Effect of formaldehyde-treated barley or escape protein on the ruminal environment and digestion in steers

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
L. M. Rode ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
J. G. Buchanan-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Corn Distillers ◽  
Foam Production

Six Holstein steers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were fed three diets: formaldehyde-treated rolled barley (0.11% wt wt−1) with canola meal (FTB); untreated rolled barley supplemented with corn distillers' grain and fishmeal (EPB); and untreated rolled barley with canola meal (CON). Foam production from ruminal fluid did not differ among diets. Mean viscosity of ruminal fluid from steers fed FTB was lower (P < 0.02) than rumen fluid from steers fed CON. Ruminal fluid pH of steers fed FTB was lower 2 h after feeding than in steers fed the EPB or CON diets. FTB led to lower (P < 0.02) ruminal ammonia concentrations 1 and 2 h after feeding and lower (P < 0.1) plasma urea nitrogen concentrations 4 h after feeding compared to EPB or CON diets. FTB and EPB tended to lower the ruminal concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) associated with microbial amino acid metabolism. Intake, ruminal and postruminal digestion of DM, OM, starch and NDF were not influenced by diet. While EPB had no effect on total tract digestion, FTB increased (P < 0.1) total tract digestibility of starch and decreased (P < 0.1) the digestibility of NDF. EPB increased (P < 0.05) the supply of dietary protein and decreased the supply of microbial protein reaching the small intestine. FTB did not increase the amount of total nitrogen or starch reaching the small intestine of steers. Key words: Cattle, escape protein, starch, formaldehyde, barley

EFFECT OF FEEDING A CONCENTRATED WHEY-CANOLA MEAL MIXTURE AS THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF STARTER RATIONS FOR CALVES

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
W. T. BUCKLEY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

Thirty-two male Holstein calves were subdivided into four groups at 35 days of age and used to evaluate the feeding of an evaporated whey-canola meal feedstuff (EWC) fed in combination with either a grain-based starter ration or chopped hay. Over a feeding period of 7 wk, dry matter intake of EWC increased to 84 and 90% of total dry matter intake for the grain-based and hay-based starter rations, respectively. Rumen fluid butyrate and valerate levels increased to 40% and 15%, respectively, of total volatile fatty acids produced. Plasma urea levels were lower and phosphorus, potassium and copper levels were higher when EWC was fed. The digestibility of EWC-based diets was higher than either grain or hay diets without EWC. Nitrogen, calcium, sodium and potassium balances were substantially increased by the EWC-based diet. Bloat was a problem when the EWC was fed in conjunction with a grain-based starter ration. This problem was prevented by feeding small amounts of chopped hay. It was concluded from the results of this study that EWC could be fed in combination with chopped hay at up to 90% of the total dry matter intake of young calves without causing acidosis or digestive upsets. Key words: Whey, canola meal, starter rations, calves

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED RAPESEED MEAL FOR DAIRY CALVES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
J. A. McKIRDY
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Daily Gain

Treatment of oilseed meals with formaldehyde (FA) and glutaraldehyde (GA) significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the solubility of protein in 0.02 N NaOH and the production of NH3 in the artificial rumen. Ten Holstein and Holstein × Brown Swiss calves of both sexes were fed two test rations containing either 26% untreated or formaldehyde-treated (5.6 g FA per 100 g protein) rapeseed meal (FA-treated RSM) for 14 weeks. Plasma urea nitrogen (N) and rumen NH3 levels were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the FA-treated RSM calves compared with the control calves during the first 8 weeks of the growth trial. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in dry matter consumption, daily gain, or feed efficiency was observed. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) (mmoles/100 ml) concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in rumen fluid from the control calves compared with those receiving treated RSM. Molar percentages of the VFA’s were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the two groups. In the N balance and digestibility trial, dry matter consumption did not differ significantly (P > 0.05); however, the FA-treated RSM resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility. Calves receiving the treated RSM had reduced (P < 0.01) urinary N excretion; however, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on N consumption and retention.

COMPARATIVE VALUE OF SOYBEAN, RAPESEED, AND FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED RAPESEED MEALS IN UREA-CONTAINING CALF RATIONS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Molar Percent

Twenty-four Holstein calves were fed three experimental rations containing either 14% soybean meal, 20% rapeseed meal, or 20% formaldehyde-treated (0.7 g formaldehyde/100 g protein) rapeseed meal from 8 to 22 wk of age. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in feed consumption, dry matter intake, liveweight gain, and feed conversion among the three groups. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in rumen ammonia levels in calves receiving the treated rapeseed meal compared with the untreated rapeseed meal rations. Plasma urea levels and rumen fluid volatile fatty acids (mmol/100 ml and molar percent) did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among treatments. There were no significant differences in the digestibilities of dry matter, nitrogen, acid detergent fiber, and gross energy among treatments, although treating the rapeseed meal with formaldehyde tended to reduce dry matter, nitrogen, fiber, and energy digestibility.

A comparison of tall fescue and orchardgrass silages for lactating cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Fisher ◽  
S. Bittman ◽  
D. E. Hunt ◽  
J.A. Shelford ◽  
B. D. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Molar Percent ◽  
Preference Trial

The feeding value of tall fescue silage (Festuca arundinacea schreb.) harvested at the boot stage of maturity with a crude protein (CP) content of 15.4% was compared to that of orchardgrass silage (Dactylis glomerata) harvested at the same stage of maturity with a CP content of 12.5%. Two feeding trials with lactating cows were used in this comparison. The first trial employed 10 cows in a 2 × 2 Latin- square, with treatment period 35 d in length. In the second experiment five cows were used in a preference trial where individual feed intakes, duration of feeding, and rate of forage consumption were monitored electronically for a period of 9 d.In the first trial, the cows consumed more tall fescue than orchardgrass silage (P < 0.05) (14.08 vs. 12.90 kg d−1 dry matter (DM)) but there were no differences between cows fed the two silages in milk yield (30.4 vs. 29.8 kg d−1) or milk compositon. Source of silage did not influence rumen fluid pH, molar percent of volatile fatty acids or plasma glucose; however, plasma urea-N levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) (17.00 vs. 15.14 mg dL−1) when cows were fed tall fescue silage compared with when they were fed orchardgrass silage. In the preference trial employing electronically monitored forage feeding gates, all five cows demonstrated a preference for the tall fescue silage consuming a daily average of 9.83 kg DM for tall fescue compared with 3.73 kg for orchardgrass silage. Cows spent more time (P < 0.05) (68.3 vs. 14.1 min−1) and ate faster (69.6 vs. 54.0 g DM min−1) from the gates offering tall fescue silage compared with the gates offering orchardgrass silage. From the results of these two trials it was concluded that tall fescue silage was comparable to orchardgrass in supporting milk production and superior to orchardgrass in terms of palatability. Key words: Tall fescue, silage preference, lactating cows

Intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility by beef steers consuming Pensacola bahiagrass hay treated with calcium oxide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine M Ciriaco ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Tessa M Schulmeister ◽  
Carla D Sanford ◽  
Luara B Canal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract To determine the effect of CaO treated Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) hay on intake, ruminal fermentation parameters, and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, 9 ruminally cannulated Angus-crossbred steers were used in a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Steers had ad libitum access to either: 1) untreated dry hay (DH;  n = 8); 2) hay at 50% DM treated with 8.9% CaCO3 [dry matter (DM) basis; CC; n = 9]; or 3) hay at 50% DM treated with 5% CaO (DM basis; CO; n = 8). Water was added to reach 50% DM in the CC and CO diets. Ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected every 3 h for 24 h. Ruminal fluid was analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N). Blood was analyzed for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). Hay and fecal samples were collected for 4 d, 4 times daily for hay and twice daily for feces, to determine apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients. The hay provided to steers during the digestibility period was analyzed for in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) for 48h. Data were analyzed as repeated measures for blood and ruminal fermentation parameters. Total DM intake was not affected (P ≥ 0.674) by treatment. A treatment effect (P &lt; 0.001) was observed for average ruminal pH, where steers consuming CO had the greatest pH (P &lt; 0.001). Ruminal concentration of NH3-N tended (P = 0.059) to be reduced in steers consuming CO. There was a treatment × time interaction (P = 0.023) on concentrations of PUN, where at 3 h DH and CO were lesser than CC (P ≤ 0.050) and at 21 h DH was lesser than CC (P = 0.020). Total VFA, acetate, propionate, butyrate, branched-chain VFA, and valerate concentrations were affected by treatment (P ≤ 0.035), where a reduction (P ≤ 0.034) occurred in steers consuming CO. No treatment differences were observed for total-tract digestibility of DM (P = 0.186), organic matter (P = 0.169), or crude protein (P = 0.152); however, steers consuming DH had greater neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.038) than CC and tended to be greater than CO (P = 0.082). The CO hay had greater (P = 0.005) IVOMD compared with DH and tended (P = 0.100) to be greater than CC. Bahiagrass hay treated with CaO may reduce ruminal fermentation, as indicated by decreased total VFA concentration without altering DM intake. The addition of CaO did not improve the digestibility of bahiagrass hay in vivo; however, in vitro results are contradictory and warrant further elucidation.

Rumen fermentation response to a direct-fed xylanase enzyme preparation from Thermomyces lanuginosus in sheep

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Jurkovich ◽  
J. Kutasi ◽  
Hedvig Fébel ◽  
J. Reiczigel ◽  
E. Brydl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Xylanase Enzyme ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

A study was conducted to obtain data on the effects of a fungal fibrolytic enzyme preparation (Rumino-zyme, with 250 FXU/g xylanase activities) from Thermomyces lanuginosus on some rumen fermentation parameters in sheep. Ruminal fluid samples were taken just before the morning feeding and then 2 h and 4 h after feeding. Xylanase activity, pH, concentration of ammonia and volatile fatty acids were measured. The enzyme supplementation did not affect the pH but increased the xylanase activity and the total VFA concentration of the rumen fluid. The molar proportion of acetate increased, propionate was not affected and butyrate decreased after enzyme administration. The concentration of ammonia also decreased after supplementation with the enzyme product. It can be concluded that the xylanase enzyme preparation from T. lanuginosus induced favourable changes in the major rumen fermentation parameters in sheep.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrate and of hay diets in the stomach and intestines of ruminants

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Topps ◽  
R. N. B. Kay ◽  
E. D. Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Digestible Energy

1. The flow of digesta to the abomasum and through the duodenum and terminal ileum was measured over 24 h periods in sheep. Pelleted diets of concentrates, principally composed of barley, and of poor-quality hay were given. The seven Scottish Blackface ewes studied were all fitted with rumen cannulas, and in addition two had simple abomasal cannulas, one a re-entrant abomasal cannula, two re-entrant duodenal cannulas, and two re-entrant ileal cannulas.2. Paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was given twice daily by rumen fistula. The amounts of dry matter, starch, cellulose, total nitrogen and energy passing through the abomasum, duodenum and ileum and the amounts excreted in the faeces were measured. The flows of digesta were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromium sesquioxide and the extent of digestion in various parts of the alimentary tract was calculated using these adjusted values. Concentrations of glucose in the blood and of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen were also measured.3. For the concentrate diet, 69% of the digestible dry matter disappeared in the stomach (reticulo-rumen, omasum and abomasum), 17% in the smail intestine and 14% in the large intestine. Values for disappearance of digestible energy were 72% in the stomach, 23% in the small intestine and 5% in the large intestine. Of the 298 g starch fed daily only 6–35 g passed through the abomasum or duodenum and only 1–4 g reached the terminal ileum. The cellulose in the diet was poorly digested.4. For the hay diet, 67% of the digestible dry matter disappeared in the stomach, 22% in the small intestine and 11% in the large intestine. Values for disappearance of digestible energy were 81% in the stomach, 7% in the small intestine and 12% in the large intestine. Of the 33 g of starch consumed daily, from 5 to 13 g passed through the abomasum or duodenum. The cellulose in the hay was 59% digestible and virtually all this digestion took place in the stomach.5. The concentration of VFA and the proportion of propionate in the rumen fluid, 2·5 h after feeding, were considerably greater on the concentrate diet than on the hay diet, but diet had little influence on the concentration of blood glucose.6. The importance of the small amount of starch passing to the sheep's small intestine is discussed.

Metabolic effects of safflower oil given as a supplement for steers fed roughage diets at restricted intake

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC O'Kelly ◽  
WG Spiers
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Safflower Oil ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Rumen Temperature ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Brahman Steers

Supplements of safflower oil (300 mL/day) were given to groups of steers fed 4 different diets. Hereford steers were fed 6 kg/day lucerne hay (LH) or LH + 33 mg/kg monensin (LHM). Brahman steers were fed 4 kg/day low quality hay (DA) or DA + 1 kg sucrose + 60 g urea + 2.7 g sulfur (DAS). Metabolic measurements were made when the animals were fed an equal portion of the daily ration at hourly intervals. On all diets, safflower oil had no affect on rumen temperature, pH or the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid. Safflower oil increased concentrations (mg/L) of microbial lipid in ruminal fluid (LH, 160.4 v. 317.1; LHM, 266 v. 541.7; DA, 194.6 v. 321.8; DAS, 172.8 v. 440.5) and increased plasma concentrations (�g/mL) of non-esterified fatty acids (LH, 117.2 v. 180.1; LHM, 101.1 v. 189.5; DA, 218.2 v 325.4; DAS, 197.4 v 311.4), especially 18:1 trans- 11 and polyunsaturated acids. In steers fed DA and DAS, safflower oil reduced protozoal numbers and increased the bacterial mass in ruminal fluid, and increased water intake and the daily amounts of urinary allantoin excreted. The addition of safflower oil to all diets depressed plasma urea concentrations (mg/L) (LH, 233 v. 203; LHM, 236 v. 191; DA, 74.6 v. 47.6; DAS, 96.6 v. 54). The excretion of daily amounts (mg/kg liveweight) of urinary urea increased in animals fed DA (3.5 v. 10.0) and DAS (6.2 v. 13.6) but decreased in those fed LH (208.8 v. 187.9) and LHM (188.8 v. 158.1). Safflower oil supplementation conserved body protein, accelerated liveweight gains in animals fed LH and LHM diets and retarded liveweight loss in those fed DA and DAS diets.

scholarly journals The effects of intraruminal infusions of urea, casein, glucose syrup and a mixture of casein and glucose syrup on nitrogen digestion in the rumen of cattle receiving grass-silage diets

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
N. H. Lee ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Glucose Syrup ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Microbial N

1. In an incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square experiment, four cattle were given grass silage in two meals per d to satisfy 1.15 maintenance energy requirements. In addition, water or casein (21 g nitrogen and 0.17 kg organic matter (OM)/d) or urea (U; 28 g N/d) or a glucose syrup (G; 0.87 kg OM/d) or casein and glucose syrup (CG; 17 g N and 0.93 kg OM/d) were infused intraruminally at a constant rate.2. A 24 h collection of duodenal digesta was made using chromic oxide for flow estimation and 35S as a marker of microbial N entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of rumen pH, and concentrations of ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids.3. The intraruminal infusions had no significant effects on rumen pH, concentrations of volatile fatty acids or their molar proportions. Infusion of either C or U significantly (P < 0.05) increased rumen NH3-N concentrations whereas infusions of either G or CG lowered rumen NH3-N concentrations.4. Infusions of C or U had no significant effect on the quantities of OM, acid-detergent fibre (ADF) or N constituents which entered the small intestine.5. Infusions of G or CG increased the quantities of OM (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01), ADF (CG P < 0.05), non-NH3-N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01), amino acid N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01) and microbial N (G P < 0.05, CG P < 0.01) which entered the small intestine.6. The efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis was unchanged by the infusion of C, U or G (P > 0.05) but increased significantly (P < 0.05) when CG were infused.

scholarly journals Effect of formaldehyde-treated barley or escape protein on nutrient digestibility, growth and carcass traits of feedlot lambs

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
K. A. Beauchemin ◽  
L. A. McClelland ◽  
K.-J. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feedlot Lambs ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Corn Distillers

One hundred and three lambs were fed three isonitrogenous diets: formaldehyde-treated barley (0.11% wt wt−1) with canola meal; untreated barley with corn distillers' grain and fishmeal (escape protein); and untreated barley with canola meal (control). Formaldehyde treatment did not affect ADG, whereas escape protein increased (P < 0.05) ADG of lambs by 5.3%. Carcass traits of lambs from all diets were similar, although kidney fat was reduced (P < 0.05) in lambs fed formaldehyde-treated barley. A digestibility trial with six lambs (32.6 ± 2.4 kg) showed that DM intake and digestion of DM, organic matter, nitrogen and starch were similar among diets. DE was 3.8% lower (P < 0.05) for the formaldehyde-treated diet than the mean of the other two diets. ME was 5.4% lower (P < 0.07) for the formaldehyde-treated barley than for the control diet. Digestion of NDF was 7.3% higher (P < 0.07) in the escape protein diet compared with the control diet. Treatment of barley with 0.11% (wt wt−1) formaldehyde lowered the DE of barley and did not increase the growth rate or improve the feed efficiency of feedlot lambs. Key words: Sheep, escape protein, fishmeal, formaldehyde, barley

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