weight gain.6. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of amount and type of supplemental protein and level of supplementation on utilization of the treated straw.

In situ techniques to predict in vivo digestibility and to evaluate the impact of flint maize processing methods on degradation parameters

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
L. A. Godoi ◽  
B. C. Silva ◽  
A. C. B. Menezes ◽  
F. A. S. Silva ◽  
H. M. Alhadas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study aimed to (1) evaluate the effects of flint maize processing methods on the estimation of the readily soluble fraction (a), the potentially degradable fraction (b) and the rate of degradation of b (c) for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and starch in the rumen; and (2) verify whether two different applications of in situ technique can be used to estimate in vivo DM, OM and starch digestibilities. Five ruminally cannulated Nellore bulls (265 ± 18.2 kg; 8 ± 1.0 mo) were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Three experimental diets were composed of 0.30 whole-plant maize silage, 0.10 supplement and 0.60 of one of the following processing methods: dry ground maize grain (DMG); high-moisture maize (HMM); reconstituted maize grain silage (RMG). Two additional diets were composed of 0.10 supplement, 0.80 snaplage and 0.10 stalklage (SNAP-80); or 0.10 supplement and 0.90 snaplage (SNAP-90). Digestibilities were estimated using in vivo procedure or predicted from in situ technique using a single 24 h incubation point or an equation proposed in previous literature. Diets based on ensiled grains presented greater (P < 0.05) fraction a and c and lower (P < 0.05) fraction b of DM, OM and starch compared to DMG. Both alternative use of in situ technique accurately estimated (P > 0.05) in vivo DM, OM and starch digestibilities. The results suggest that ensilage process may increase the availability of nutrients. The two different applications of in situ technique showed precision and accuracy to estimate in vivo digestibility.

EFFECTS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA ON AMINO ACID PRESERVATION AND FEEDING VALUE OF HIGH-MOISTURE EAR CORN FOR GROWING STEERS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. PHILLIP ◽  
H. J. GARINO ◽  
I. ALLI ◽  
B. E. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Feeding Value

A study was conducted to ascertain the feeding value for beef cattle of high-moisture ear corn (HMEC) treated with anhydrous ammonia. The trial was conducted with 36 Hereford steers (mean weight 240 kg) fed treated or untreated HMEC in combination with corn silage (4:1, dry matter basis). High-moisture ear corn containing 63% dry matter (DM) was untreated (control) or treated with cold-flow anhydrous ammonia (1% of fresh weight) and ensiled in tower silos. The control diet was supplemented with isonitrogenus amounts of urea added at feeding time. Steers fed ammonia-treated or urea-supplemented HMEC showed a 46% higher growth rate than those fed the nitrogen-unsupplemented diet. The growth response to ammoniation was 7% higher (P < 0.05) than that to urea addition. Organic matter intake was 10% higher with ammonia addition than with urea supplementation (P < 0.05). Ensiling HMEC with added ammonia resulted in increased protein nitrogen (N) and a reduced level of total free-amino-acid-N. In addition to reduced proteolysis, ammonia treatment improved aerobic stability of HMEC. It is suggested that the response in feed intake to ammoniation of HMEC may be mediated through its effect on aerobic stability and through a possible improvement in protein status of growing steers. Key words: High-moisture ear corn, ammoniation, proteolysis, feed intake, steers

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document