EFFECT OF FEEDING A CONCENTRATED WHEY-CANOLA MEAL MIXTURE AS THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF STARTER RATIONS FOR CALVES

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
W. T. BUCKLEY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

Thirty-two male Holstein calves were subdivided into four groups at 35 days of age and used to evaluate the feeding of an evaporated whey-canola meal feedstuff (EWC) fed in combination with either a grain-based starter ration or chopped hay. Over a feeding period of 7 wk, dry matter intake of EWC increased to 84 and 90% of total dry matter intake for the grain-based and hay-based starter rations, respectively. Rumen fluid butyrate and valerate levels increased to 40% and 15%, respectively, of total volatile fatty acids produced. Plasma urea levels were lower and phosphorus, potassium and copper levels were higher when EWC was fed. The digestibility of EWC-based diets was higher than either grain or hay diets without EWC. Nitrogen, calcium, sodium and potassium balances were substantially increased by the EWC-based diet. Bloat was a problem when the EWC was fed in conjunction with a grain-based starter ration. This problem was prevented by feeding small amounts of chopped hay. It was concluded from the results of this study that EWC could be fed in combination with chopped hay at up to 90% of the total dry matter intake of young calves without causing acidosis or digestive upsets. Key words: Whey, canola meal, starter rations, calves

COMPARATIVE VALUE OF SOYBEAN, RAPESEED, AND FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED RAPESEED MEALS IN UREA-CONTAINING CALF RATIONS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Molar Percent

Twenty-four Holstein calves were fed three experimental rations containing either 14% soybean meal, 20% rapeseed meal, or 20% formaldehyde-treated (0.7 g formaldehyde/100 g protein) rapeseed meal from 8 to 22 wk of age. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in feed consumption, dry matter intake, liveweight gain, and feed conversion among the three groups. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in rumen ammonia levels in calves receiving the treated rapeseed meal compared with the untreated rapeseed meal rations. Plasma urea levels and rumen fluid volatile fatty acids (mmol/100 ml and molar percent) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among treatments. There were no significant differences in the digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen, acid detergent fiber, and gross energy among treatments, although treating the rapeseed meal with formaldehyde tended to reduce dry matter, nitrogen, fiber, and energy digestibility.

Impact of fermented total mixed rations on intake, VFA and methane production of dairy heifers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Arangsri ◽  
V. Pattarajinda ◽  
M. Duangjinda ◽  
J. Mungkalasiri ◽  
W. Angthong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding two fermented total mixed ration (FTMR) on methane production in dairy heifers. Four Holstein Friesian dairy heifers with mean body weight (BW) of 301.1 ± 42.2 kg were used in a simple cross-over design trial. Treatments consisted of 2 FTMR formulated to yield either low (LMD) or high CH4 production (HMD). No differences were observed in dry matter intake (DMI; 6.49 and 6.19 kg/d), BW change (-3.37 and -7.25 kg), or DM digestibility (50.64 and 46.99%) between diets. Ruminal pH, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate were not different among diets. Concentrations of blood glucose were higher (P=0.05) for HMD compared with LMD at 2 h post feeding; however, blood urea nitrogen was not different. Methane emissions were 236.32 L/d for LMD and 273.70 L/d for HMD and not different. Feeding the FTMR differing in CH4 potential did not affect DMI, digestibility, ruminal TVFA production or molar proportions of VFAs in dairy heifers.

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED RAPESEED MEAL FOR DAIRY CALVES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
J. A. McKIRDY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Daily Gain

Treatment of oilseed meals with formaldehyde (FA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the solubility of protein in 0.02 N NaOH and the production of NH3 in the artificial rumen. Ten Holstein and Holstein × Brown Swiss calves of both sexes were fed two test rations containing either 26% untreated or formaldehyde-treated (5.6 g FA per 100 g protein) rapeseed meal (FA-treated RSM) for 14 weeks. Plasma urea nitrogen (N) and rumen NH3 levels were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the FA-treated RSM calves compared with the control calves during the first 8 weeks of the growth trial. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in dry matter consumption, daily gain, or feed efficiency was observed. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) (mmoles/100 ml) concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in rumen fluid from the control calves compared with those receiving treated RSM. Molar percentages of the VFA’s were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the two groups. In the N balance and digestibility trial, dry matter consumption did not differ significantly (P > 0.05); however, the FA-treated RSM resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility. Calves receiving the treated RSM had reduced (P < 0.01) urinary N excretion; however, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on N consumption and retention.

A comparison of textured versus pelleted concentrates on rumen degradability, dry matter intake, milk yield and composition in lactating Holstein cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. G. von Keyserlingk ◽  
W. C. Gardner ◽  
L. J. Fisher ◽  
J. A. Shelford
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
The Impact

A study was undertaken to compare the feeding of a ground-pelleted concentrate mixture with a textured one. Parameters studied were in situ rumen degradability characteristics of the concentrates, dry matter intake and yield of milk and milk components. A concentrate mixture consisting of barley, corn, canola meal and a vitamin-mineral premix was manufactured in two forms. In the one form, all ingredients were ground and pelleted while in the second, only the canola meal and premix were pelleted while the corn and barley were steam rolled prior to mixing. Initially the degradability characteristics and digestive tract disappearance of the two concentrates were determined in an in situ trial using two non-lactating Holstein cows fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae. Nylon bags containing 2–3 g of material were prepared in quadruplicate (two replicates per cow per incubation time) and incubated in reverse order 72, 48, 24, 12, 8, 4, 2 and 0 h for each concentrate. Total intestinal disappearance was determined using the mobile nylon bag procedure. The results of the in situ trial indicated that the degradable fraction b of the dry matter was greater for the textured compared with the pelleted form (34.7 vs. 31.2%) while effective degradability of the dry matter was higher for the pelleted form (74.5 vs. 68.0%). Total tract disappearance of the dry matter and protein fractions were not influenced by form of concentrate but rumen disappearance of crude protein was higher for the pelleted form (70.4 vs. 64.2%). The feeding trial employed 14 lactating Holstein cows fed a forage mixture consisting of corn silage and grass silage. Milk and milk protein yields and protein content of the milk were higher, while milk fat content was lower, for cows fed the pelleted compared with those fed the textured concentrate. Rumen pH (6.79 vs. 6.58) was lower for cows fed the pelleted compared with the textured concentrate. There was, however, no effect of form of concentrate on concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid. Form of concentrate fed did not influence dry matter intake but in terms of net energy (Mcal NEL) the diet containing the pelleted concentrate tended to have a higher energy value than the diet containing the textured concentrate (1.76 vs. 1.66 Mcal NEL kg DMI−1). The marked difference in the ratio of milk fat to milk protein, 1.14 vs. 1.29 for pelleted and textured concentrates, respectively, coupled with the impact on rumen degradability characteristics indicated that minor differences in processing can have an impact on product yield from the milk and the efficiency of utilization of the diet. Key words: Textured versus pelleted concentrate, degradability, lactating cows

Effect of formaldehyde-treated barley or escape protein on the ruminal environment and digestion in steers

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
L. M. Rode ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
J. G. Buchanan-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Corn Distillers ◽  
Foam Production

Six Holstein steers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were fed three diets: formaldehyde-treated rolled barley (0.11% wt wt−1) with canola meal (FTB); untreated rolled barley supplemented with corn distillers' grain and fishmeal (EPB); and untreated rolled barley with canola meal (CON). Foam production from ruminal fluid did not differ among diets. Mean viscosity of ruminal fluid from steers fed FTB was lower (P < 0.02) than rumen fluid from steers fed CON. Ruminal fluid pH of steers fed FTB was lower 2 h after feeding than in steers fed the EPB or CON diets. FTB led to lower (P < 0.02) ruminal ammonia concentrations 1 and 2 h after feeding and lower (P < 0.1) plasma urea nitrogen concentrations 4 h after feeding compared to EPB or CON diets. FTB and EPB tended to lower the ruminal concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) associated with microbial amino acid metabolism. Intake, ruminal and postruminal digestion of DM, OM, starch and NDF were not influenced by diet. While EPB had no effect on total tract digestion, FTB increased (P < 0.1) total tract digestibility of starch and decreased (P < 0.1) the digestibility of NDF. EPB increased (P < 0.05) the supply of dietary protein and decreased the supply of microbial protein reaching the small intestine. FTB did not increase the amount of total nitrogen or starch reaching the small intestine of steers. Key words: Cattle, escape protein, starch, formaldehyde, barley

Comparison of alfalfa and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) silages supplemented with barley grain on performance of growing steers

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Mir ◽  
P. S. Mir ◽  
S. N. Acharya ◽  
M. S. Zaman ◽  
W. G. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Plastic Tube ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

To compare nutritive value of alfalfa and fenugreek silages for weaned back-grounding feedlot steers, isonitrogenous diets of alfalfa or fenugreek silage, supplemented with three levels of steam-rolled barley (0, 15 and 30% DM) were fed ad libitum to 60 steers (initial weight of 237 ± 18 kg). The study was conducted in individual pens for 105 d using a 2 × 3 factorial experiment. Fenugreek was cut 17 wk after seeding while the alfalfa was cut at mid-bloom. Both fenugreek and alfalfa silages were prepared in plastic tube silos after wilting to 38 and 35% DM, respectively. After ensiling for 40 d, silage tubes were opened and a feeding trial was conducted. Alfalfa and fenugreek silage contained similar levels of CP (18.0 and 17.2%, respectively) while fenugreek silage contained a lower level of NDF (38.2%) than alfalfa silage (40.4%). Dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) of steers increased (P < 0.001) and feed efficiency (FE) improved linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing grain level in the diet. Dry matter intake (6.4 vs. 6.2 kg d−1), ADG (0.82 vs. 0.84 kg d−1), FE (8.1 vs. 7.8), total rumen volatile fatty acids (103.4 vs. 105.3 mM), rumen fluid pH (6.9 vs. 6.9) and rumen ammonia concentration (9.6 vs. 10.4 mg dL−1) in steers were similar for both alfalfa- and fenugreek-silage-based diets, respectively. Although in vitro rate of gas production was different at 12.6 and 17.4% h−1 for alfalfa and fenugreek diets, respectively, potential gas production at the end of 72 h of fermentation was similar (21.6 vs. 22.3 mL 100 mg−1 DM). The presence of steroidal saponins in fenugreek plants did not affect steer performance or hormonal status when fed as silage. Results from this study indicate that the nutritive value of fenugreek silage is comparable to that of mid-bloom alfalfa silage, and that fenugreek, a high-DM yielding annual legume, has potential to be a valuable forage in feedlot diets. Key words: Alfalfa silage, fenugreek silage, annual legume, feedlot, steer, barley

EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL FORM OF CORN AND UREA SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MALE HOLSTEIN CALVES

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Ground Corn

Diets of corn and corn silage (80:20 dry matter (DM) basis) were fed to 48 male Holstein calves in an experiment of 2 × 2 factorial design to evaluate the effect of rolling or grinding corn and of the addition of 0 or 1.2% urea. The calves were fed for 105 days and had an initial weight of 92.6 kg. The physical form of the corn had no effect on performance of the calves. The inclusion of urea increased dietary protein from9.5to 12.8% and growth rate (P < 0.05) from 0.72 to 1.06 kg/day and improved feed efficiency (P < 0.05) from 4.68 to 3.69 kg feed DM/kg gain. Digestibilities of DM and N were increased by urea supplementation (P < 0.05) but not affected by the physical form of the corn (P > 0.05). In a subsequent experiment, the effects of physical form of corn and urea supplementation on rumen volatile fatty acids and ammonia and plasma urea were examined in calves. The physical form of the corn had no effect (P > 0.05), whereas urea supplementation increased rumen ammonia (P < 0.05) and reduced pH (P < 0.05). The only volatile fatty acids affected by treatments were propionate and butyrate which were increased (P < 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.05), respectively, on the urea-ground corn combination. The results indicate that with 100- to 200-kg growing calves, rolled or ground corn was equally well-utilized when fed with 20% corn silage and that with urea as the only supplementary source of N, growth rates of 1 kg/day were achieved.

Effects of grain or hay supplementation on the chewing behaviour and stability of rumen fermentation of dairy cows grazing perennial ryegrass-based pasture in spring

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Williams ◽  
W. J. Wales ◽  
P. T. Doyle ◽  
A. R. Egan ◽  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Chewing Behaviour

Cows grazing highly digestible pasture in early spring can have very low rumen fluid pH that can negatively impact on the efficiency of microbial digestion. In this experiment, cows in early lactation grazed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-based pasture alone at low or high allowances, or at a low allowance supplemented with either a cereal grain pellet, a chopped hay cube or a cube containing cereal grain and chopped hay to determine the effects of the addition of neutral detergent fibre as hay on chewing behaviour and stability of rumen fermentation. The hypotheses tested were that: (i) supplementing high digestibility ryegrass pasture with pelleted cereal grain would increase the proportion of the day that the pH of rumen fluid was below 6.0 and would decrease the rate of degradation of neutral detergent fibre in pasture and hay; and (ii) the inclusion of chopped hay with the cereal grain supplement in cubes would reduce the proportion of the day that the rumen fluid pH was below 6.0 and restore the rate of degradation of neutral detergent fibre in pasture and hay to that in unsupplemented cows. Rumen fluid pH was highest (P<0.05) in cows fed a chopped hay cube and lowest (P<0.05) in cows fed a cube containing cereal grain and chopped hay, with no significant (P>0.05) difference between those fed pasture only or cereal grain pellets. The introduction of grain, with or without hay, did not substantially alter the pattern or magnitude of changes in rumen fluid pH, but did reduce (P<0.05) the rate of degradation of neutral detergent fibre in pasture (5.3 v. 7.6%/h) and hay (2.7 v. 5.0%/h) in the rumen. Rumen degradation rates of pasture dry matter and neutral detergent fibre were not improved by adding chopped hay. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid were highest (P<0.05) on the high pasture allowance treatment and lowest (P<0.05) on the low pasture allowance and the chopped hay cube treatments. Supplementation with grain reduced (P<0.05) the proportion of acetate and increased (P<0.05) the proportion of propionate in total volatile fatty acids. There were no significant (P>0.05) effects of dietary treatment on time spent grazing or on rate of biting while grazing. Cows in treatments receiving grain supplements (532 min) and those in the high pasture allowance treatment (566 min) spent more (P<0.05) time ruminating than those in the low pasture allowance (415 min) and chopped hay cube (465 min) treatments. The relative contributions of low pH and of starch to the reduction in rates of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre degradation in the rumen cannot be determined from this experiment, however, it is likely that both factors contribute to a relative increase in the metabolic activity of non-cellulolytic microorganisms.

Intake and metabolism studies with fresh and wilted silages

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Morgan ◽  
R. A. Edwards ◽  
P. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Rapid Loss ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Residual Nitrogen ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

SummaryFresh and wilted silages (dry matter 169 and 359 g/kg; pH 4·00 and 5·09; lactic acid 165 and 34 g/kg D.M., respectively) were made from ryegrass and used in intake and metabolism experiments with cattle and sheep. Complete ruminant diet (CRD) was used as a control.Voluntary dry-matter intake of the silages by wether sheep was not significantly different (70·7 and 69·1 g/kg W0·75 for fresh and wilted material, respectively) but was significantly higher (P < 0·001) for CRD (97·9 g/kg W0·76). With rumen-fistulated steers the voluntary intakes of dry matter for the fresh and wilted silages and CRD were 117·1, 105·7 and 130·4 g/kg W0·76, respectively, and were not significantly different. The digestibility of dry matter was significantly higher (P < 0·01) for the fresh and wilted silages (0·751 and 0·698, respectively) than for the CRD (0·608). When incubated in nylon bags in the rumen the silages rapidly lost nitrogen and only 0·2 and 0·3 of nitrogen of the fresh and wilted materials, respectively, remained after 1 h. Between 0·4 and 0·5 of the residual nitrogen in the silages was subsequently lost over a period of 24 h. The loss of the nitrogen of the CRD was much slower and 0·3 of the nitrogen remained after 24 h. The rate of loss of digestible cell wall constituents was similar for the fresh and wilted silages but was slower for the CRD. The silages gave similar rumen fermentation patterns (pH, total volatile fatty acids, acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric and hexanoic acids and ammonia concentrations) during the period following their consumption.The palatability of the fresh and wilted silages, measured with rumen-fistulated sheep, was less than that of the CRD and a ruminal effect on intake was observed in the case of the silages.The high intake of the fresh silage is noteworthy, as it casts grave doubt on the widely held view that fermentation acids, particularly lactate, are pre-eminent in governing the voluntary intakes of silages.From the rapid loss of nitrogen from the silages in nylon bags in the rumen it is concluded that, to increase the utilization of nitrogen, it would be advantageous to reduce protein breakdown in the silo and to supplement silage with a readily available energy source.

Prediction of the voluntary intake of grass silages by beef cattle. 1. Linear regression analyses

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Rook ◽  
M. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Regressions

ABSTRACTData on individually recorded silage dry-matter intake (SDMI), concentrate dry-matter intake (CDMI) and live weight of steers and data on silage composition including toluene dry matter (TDM), pH, total nitrogen (N), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) and neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) obtained from experiments conducted at three sites were used to obtain simple and multiple linear regressions of SDMI on other variables.Live weight accounted for a high proportion of the variation in intake but this effect could generally be removed by scaling intake by live weight raised to the power of 0·75 (M0·75). CDMI was the most important factor affecting scaled intake in mixed diets. TDM, NH,-N and VFAs all had important effects on SDMI. The relationship of SDMI with TDM was curvilinear suggesting that there is little to be gained in intake terms from wilting to TDM above 250 g/kg. The effect of NH3-N appeared to be related more to its correlation with VFAs than with any other nitrogenous constituent while the VFAs appeared to have a direct effect on SDMI. The effects of N and pH on SDMI were generally small. DOMD and NDF had relatively little effect on SDMI. Significant differences in intercepts between sites were found for most relationships although common slopes were often found.

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