EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL FORM OF CORN AND UREA SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MALE HOLSTEIN CALVES

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Ground Corn

Diets of corn and corn silage (80:20 dry matter (DM) basis) were fed to 48 male Holstein calves in an experiment of 2 × 2 factorial design to evaluate the effect of rolling or grinding corn and of the addition of 0 or 1.2% urea. The calves were fed for 105 days and had an initial weight of 92.6 kg. The physical form of the corn had no effect on performance of the calves. The inclusion of urea increased dietary protein from9.5to 12.8% and growth rate (P < 0.05) from 0.72 to 1.06 kg/day and improved feed efficiency (P < 0.05) from 4.68 to 3.69 kg feed DM/kg gain. Digestibilities of DM and N were increased by urea supplementation (P < 0.05) but not affected by the physical form of the corn (P > 0.05). In a subsequent experiment, the effects of physical form of corn and urea supplementation on rumen volatile fatty acids and ammonia and plasma urea were examined in calves. The physical form of the corn had no effect (P > 0.05), whereas urea supplementation increased rumen ammonia (P < 0.05) and reduced pH (P < 0.05). The only volatile fatty acids affected by treatments were propionate and butyrate which were increased (P < 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.05), respectively, on the urea-ground corn combination. The results indicate that with 100- to 200-kg growing calves, rolled or ground corn was equally well-utilized when fed with 20% corn silage and that with urea as the only supplementary source of N, growth rates of 1 kg/day were achieved.

COMPARATIVE VALUE OF SOYBEAN, RAPESEED, AND FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED RAPESEED MEALS IN UREA-CONTAINING CALF RATIONS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Molar Percent

Twenty-four Holstein calves were fed three experimental rations containing either 14% soybean meal, 20% rapeseed meal, or 20% formaldehyde-treated (0.7 g formaldehyde/100 g protein) rapeseed meal from 8 to 22 wk of age. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in feed consumption, dry matter intake, liveweight gain, and feed conversion among the three groups. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in rumen ammonia levels in calves receiving the treated rapeseed meal compared with the untreated rapeseed meal rations. Plasma urea levels and rumen fluid volatile fatty acids (mmol/100 ml and molar percent) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among treatments. There were no significant differences in the digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen, acid detergent fiber, and gross energy among treatments, although treating the rapeseed meal with formaldehyde tended to reduce dry matter, nitrogen, fiber, and energy digestibility.

AMMONIA OR UREA TREATMENT OF WHOLE HIGH MOISTURE SHELLED CORN

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
P. McCAUGHEY ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Large Decrease ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Ground Corn

Treatments of high moisture shelled corn were compared in diets containing approximately 60% (dry matter (DM) basis) corn silage. In an initial digestibility trial, treatments were: (1) ensiled, ground; (2) 1.5% (wt/wt) mixture of acetic: propionic acid, whole; (3) 2% (wt/wt DM basis) anhydrous ammonia, whole. Treatments were evaluated with six yearling steers in a double 3 × 3 latin square design. Urea was included in the ensiled and acid-treated corn diets to supply sufficient nitrogen. Ammoniating whole corn resulted in similar starch and energy digestibilities compared to ensiled ground corn. However, a large decrease in starch digestibility occurred with acid-treated whole corn. Digestibility of acid detergent fiber was greater (P < 0.05) with both ammoniated and acid-treated whole than ensiled ground corn. In a feedlot trial, two high moisture corn treatments compared were: (1) ensiled, ground; (2) 3.7% (wt/wt DM basis) urea, whole. Eighty Hereford yearling steers compared the two corn diets each with or without monensin. Temperatures rose steadily within bins plateauing approximately 21/2 wk after storage. The amount of urea that hydrolyzed to ammonia varied depending upon location within bins. A total of 1.4% DM loss occurred during storage. Urea-treatment tended to slightly reduce liveweight gain and feed efficiency. Monensin decreased intake (P < 0.05) and slightly improved feed efficiency (P > 0.05) with both types of corn. Effects of monensin on rumen VFA were similar with both corn diets. Type of corn had no effect on rumen VFA proportions.

A COMPARISON OF UREA AND ALFALFA CUBES AS A SOURCE OF PROTEIN ENSILED WITH CORN SILAGE

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Nitrogen Supplementation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Changeover Period

Sixteen Holstein cows in mid-lactation were randomly assigned for a 35-day period to either corn silage supplemented with urea (4.95 kg/tonne) or corn silage supplemented with alfalfa cubes (90 kg/tonne) at ensiling time. These treatments were then reversed during a 7-day changeover period and the trial continued for a further 35 days. The silages were fed ad libitum and grain was fed in the parlor at the rate of 1.0 kg/4.0 kg milk yield. The protein and acid detergent fiber contents of the urea–corn silage were 11.6 and 25.3%, while those of alfalfa–corn silage were 11.1 and 28.6%. Cows offered the urea–corn silage consumed less forage dry matter expressed as percent of body weight, 2.04 vs. 2.11 and produced less milk, 26.08 vs. 26.86 kg/day (P < 0.05). During the feeding of the alfalfa cube–corn silage, cows gained an average of 4.09 kg/35 days, but lost 3.68 kg/35 days when urea–corn silage was fed (P < 0.05). There was no effect of form of nitrogen supplementation on milk composition or rumen volatile fatty acids, but blood urea nitrogen and plasma glucose were significantly higher (P < 0.05) and plasma calcium lower for cows fed urea–corn silage than for those fed alfalfa cube–corn silage. Apparent dry matter and protein digestibilities were higher for the urea–corn silage than for cows fed alfalfa cube–corn silage but digestibility of acid detergent fiber fraction was greater for cows fed alfalfa cube–corn silage.

EFFECT OF FEEDING A CONCENTRATED WHEY-CANOLA MEAL MIXTURE AS THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF STARTER RATIONS FOR CALVES

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
W. T. BUCKLEY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

Thirty-two male Holstein calves were subdivided into four groups at 35 days of age and used to evaluate the feeding of an evaporated whey-canola meal feedstuff (EWC) fed in combination with either a grain-based starter ration or chopped hay. Over a feeding period of 7 wk, dry matter intake of EWC increased to 84 and 90% of total dry matter intake for the grain-based and hay-based starter rations, respectively. Rumen fluid butyrate and valerate levels increased to 40% and 15%, respectively, of total volatile fatty acids produced. Plasma urea levels were lower and phosphorus, potassium and copper levels were higher when EWC was fed. The digestibility of EWC-based diets was higher than either grain or hay diets without EWC. Nitrogen, calcium, sodium and potassium balances were substantially increased by the EWC-based diet. Bloat was a problem when the EWC was fed in conjunction with a grain-based starter ration. This problem was prevented by feeding small amounts of chopped hay. It was concluded from the results of this study that EWC could be fed in combination with chopped hay at up to 90% of the total dry matter intake of young calves without causing acidosis or digestive upsets. Key words: Whey, canola meal, starter rations, calves

A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS OF COMBINING ALFALFA CUBES WITH CORN SILAGE FED TO LACTATING COWS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-565
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Changeover Period ◽  
Feeding Systems

Sixteen Holstein cows in early lactation were assigned to a switch-back experiment consisting of two experimental periods 35 days in length separated by a 7-day changeover period. Treatments consisted of two feeding systems, alfalfa cubes ensiled with corn silage or alfalfa cubes fed with the corn silage. When cows were fed corn–alfalfa cube silage they consumed more forage, 2.26 vs. 2.16% of body weight per cow per day than when they were fed the alfalfa cubes with the silage. Fat-corrected milk yield was somewhat higher, 25.4 vs. 24.0 kg/day; fat percent and fat yield were greater, 3.13 vs. 2.70% and 918 vs. 814 g/day for corn–alfalfa cube silage as compared to cubes added at feeding time. However, milk yield was greater, 29.9 vs. 29.1 kg/day, and milk lactose percent was greater, 5.26 vs. 5.18% for cows fed cubes at feeding time compared to cows fed corn–alfalfa cube silage. There was no difference between feeding systems in blood minerals or metabolites with the exception of plasma urea nitrogen which was higher, 20.2 vs. 17.2 mg %, for the alfalfa cubes fed with the corn silage. Apparent dry matter and protein digestibility for the total ration were 68.1 and 71.6% when corn alfalfa cube silage was fed compared to 65.4 and 68.5% when the cubes were fed with the corn silage (P < 0.05). It was concluded from this study that alfalfa cubes ensiled with corn silage was an effective method of increasing the dry matter and protein content of corn silage and in improving the digestibility of the total ration.

EFFECT OF COMPOSITION AND PROCESSING OF DIETS ON PERFORMANCE OF HOLSTEIN STEERS

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-267
Author(s):  
D. A. Christensen ◽  
B. A. Duck ◽  
H. H. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Manganese Zinc ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Improve Rate

Feeding trials involving a total of 78 Holstein steers and utilizing barley diets were conducted to determine the effects of vitamin E and trace minerals, hay, diethylstilbestrol, and physical form of the barley on rate of gain, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics.In the first trial, a basal diet containing 13.2% crude protein was used. Inclusion of a vitamin E, manganese, zinc, copper and sulfur supplement, 10% hay, or urea in the pelleted diets, or implantation with 9 mg of diethylstilbestrol at the initial weight of 92 kg did not improve rate of gain or dressing percent (P < 0.05). The inclusion of 10% hay reduced feed efficiency (P < 0.05).In the second trial in which dry-rolled, steam-rolled, dry-rolled and pelleted, and steam-rolled and pelleted barley diets were fed, the dry-rolled diet gave slower gains than the diets containing steam-rolled barley or steam-rolled, pelleted barley (P < 0.05). Implanting steers fed the steam-rolled, pelleted diet with 24 mg of diethylstilbestrol at 240 kg liveweight increased rate of gain over other treatments (P < 0.05). Treatments did not affect feed efficiency. Dressing percent was increased in steers fed steam-rolled barley in comparison with those fed dry-rolled barley.

scholarly journals Effects of the association between whole cottonseed and calcium salts of fatty acids on nutrient intake, feedlot performance, and carcass characteristics of Bos indicus animals offered a high-concentrate diet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo R. Müller ◽  
Daniel I C. G. Gouvêa ◽  
André F. Francischinelli ◽  
Guiherme D. A. Alvarenga ◽  
Pablo C Castagnino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Whole Cottonseed

Abstract This experiment evaluated the effects of feeding whole cottonseed (WC) and/or calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) on dry matter intake (DMI), performance, and carcass characteristics of Bos indicus animals receiving a high-concentrate diet during the finishing phase. On day 0, 96 Nellore bulls were blocked according to initial shrunk body weight (BW; 302 ± 26.7 kg) into group pens (4 animals/pen) and, within blocks, pens were randomly assigned to receive: 1) 15% of WC and 2% of CSFA [dry matter (DM) basis] of palm, cottonseed, and soybean oil (15WC; n = 6), 2) 10% of WC and 3% of CSFA (DM basis) of palm, cottonseed, and soybean oil (10WC; n = 6), 3) 5% of WC and 4% of CSFA (DM basis) of palm, cottonseed, and soybean oil (5WC; n = 6), and 4) 0% of WC and 5% of CSFA (DM basis) of palm, cottonseed, and soybean oil (0WC; n = 6). Diets were formulated to be isocaloric, isonitrogenous, and isolipidic. Experimental period lasted 108 days, whereas dry matter intake (DMI) was evaluated daily and blood samples and carcass measurements were obtained on days 0, 55, and 108 of the study. Upon slaughter on day 109, steaks were collected for determination of the chemical and fatty acid (FA) profile of the meat. No treatment effects (P ≥ 0.35) were observed on DMI, performance, average daily gain (ADG), carcass ultrasound measurements, and chemical variables of the steak. Nonetheless, including WC into the diets increased C12:0, C16:0, C16:1 trans-9, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1 cis-9, C18:2 cis-9,cis-12, C18:3 cis-9,cis-12,cis-15, saturated, and unsaturated FA intake (P &lt; 0.01). Moreover, adding WC increased DMI fluctuation and feed efficiency (P = 0.03), but decreased marbling (P ≤ 0.03). A treatment × day interaction was observed (P &lt; 0.01) for serum leptin concentration, as 10WC animals had greater leptin concentration on d 103 vs. other treatments (P &lt; 0.01). Regarding steak FA profile, WC addition into the diet increased C18:2 cis-7,trans-9 and C18:3 cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 (P &lt; 0.001), whereas saturated FA was quadratically affected (P = 0.02) and unsaturated FA was reduced for 15WC (P &lt; 0.04). In summary, increasing levels of CSFA into isolipidic finishing diets containing WC did not negatively impact feedlot performance, but reduced feed efficiency and increased marbling scores of Bos indicus bulls, demonstrating its feasibility as a technology to improve carcass traits of low-marbling animals.

scholarly journals PSVI-42 Effect of increasing concentrations of aflatoxins (AFB1) on rumen gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance and fermentation parameters using the in vitro ANKOM gas technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Marden ◽  
Virginie Marquis ◽  
Kheira Hadjeba Medjdoub ◽  
Marine Lacombe
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Cheese Cloth

Abstract Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species known to be the most prevalent contaminants in feedstuffs. In ruminants, contaminated AFB1 feeds usually exhibit symptoms including reduced feed efficiency and milk production and decreased appetite. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of AFB1 on rumen fermentation parameters by using the ANKOM gas production protocol. Rumen fluid was collected from a cannulated dry dairy cow, filtered with cheese-cloth and diluted (1:1) with a standard buffer. Triplicates of 75 mL flasks were fed 0,75g of feed (79% corn silage, 15% alfalfa and 6% concentrates) and inoculated with 0 (blank), 0,2, 0,5, 1 and 2 ppm of AFB1. Flasks were placed in a rotating incubation at 39°C for 96h and connected to ANKOM GP system. After 96h of incubation, the contents of each flask were centrifuged. Supernatants were analyzed for total VFA and AFB1 while precipitates were dried at 104°C for DM disappearance. The experimentation was repeated weekly 3 times and named wk1, 2 and 3. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS using a univariate model. Results showed no significant differences on GP max at 96h among AFB1 concentrations. Only wk 1 showed that higher AFB1 concentration (2 ppm) decreased significantly (P &lt; 0,05) DM disappearance (- 8,2 pts) when compared to the blank. Total VFA contents (75,0 ± 1,6 mM) were not affected by AFB1. Wk 2 and 3 did not show any difference neither on DM disappearance nor on VFA (89,1 ± 1,6 mM; 110,2 ± 4,8 mM). It can be concluded that our in vitro model, GP did not reflect DM disappearance and it can be put forward that rumen fluid with low total VFA concentrations (≤ 75 mM) could be more sensible to AFB1 challenge.

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