FEEDING VALUE AND PRESERVATION OF HIGH MOISTURE GRAIN TREATED WITH SULFUR DIOXIDE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1209-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. MATHISON ◽  
R. M. ELOFSON ◽  
L. P. MILLIGAN
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Sodium Metabisulfite ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Single Location ◽  
Feeding Value

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of sulfur dioxide as a moist grain preservative. In exp. 1 barley containing 30% moisture was treated with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0% (wt/wt) sulfur dioxide and stored in 300-kg lots in wooden boxes from May to August. Grains treated with the two highest levels of chemical were well preserved. Sulfur dioxide treatment did not influence (P > 0.05) apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM) or energy. In exp. 2, approximately 26 t of barley (22% moisture) were preserved with 1% sulfur dioxide. This material was in good condition when fed after 6 mo of storage; however, grain thiamin levels were below detectable limits and the sulfur content of the grain was increased from 0.27 to 0.68% (DM basis). Daily gains and gain: feed DM ratios were similar (P > 0.05) for 23 steers given dry barley and 24 steers given sulfur dioxide-treated barley during a 104-d feeding period when the grains were included in diets containing 90% concentrate with or without added thiamin. Dry matter intake of steers fed sulfur dioxide-treated grain tended (P < 0.10) to be reduced in the first 28 d of the trial (6.9 vs. 7.3 kg d−1) and final carcass backfat depths were reduced from 1.17 to 0.92 cm (P < 0.05) when treated grain was fed. In exp. 3 a barley/oat grain mixture (21% moisture) was treated with 1% sulfur dioxide in September 1983 and stored in a 22-t bin. The grain was well preserved when removed from the bin in November 1983. Sulfur dioxide treated-grain or addition of sodium bicarbonate to the diet had no influence (P > 0.05) on rate of gain, feed conversion or carcass weight when compared to dry grain when 16 heifers per treatment were fed 0.75 kg hay plus concentrate ad libitum. Carcass backfat depths were reduced (P < 0.05) from 1.16 to 0.92 cm when sulfur dioxide-treated grain was fed but were increased to 1.47 cm when sodium bicarbonate was added to the diet containing treated grain. In exp. 4 sodium metabisulfite preserved damp grain from October to January. In the last experiment the movement of sulfur dioxide through grain was examined. It was found that the chemical was ineffective when added at a single location at the bottom of a bin. It was concluded that sulfur dioxide and sodium metabisulfite are useful preservatives for high-moisture grain in small bins when the moisture content is below 30% and the ambient temperatures are cool. Key words: Sulfur dioxide, sodium metabisulfite, high-moisture grain, preservatives, cattle

INFLUENCE OF HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY ON THE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDLOT CATTLE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. KENNELLY ◽  
G. W. MATHISON ◽  
G. de BOER
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Daily Gain

Three factorial experiments were conducted to determine the relative feeding value of dry barley (DB) and high-moisture barley (HMB), and to evaluate the influence of method of ensiling (Pit vs. Harvestore® (HAV) silo), source of roughage (hay vs. silage), and level of concentrate (90 vs. 75%) on the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. In exp. 1, 252 steers (initial wt 357 kg) were assigned on the basis of weight to six treatments (two pens × 21 animals per pen). A mixed diet consisting of 85.2% barley grain (dry matter (DM) basis) was offered free choice. The barley portion of the ration consisted of either 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% DB with the balance being HMB from a pit silo. The sixth treatment consisted of feeding 100% HMB for the first 57 d and 100% DB for the remainder of the trial. Overall average daily gain (ADG) for steers fed 100% DB (1.70 kg d−1) was significantly higher than observed for animals fed 100, 75 or 50% HMB (1.46, 1.49 and 1.56 kg d−1, respectively). The kg of feed DM required per kg gain (FC) varied between 5.76 and 7.13 and was not (P > 0.05) influenced by treatment. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in carcass characteristics. In exp. 2, 360 steers (initial wt 340 kg) were allotted on the basis of weight to six treatments designed to evaluate the effect of source (Pit vs. HAV) and level of HMB, in diets containing 10.2% silage, on animal performance. Overall ADG (1.11 – 1.17 kg d−1), FC (6.66 – 7.01) and carcass characteristics were similar (P > 0.05) for animals fed Pit HMB, HAV HMB and DB. In exp. 3, 264 weanling calves (initial wt 216 kg) were allotted on the basis of weight to six treatments which differed in type of barley (HMB vs. DB), source of roughage (hay vs. silage) and level of concentrate (75 vs. 90%; DM basis). The feeding period was 127 d. Daily gains varied between 0.78 and 0.91 kg d−1 and FC ranged from 6.40 to 7.10 and were not influenced (P > 0.05) by source of barley or source or level of roughage. While animals fed DB had significantly higher ADG than those fed HMB in exp. 1, the overall results from the three experiments indicate that on a DM basis HMB has similar feeding value to DB, and that there is no major difference between Pit and HAV-stored HMB for feedlot cattle. Key words: High moisture, barley, cattle, gain, feed conversion

FEEDING VALUE FOR FINISHING STEERS AND HOLSTEIN MALE CALVES OF WHOLE DRIED CORN AND OF WHOLE AND ROLLED HIGH MOISTURE ACID-TREATED CORN

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. MACLEOD ◽  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
R. A. CURTIS
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Holstein Cattle ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Rumen Epithelium ◽  
Liver Abscesses ◽  
Finishing Steers ◽  
Feeding Value

Three experiments were conducted (1) to compare the feeding value of dried shelled corn and acid-treated high moisture (HM) corn and (2) to determine the effects of rolling acid-treated HM corn for all-concentrate diets fed to finishing beef-type cattle and to growing and finishing Holstein male calves. In a 120-day finishing period, Hereford and Hereford × Charolais steers performed similarly with respect to gain, feed efficiency, carcass measurements and grade on whole dried corn and on whole and rolled acid-treated HM corn. No health problems occurred during the feeding trial in which gains averaged 1.49 kg per day. The performance of Holstein male calves fed from a starting weight of 95 kg to 385 kg also demonstrated that acid-treated HM corn was comparable in feeding value to dried shelled corn. While growth of calves on whole and rolled HM corn was similar (1.24 kg/day), four calves receiving rolled HM corn were lost from the experiment due to acute bloat, laminitis and peritonitis. One calf fed whole dried corn had peritonitis and was also removed from the experiment. Incidence of liver abscesses among cattle completing the trials was 28 and 26% for beef-type and Holstein cattle, respectively. Rumen abnormalities, i.e. clumping of papillae, ulceration of rumen epithelium and accumulation of hair, were evident in calves on all treatments. Rolling of HM corn did not improve digestibility of dry matter (P > 0.05), and percentage of whole kernels in feces of steers fed whole dried or whole HM corn was low (0.45 and 0.32%, respectively).

Moist barley for growing pigs: some effects of storage method and processing

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
H. Denerley ◽  
C. S. Stewart ◽  
F. W. H. Elsley
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bacterial Development ◽  
Feeding Value

SUMMARYForty-eight pigs were used to compare the feeding value of barley which had been stored dry, and then hammer-milled, with that of barley stored moist, either anaerobically or treated with 1·3% propionic acid, and then rolled. The pigs were fed from 30 kg live weight for a period of 11 weeks and during this period all consumed the same allowance of dry matter. The growth rate and feed conversion ratio of the pigs given the rolled moist barley were significantly poorer than those of others given dry milled or acid treated rolled barley. There were no treatment differences in carcass attributes.Microbiological counts made throughout the experiment showed that there was no significant fungal or bacterial development on the acid treated barley. Similar numbers of bacteria were present on the dry barley as on the moist, but the fungal count for the moist grain was always at least 500 times higher than that of the corresponding dry sample. The dominant organisms were identified.In a further experiment the apparent digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen of diets containing dry, moist or propionic acid treated barley, processed either by milling or rolling, were determined. The highest values were obtained for dry barley. Acid treated moist barley had lower values than moist barley. The method of processing did not affect the apparent digestibility of the dry matter, but that of the N was significantly lower for the rolled barleys.

The use of moist barley in diets for growing pigs

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
D. M. S. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Large White ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed

SUMMARYA total of 156 pigs of the Large White breed were used in a series of four experiments to test the suitability of barley which had been stored with a high moisture content as an ingredient in the diets of growing pigs. Barleys with mean moisture contents of 26·3%, 28·1% and 21·2% and a range from 19·6% to 30·5%, from three successive harvests were used.In all the trials there was evidence that the use of moist barley in diets for growing pigs had an adverse effect on live-weight gain and feed conversion ratio, the effect being independent of whether feed intakes were equated on the basis of the dry-matter content of the diets. In one of the experiments performance was depressed to the extent of causing changes in carcass characteristics. The performance of pigs given rolled barley was similar to that of others given ground barley.

scholarly journals THE PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY AND FEEDLOT CATTLE FED SULFUR DIOXIDE-TREATED HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. GIBSON ◽  
J. J. KENNELLY ◽  
G. W. MATHISON
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of feeding sulfur dioxide (SO2)-treated high-moisture barley (HMB) on the performance of lactating dairy cows and feedlot cattle. High-moisture barley was ensiled or treated with 1% (wt/wt) liquid SO2. In exp. 1, 36 lactating Holstein cows were assigned to three treatments for a 6-wk trial. Diets contained 35% rolled barley on a dry matter (DM) basis and differed only in the type of barley fed: dry barley, ensiled HMB or SO2-treated HMB. While no differences (P > 0.05) were observed in DM intake, milk yield, milk composition, milk taste or odour, cows fed SO2-treated HMB tended to have lower milk yield (21.7 kg d−1) than those fed ensiled (22.6 kg d−1) or dry barley (24.6 kg d−1). In experiment 2, 64 steers were allotted to four dietary treatments: (1) dry barley, (2) ensiled HMB, (3) SO2-treated HMB, and (4) SO2-treated HMB plus sodium bicarbonate. All diets contained 85% barley (DM) and were supplemented with thiamin (5.5 mg kg−1 DM). The results of the feedlot trial were confounded by the feeding of spoiled SO2-treated HMB, primarily between days 29 and 57 of the 96-d trial, at approximately 40% of the diet DM. During the period that spoiled SO2-treated grain was being fed, four steers (two from each treatment) developed polioencephalomalacia. Steers fed SO2-treated HMB (diets 3 and 4), had 10.1% lower DM intake (P < 0.01), 31% lower average daily gain and required 32% more DM per kilogram of gain than steers fed diets 1 or 2 (P < 0.001). Feeding SO2-treated HMB to either dairy or feedlot cattle cannot be recommended at the present time. Key words: Sulfur dioxide, preservative, barley, cattle (dairy, beef)

INFLUENCE OF METHODS OF CONSERVATION ON FEEDING VALUE OF HIGH MOISTURE BARLEY FED TO DAIRY STEERS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-943 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL FLIPOT ◽  
GHISLAIN PELLETIER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acid ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Daily Gain

Thirty-two Holstein steers averaging 369 kg were used to evaluate the feeding value of high moisture barley (HMB). The HMB was harvested at 74.8–77.8% dry matter and ensiled whole in a concrete silo, or was treated with paraformaldehyde or organic acid mixture (propionic 80%, acetic 15% and benzoic acids 5%), and stored on a barn floor. Dry barley (DB) was harvested from the same field at a moisture level of 13.4%. Steers were fed barley ad libitum plus grass silage at the rate of 1.0% of body weight. At feeding, the dry matter content of the DB and HMB was higher than at harvesting. Total nitrogen was higher (P < 0.05) in ensiled HMB and paraformaldehyde-treated HMB compared to DB and organic-acid-mixture-treated HMB. Soluble nitrogen was reduced (P < 0.05) by the paraformaldehyde treatment. Cellulose was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by any treatments. Daily gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency, rib eye area, fat over 12th rib, 12th rib fat, bone and muscle were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the different treatments. Carcass yields were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for steers fed DB and ensiled HMB compared to those fed paraformaldehyde- and organic-acid-treated HMB.

DIGESTION BY CATTLE OF UREA-TREATED, AMMONIA-TREATED, OR ROLLED HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. RODE ◽  
K.-J. CHENG ◽  
J. W. COSTERTON
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Chemically Treated ◽  
Feeding Value

A study was conducted to compare the feeding value of processed high-moisture barley (HMB) treated by rolling (R-HMB), adding 6% urea (U-HMB), adding 3% anhydrous amonia (A-HMB), or left untreated (W-HMB). After ensiling for at least 42 d, the four treated HMB were fed with timothy hay (1:1 on a dry matter basis) to four ruminally fistulated steers during four time periods in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. During each period, treated HMB was incubated in saccus in the rumen of steers fed the same HMB. Chromium sesquioxide was mixed with the HMB and served as an indigestible fecal marker. HMB dry matter (DM) remaining in bags after incubation was 96.9, 69.3, 91.6 and 95.0% after 12 h and 85.6, 46.9, 67.0 and 50.0% after 36 h incubation for W-HMB, R-HMB, U-HMB and A-HMB, respectively. Disappearance of DM in R-HMB was greater (P < 0.01) than in chemically treated HMB at all time intervals tested. Disappearance of DM in W-HMB was less (P < 0.01) than in chemically treated HMB at incubation times of 8–36 h but was similar at 1 and 4 h incubation. Examination of the barley hulls by scanning electron microscopy indicated that chemical treatment of HMB resulted in greater digestion of the hull, greater growth of bacterial cells, and less production of extracellular polysaccharides than physical treatment (rolling) of HMB. Starch digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed R-HMB (86.8%) than for steers fed A-HMB (76.9%) or U-HMB (69.1%). No differences between treatments were observed in DM digestibility. Key words: Cattle, nylon bags, high-moisture barley, electron microscopy, ammonia, processing

THE INVESTIGATION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE OR BENTONITE AS SUPPLEMENTS IN SILAGES FED TO LACTATING COWS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
V. G. MACKAY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows

Two experiments with lactating Holsteins were carried out to determine the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or bentonite, added to silage prior to feeding, as a means of increasing dry matter intake. In the first trials the feed, consisting of 10% grain mixture, 45% grass silage and 45% corn silage, was supplemented with 0, 0.6 or 1.2% bentonite in a 3 × 3 latin square utilizing 12 cows and 28-day test periods. Neither level of bentonite improved dry matter intake or milk yield. Milk composition, molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids, plasma calcium and phosphorus were not influenced by additions of bentonite. Apparent dry matter digestibility was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by the addition of bentonite at the 0.6 and 1.2% levels compared to the cows fed the unsupplemented ration. The digestibility of acid detergent fiber was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the silage mixture supplemented with 1.2% bentonite than for the controls. In the second trial a silage mixture consisting of approximately 30% grass silage and 70% corn silage was supplemented with either 0.8% NaHCO3, 2.1% bentonite or neither and fed in a 3 × 3 latin square utilizing 15 cows and 28-day treatment periods. Compared to control cows, neither NaHCO3 nor bentonite had any significant (P > 0.05) influence on dry matter intake, milk yield or rumen fermentation. However, the addition of NaHCO3 to the silage improved milk yield and feed conversion (P < 0.05) when compared to cows fed the silage supplemented with bentonite. It was concluded from these trials that bentonite should not be used as a supplement to silage diets fed to lactating cows. The results suggested that NaHCO3 supplementation had little if any beneficial effect when grass silage made up approximately 30% of the total diet. Key words: NaHCO3, bentonite, lactating cows, silage intake, digestibility

COMPARISON OF SEVERAL WHEAT CULTIVARS AND A BARLEY CULTIVAR IN DIETS FOR YOUNG PIGS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Pig Performance

Two 10-wk experiments with eight weanling individually-fed pigs per treatment, starting at 5.6 to 7.5 kg liveweight, were conducted to compare No. 1 Canada Western Red Spring milling wheats, Manitou and Neepawa; No. 1 Utility (feed) wheats, Pitic 62, Glenlea, unlicensed white UM607A, unlicensed purple PFW606A; and feed barley BT609. All diets were supplemented with the same level of soybean meal and complete mineral and vitamin mixes. There were no significant differences in feed intake, rate of gain or efficiency of feed conversion among the treatments in either experiment, suggesting that the milling wheats, utility wheats and barley tested in this study have similar feeding value for young pigs. Carcass measurements did not differ between treatments in the first experiment, where pigs were fed to market weight on a standard diet after the 10-wk experimental period. In the first experiment, a diet based on Pitic 62 as the sole cereal had superior digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) coefficients to one based on Manitou, with Glenlea being intermediate. In the second experiment, diets based on Neepawa, Glenlea, white or purple utility wheats did not differ in DE or ME, but the barley-based diet had a lower DE and ME. Differences in dietary DE or ME were not reflected in live pig performance. DE and ME determinations on the cereals using the additive method with an additional four pigs per treatment indicated an average DE and ME (dry-matter basis) for wheat of 3,782 and 3,561 kcal/kg, and for BT609 barley of 3,670 and 3,489 kcal/kg, respectively. In the second experiment, there were significant differences between some of the wheats in DE and ME coefficients.

Feeding value of high moisture ammonia-treated wheat straw for lambs

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Streeter ◽  
G. W. Horn ◽  
D. G. Batchelder
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Supplemental Protein

ABSTRACT1. Two experiments were conducted to determine the feeding value of high moisture wheat straw treated with ammonia. The straw was chopped, water added to attain 350 g dry matter per kg treated straw, then treated with 84 or 90 g anhydrous ammonia per kg wheat straw dry matter and stored in a large plastic bag.2. In Experiment 1, the treated straw was providedad libitumto lambs in individual pens with either a control supplement (molasses and minerals), or 200 or 400 g of a soya bean meal- or maize gluten meal-based supplement.3. Lambs fed the control supplement consumed 24·8 g of treated straw dry matter per kg live weight and lost 32 g live weight per day during the 28-day study. Source of supplemental protein did not affect live-weight gain or treated straw consumption. Level of supplement increased live-weight gains (P< 0·01) but did not affect treated straw consumption.4. In Experiment 2, the lambs were fed one of three levels of supplement that each supplied 58 or 116 g of crude protein per day. Supplemental protein level increased cellulose digestibility (P< 0·01) with no effect on hemicellulose digestibility. Protein level did not affect treated straw consumption or live-weight gain.5. Supplement level decreased cellulose digestibility (P< 0·01), hemicellulose digestibility (P< 0·01), and treated straw intake (P< 0·01) but increased live-weight gain.6. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of amount and type of supplemental protein and level of supplementation on utilization of the treated straw.

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