EFFECTS OF ANHYDROUS AMMONIA ON AMINO ACID PRESERVATION AND FEEDING VALUE OF HIGH-MOISTURE EAR CORN FOR GROWING STEERS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. PHILLIP ◽  
H. J. GARINO ◽  
I. ALLI ◽  
B. E. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Feeding Value

A study was conducted to ascertain the feeding value for beef cattle of high-moisture ear corn (HMEC) treated with anhydrous ammonia. The trial was conducted with 36 Hereford steers (mean weight 240 kg) fed treated or untreated HMEC in combination with corn silage (4:1, dry matter basis). High-moisture ear corn containing 63% dry matter (DM) was untreated (control) or treated with cold-flow anhydrous ammonia (1% of fresh weight) and ensiled in tower silos. The control diet was supplemented with isonitrogenus amounts of urea added at feeding time. Steers fed ammonia-treated or urea-supplemented HMEC showed a 46% higher growth rate than those fed the nitrogen-unsupplemented diet. The growth response to ammoniation was 7% higher (P < 0.05) than that to urea addition. Organic matter intake was 10% higher with ammonia addition than with urea supplementation (P < 0.05). Ensiling HMEC with added ammonia resulted in increased protein nitrogen (N) and a reduced level of total free-amino-acid-N. In addition to reduced proteolysis, ammonia treatment improved aerobic stability of HMEC. It is suggested that the response in feed intake to ammoniation of HMEC may be mediated through its effect on aerobic stability and through a possible improvement in protein status of growing steers. Key words: High-moisture ear corn, ammoniation, proteolysis, feed intake, steers

Whole crop wheat: effect of crop maturity on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 146-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
J.D. Sutton ◽  
A. K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Aerobic Stability ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Crop Maturity

Interest in the use of whole crop cereals as a complementary forage for dairy cows has developed in Europe over the last fifteen years. Initial studies in the UK concluded that near maximum dry matter (DM) yield/ha of whole crop wheat (WCW) occurred in late July/early August when crops contained at least 500 g/kg DM. However, it was noted that when these crops were ensiled they tended to be aerobically unstable. To minimise this problem it was recommended that these crops were preserved with urea rather than being ensiled. Early studies with dairy cows demonstrated that the use of both urea-treated and low DM fermented WCW increased forage intake and milk yield but effects on milk composition were inconsistent (Leaver and Hill, 1992, Phipps et al., 1995). Concern has been expressed that the use of urea in crop preservation was environmentally unacceptable and that high DM fermented WCW offered a possible alternative, which would provide high DM yields/ha of a starch-rich crop. The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of crop maturity on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows. An additional treatment was included to examine the effectiveness of an additive containing L. buchneri designed to improve aerobic stability.

Dry-matter intake and live-weight gain of cattle and sheep offered different grass varieties with and without clover

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Miles ◽  
R. J. K. Walters ◽  
E. M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Animal Feeding

SUMMARYA series of animal feeding trials was designed to determine differences between grasses in dry-matter intake and animal live-weight gain, with a view to indicating better selection criteria for improving the feeding value of herbage.Wide differences were demonstrated in feed intake and live-weight gain between single-variety grass feeds at similar levels of digestibility.S.37 cocksfoot gave consistently good and S.51 timothy, consistently poor responses.Supplementation of grass feeds with red clover frequently resulted in marked improvement in feed intake and animal performance.

INFLUENCE OF HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY ON THE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDLOT CATTLE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. KENNELLY ◽  
G. W. MATHISON ◽  
G. de BOER
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Daily Gain

Three factorial experiments were conducted to determine the relative feeding value of dry barley (DB) and high-moisture barley (HMB), and to evaluate the influence of method of ensiling (Pit vs. Harvestore® (HAV) silo), source of roughage (hay vs. silage), and level of concentrate (90 vs. 75%) on the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. In exp. 1, 252 steers (initial wt 357 kg) were assigned on the basis of weight to six treatments (two pens × 21 animals per pen). A mixed diet consisting of 85.2% barley grain (dry matter (DM) basis) was offered free choice. The barley portion of the ration consisted of either 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% DB with the balance being HMB from a pit silo. The sixth treatment consisted of feeding 100% HMB for the first 57 d and 100% DB for the remainder of the trial. Overall average daily gain (ADG) for steers fed 100% DB (1.70 kg d−1) was significantly higher than observed for animals fed 100, 75 or 50% HMB (1.46, 1.49 and 1.56 kg d−1, respectively). The kg of feed DM required per kg gain (FC) varied between 5.76 and 7.13 and was not (P > 0.05) influenced by treatment. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in carcass characteristics. In exp. 2, 360 steers (initial wt 340 kg) were allotted on the basis of weight to six treatments designed to evaluate the effect of source (Pit vs. HAV) and level of HMB, in diets containing 10.2% silage, on animal performance. Overall ADG (1.11 – 1.17 kg d−1), FC (6.66 – 7.01) and carcass characteristics were similar (P > 0.05) for animals fed Pit HMB, HAV HMB and DB. In exp. 3, 264 weanling calves (initial wt 216 kg) were allotted on the basis of weight to six treatments which differed in type of barley (HMB vs. DB), source of roughage (hay vs. silage) and level of concentrate (75 vs. 90%; DM basis). The feeding period was 127 d. Daily gains varied between 0.78 and 0.91 kg d−1 and FC ranged from 6.40 to 7.10 and were not influenced (P > 0.05) by source of barley or source or level of roughage. While animals fed DB had significantly higher ADG than those fed HMB in exp. 1, the overall results from the three experiments indicate that on a DM basis HMB has similar feeding value to DB, and that there is no major difference between Pit and HAV-stored HMB for feedlot cattle. Key words: High moisture, barley, cattle, gain, feed conversion

PRESERVATION AND PROCESSING OF WHOLE HIGH MOISTURE SHELLED CORN WITH AMMONIA

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. SRIVASTAVA ◽  
D. N. MOWAT
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Temperature Application ◽  
Growth Of Fungi

Whole high moisture shelled corn (28% moisture) was treated with varying levels of anhydrous ammonia and stored in plastic-lined drums for 60 days at room temperature. Application of 2% (dry matter basis) ammonia successfully eliminated growth of fungi while also reducing bacterial counts. Microbial counts increased only slightly after exposing the stored corn to air for 7 days. Nitrogen content of the corn increased with ammoniation up to the 2% treatment level. At this level, 35% of the nitrogen that was added as ammonia was retained following exposure to air. Only 56% of this nitrogen was solubilized by rumen fluid. However, pepsin solubilized at least all of the added nitrogen. Rate of starch degradation by Agidex (amyloglucosidase) decreased with increasing levels of ammonia. Similarly, incubation of ground corn in nylon bags placed in rumens of steers indicated slower rates of dry matter disappearance with the higher levels of anhydrous ammonia. Untreated whole corn was digested little even after 48 h incubation using the nylon bag technique. However, 80%) of the dry matter disappeared after 48 h incubation with whole corn processed with 2% ammonia.

FEEDING VALUE FOR FINISHING STEERS AND HOLSTEIN MALE CALVES OF WHOLE DRIED CORN AND OF WHOLE AND ROLLED HIGH MOISTURE ACID-TREATED CORN

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. MACLEOD ◽  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
R. A. CURTIS
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Holstein Cattle ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Liver Abscesses ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Feeding Value

Three experiments were conducted (1) to compare the feeding value of dried shelled corn and acid-treated high moisture (HM) corn and (2) to determine the effects of rolling acid-treated HM corn for all-concentrate diets fed to finishing beef-type cattle and to growing and finishing Holstein male calves. In a 120-day finishing period, Hereford and Hereford × Charolais steers performed similarly with respect to gain, feed efficiency, carcass measurements and grade on whole dried corn and on whole and rolled acid-treated HM corn. No health problems occurred during the feeding trial in which gains averaged 1.49 kg per day. The performance of Holstein male calves fed from a starting weight of 95 kg to 385 kg also demonstrated that acid-treated HM corn was comparable in feeding value to dried shelled corn. While growth of calves on whole and rolled HM corn was similar (1.24 kg/day), four calves receiving rolled HM corn were lost from the experiment due to acute bloat, laminitis and peritonitis. One calf fed whole dried corn had peritonitis and was also removed from the experiment. Incidence of liver abscesses among cattle completing the trials was 28 and 26% for beef-type and Holstein cattle, respectively. Rumen abnormalities, i.e. clumping of papillae, ulceration of rumen epithelium and accumulation of hair, were evident in calves on all treatments. Rolling of HM corn did not improve digestibility of dry matter (P > 0.05), and percentage of whole kernels in feces of steers fed whole dried or whole HM corn was low (0.45 and 0.32%, respectively).

VOLUNTARY INTAKE OF SHREDDED NEWSPRINT BY DAIRY COWS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. GRIEVE ◽  
J. H. BURTON ◽  
H. E. BRAUN ◽  
R. FRANK
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Shredded newsprint is a potential source of bedding for livestock, but because it may contain certain heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls significant voluntary consumption of newsprint by animals would be undesirable. To determine consumption levels, 18 Holstein cows in mid-lactation (average 19 wk) were used in a double latin square design. Squares represented access to shredded newsprint or chopped hay in the feed manger except during feeding time. Within squares, cows were allotted to each of three complete mixed rations over three 6-wk treatment periods. Rations comprised hay crop silage, corn silage, high moisture grain corn and soybean meal with roughage:concentrate ratios of 30:70 (LR), 50:50 (MR) and 70:30 (HR). Mixed rations were fed according to individual cow requirements for energy depending on body weight, milk yield and milk fat percent. Cows were allowed 4 h after each of two feedings per day to consume their allotted mixed ration. Voluntary consumption of newsprint was only 0.3 kg per cow per day or 2% of total dry matter intake while for those offered hay consumption was 2.6 kg∙cow−1∙day−1 or 15% of total dry matter intake. Intakes of mixed rations were unaffected by roughage:concentrate ratio or newsprint versus hay. However, total dry matter consumption (mixed ration plus newsprint or hay) was higher for cows offered hay (17.3 kg∙cow−1∙day−1) than for those offered newsprint (15.1 kg∙cow−1∙day−1). Levels of heavy metals in milk or blood samples of cows with access to newsprint were within normally accepted ranges. PCBs were at undetectable levels in all cases. Bedding cows with newsprint is unlikely to result in significant consumption or contamination of animals or their products. Key words: Lactating cows, newsprint consumption, heavy metals

INFLUENCE OF METHODS OF CONSERVATION ON FEEDING VALUE OF HIGH MOISTURE BARLEY FED TO DAIRY STEERS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL FLIPOT ◽  
GHISLAIN PELLETIER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acid ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Daily Gain

Thirty-two Holstein steers averaging 369 kg were used to evaluate the feeding value of high moisture barley (HMB). The HMB was harvested at 74.8–77.8% dry matter and ensiled whole in a concrete silo, or was treated with paraformaldehyde or organic acid mixture (propionic 80%, acetic 15% and benzoic acids 5%), and stored on a barn floor. Dry barley (DB) was harvested from the same field at a moisture level of 13.4%. Steers were fed barley ad libitum plus grass silage at the rate of 1.0% of body weight. At feeding, the dry matter content of the DB and HMB was higher than at harvesting. Total nitrogen was higher (P < 0.05) in ensiled HMB and paraformaldehyde-treated HMB compared to DB and organic-acid-mixture-treated HMB. Soluble nitrogen was reduced (P < 0.05) by the paraformaldehyde treatment. Cellulose was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by any treatments. Daily gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency, rib eye area, fat over 12th rib, 12th rib fat, bone and muscle were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the different treatments. Carcass yields were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for steers fed DB and ensiled HMB compared to those fed paraformaldehyde- and organic-acid-treated HMB.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF VARYING RATIO OF COWPEA HUSK AND MAIZE MILLING WASTE ON THE FEED INTAKE, PROTEIN AND ENERGY UTILIZATION BY THE GOAT.

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 108-112
Author(s):  
A. A. Adeloye
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

The acceptability and efficacy of. combinations of cowpea husk (CH) and maize milling waste (MMW) as feed for the goat were tested. The experiment, in a 4x4 Latin square design involved digestion trials with 4 West African dwarf grower goats weighing 8.2 to 9.6 kg. and about 4 months old. There were 3 experimental diets made up of CH and MMW in 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25 ratio of mixture. The control diet was 60 percent chopped Pennisetum purpureum plus 40 percent concentrate ration. The animals were fed at 5 percent of body weight. All trials lasted 80 days. Parameters for assessment were dry matter intake, protein and energy intakes and utilization. Feed intake values (%of body weight) in all experiemental diets were higher than 3 percent and increased with increasing levels of cowpea husk, Only the intake of 4.38% of body weight from 75:25 CH-MMW supported weight gain. Increases in MMW in the experimental diets resulted in significant (P<0.05) increases in dry matter digestibility. The crude protein intake and digestion increased with increasing inclusion of cowpea husk, but intake and utilization were not adequate at CH-MMW 25:75 and 50:50. The energy intake and utilization increased (P<0.05) across the treatment. Increasing levels of cowpea husk enhanced dry matter, energy intakes and energy utilization, Decreasing levels of cowpea, consistent with increasing MMW improved dry matter digestibility but not dry matter intake. The high crude fibre of cowpea husk is implicated. The utilization of the available energy in the mixture is limited by protein intake.

scholarly journals Effect of Graded Levels of Spirulina (Arthropsira platensis) on Feed Intake and in vivo Digestibility of Trypsacum laxum in Guinea Pig (Cavia Porcellus L)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-31
Author(s):  
Généviève Nguedia ◽  
Emile Miégoué ◽  
Fernand Tendonkeng ◽  
Mouchili Mama ◽  
Et Etienne Tedonkeng Pamo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility

The intake and in vivo digestibility of Trypsacumlaxum in guinea pigs according to the graded level of spirulina was evaluated in Cameroon. 20 animals aged of 6 months with an average weight of 450 ± 50 g were randomly divided into 4 equivalent groups. Each group received T. laxum and 40g of compound feed containing 0% (TS0), 2% (TS2), 4% (TS4), and 6% (TS6) of spirulina. Feed intake was the different between the left over and the quantity served. The sample of T. laxum and those of each diet as well as feces were collected and analyzed for the apparent digestibility of each nutrient. Animals were weighed at the beginning and at the end of each period of the test to determine the body weight gain. This study showed that the average daily intake of dry matter (DM) for TS0, TS2, TS4 and TS6 was 74.39 ± 2.98, 78.66 ± 3.14, 83.89 ± 4.28 and 77.76 ± 4.40 g/head/day. The highest apparent digestibility coefficients of different nutrients were obtained with animals fed TS6 group while the lowest were observed in TS0.The apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) of the supplemented group were statistically higher than those of the control diet. Animals’ weight performances were statistically comparable between treatments. Thus, the combination of T. laxum with concentrated feed containing spirulina can be recommended for guinea-pigs, but the level of incorporation may not exceed 4% of its daily ration.

scholarly journals Lysine requirements in small, medium, and large breed adult dogs using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja A K Sutherland ◽  
Wilfredo D Mansilla ◽  
Lisa Fortener ◽  
Anna K Shoveller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Test Diet ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidation ◽  
Matter Basis

Abstract There is a lack of knowledge regarding the lysine (Lys) requirements of mature dogs and whether there are breed differences. The present study aimed to determine the Lys requirement in three breeds of mature dogs using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. Thirteen adult dogs were used, four Miniature Dachshunds (5.39 ± 0.71 kg; 1.05 ± 0.02 yr old, mean ± SD), four Beagles (8.09 ± 0.40 kg; 5.03 ± 0.09 yr old, mean ± SD), and five Labrador Retrievers (29.42 ± 2.04 kg; 3.30 ± 0.69 yr old, mean ± SD). After 14 d of adaptation to a basal extruded kibble diet, dogs were fed a test diet mildly deficient in Lys (Lys concentration = 0.36%) at 17 (Miniature Dachshunds) or 13 g/kg body weight (BW; Beagles and Labradors) for 2 d. The test diet was supplemented with one of seven isonitrogenous Lys–Ala solutions, resulting in a final dietary Lys concentration of 0.36%, 0.40%, 0.44%, 0.50%, 0.54%, 0.58%, and 0.62% (as-fed basis). Dogs received dietary concentrations of Lys in random order and no dog received the same order. Following 2 d of adaptation to the experimental diets, the dogs underwent IAAO studies. During the IAAO studies, total daily feed was divided in 13 equal meals. At the sixth meal, dogs were fed a bolus of L-[1-13C]-Phe (9.40 mg/kg BW); thereafter, L-[1-13C]-Phe was supplied with every meal (2.4 mg/kg BW). Total production of 13CO2 (F13CO2) during isotopic steady state was determined by enrichment of 13CO2 of breath samples and total production of CO2, measured using indirect calorimetry. A two-phase linear regression model was used to derive the mean Lys requirement, defined as the breakpoint, and the upper 95% confidence limit was calculated as the recommended allowance (RA) for Lys intake. For Miniature Dachshunds, the study was repeated with a feed intake of 14 g/kg BW, but Lys requirements could not be determined at either feed intake, suggesting a requirement below the lowest concentration and intake. Mean Lys requirements for Beagles and Labradors were 0.455% (59.16 mg/kg BW) and 0.440% (57.19 mg/kg BW), respectively, on a dry matter basis. Pooling the data for these breeds provides a mean estimate of the Lys requirement at 0.448% (58.21 mg/kg BW) with an upper 95% CL of 0.526% (68.41 mg/kg BW) on a dry matter basis. In conclusion, the Lys requirements of Beagles and Labradors are similar, while the requirement for Miniature Dachshunds is undetermined and likely lower. The estimated Lys requirement for Beagles and Labradors is higher than the National Research Council recommendation.

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