FAT GROWTH AND PARTITIONING AMONG THE DEPOTS IN DOUBLE MUSCLED AND NORMAL CATTLE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARIMA A. SHAHIN ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Growth Partitioning ◽  
Maturity Type ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fat Depot

Eighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic (SY) and 18 Hereford (HE) bulls were serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg liveweight to determine the influence of maturity type and "double muscling" on fat growth, partitioning and distribution. The fatty tissue was dissected into subcutaneous fat (SCF), intermuscular fat (IMF) and carcass cavity fat (CCF); the sum of these depots was used as total side fat (TSF). Relative to TSF, DM did not differ significantly from the other maturity types in growth rates of SCF, IMF and CCF, but relative to fat percent in the side, DM tended to have much lower growth rates for SCF and CCF. The common growth coefficients indicated that as TSF increased the proportion of SCF increased (b > 1; P < 0.05), the proportion of IMF decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05), and the proportion of CCF remained relatively constant (b = 1; P > 0.05). At equal TSF, as expected, HE tended to partition more of their fat to the subcutaneous depot, whereas DM and SY tended to partition more of their fat to the intermuscular and carcass cavity fat depots. Relative to HE, DM followed late-developing fat partitioning patterns. The hypodevelopment of fat depots in the carcasses of the muscular hypertrophied animals followed an inner-outer gradient which was most pronounced in the subcutaneous fat depot. Key words: Cattle, fat growth, double muscling, breed type

Studies of fat distribution in the bovine carcass. I. The partition of fatty tissues between depots

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Johnson ◽  
RM Butterfield ◽  
WJ Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Definition Of

(1) Total side fat (total dissected fat plus intramuscular fat) was examined in 23 bovine carcasses in four weight ranges. (2) The partition of fatty tissue between five depots revealed relative rises in intermuscular and subcutaneous depots and relative declines in intramuscular, kidney, and channel fats with increasing carcass weight. (3) Intermuscular and subcutaneous fats reached high levels relative to total side fat at different stages. Intermuscular fat rose quickly to c. 45.0% of total side fat at about 2.0 kg total side fat (c. 56 days) whilst subcutaneous fat reached 29.0% at c. 13.0 kg total side fat (c. 270 days). (4) Intramuscular fat did not show an increase relative to total side fat as carcass weight increased. Its contribution to total fat was greatest in the lightest sides and reached a minimal value at c. 13.0 kg total side fat, which it maintained thereafter. (5) All regressions of the weight of five fat depots on total side fat were highly significant (P < 0.01). (6) There appears to be a need for precise definition of fat distribution patterns in breeds and strains of cattle in order that carcasses of optimum composition might be produced.

Breed and sex effects on the development, distribution of muscle, fat and bone, and the partition of fat in pigs

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fortin ◽  
J. D. Wood ◽  
O. P. Whelehan
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Pelvic Limb

SummaryDissection data from 341 carcasses collected over a period of 7 years at the Institute of Food Research, Bristol (Large White, 138 entire males and 112 females; Pietrain, 41 entire males and 31 females; Iron Age (European Wild Pig × Tamworth), 8 entire males and 11 females) were used to examine the growth of muscle, fat and bone in joints relative to the corresponding total tissue in the side, and the growth of the fat depots relative to total side fat.The musculature of Iron Age pigs was early maturing, as indicated by a particularly slow growth of pelvic limb and fast growth of neck and thorax muscles relative to total side muscle. As a consequence, Iron Age pigs had a lower percentage of pelvic limb and a higher percentage of neck and thorax muscles than the other breeds. Pietrains had proportionately the heaviest pelvic limb muscles, a result which was apparently independent of the overriding effect of maturity. However, considering the large difference in body shape (conformation) between Pietrain and Iron Age pigs, the differences in muscle weight distribution were small. Entire males had faster growing and heavier neck and thorax muscles than females. This was considered to be due to the effects of sex hormones. Entire males had proportionately less muscle in the pelvic limb.Within carcass fat, the order of increasing growth rate relative to total side fat was intermuscular fat <; subcutaneous fat <; perirenal-retroperitoneal fat. Pietrain and Iron Age pigs had higher relative growth rates for subcutaneous fat and lower relative growth rates for intermuscular fat than Large Whites, an indication of earlier maturity in carcass fat development. This was reflected in Iron Age pigs, but not Pietrains, in a particularly heavy weight of subcutaneous fat and light weight of intermuscular fat. Within the subcutaneous and intermuscular fat depots, the highest allometric growth coefficients were generally observed in the forequarter. There were no consistent breed effects on the distribution of subcutaneous fat whereas, in the intermuscular fat depot, Iron Age pigs had less fat in the earlier-maturing thoracic limb, and lumbar and abdominal joint. At the same weight of total side fat (8·80 kg), entire male Pietrains and Large Whites had more intermuscular and less subcutaneous fat than females. There was no sex difference in fat partition in Iron Age pigs.In all breeds, bone in the pelvic limb had the slowest relative growth. Similarly, the femur and the tibia-fibula were the two slowest growing bones of the four major limb bones examined. Otherwise, there was no consistent pattern of relative growth throughout the skeleton. Breed effects on relative growth within the skeleton and on bone distribution were small and considered to be of little commercial significance. Pietrains had the highest muscle: bone ratio in each of the four anatomical joints. Entire males and females had a similar relative growth and distribution of bones. Females had consistently higher muscle:bone ratios.

GROWTH PATTERNS OF MUSCLE, FAT AND BONE, AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF DOUBLE MUSCLED AND NORMAL CATTLE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARIMA A. SHAHIN ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Similar Growth

Eighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic (SY) and 18 Hereford (HE) bulls were serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg liveweight to determine the influence of maturity type and "double muscling" on tissue growth patterns and compositional differences which were examined by using the allometric equation Y = aXb after transformation to common logarithms (log10). As liveweight (LW) increased, the proportions of total side fat (TSF) and subcutaneous fat (SCF) increased, the proportions of total side muscle (TSM) and intermuscular fat (IMF) remained relatively constant and the proportion of total side bone (TSB) decreased. Relative to LW, DM had a similar growth rate for TSM and lower growth rates for TSF, SCF and IMF than HE and SY. All breed types had similar growth rates for TSB on LW. Relative to dissected side weight (DSW) and TSB, the DM bulls had a higher growth rate for TSM than did the HE and S Y bulls. Differences existed between DM and the more normal genotypes in carcass composition. DM was characterized by a high muscle:liveweight ratio, a high proportion of muscle in the carcass, high muscle:bone and muscle:fat ratios and a low proportion of fat compared to the more normal genotypes. Objective criteria to discriminate between HE and DM were SCF, muscle:bone and TSMTMF ratios, and between SY and DM were TSB and muscle:bone ratio. Key words: Beef bulls (young), growth patterns, carcass composition, double muscling, breed type

Evolution of various adipose deposits in growing rabbits and sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vezinhet ◽  
M. Prud'hon
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Perirenal Fat

SUMMARYThe importance of the different adipose deposits with respect to the total dissectible fatty tissue in growing rabbits and lambs was studied. Development of the subcutaneous fat in the lamb is late and occurs after birth. In contrast, the internal types of fat, such as the perirenal and pelvic fat, represent at birth an important percentage of the total fat. They tend to lose part of their relative importance between 0 and 250 days after birth. In the rabbit the situation concerning the development of subcutaneous and perirenal fat is inverted. For both species the intermuscular fat remains almost constant in relative importance during the whole growth period.After the period required for the establishment of the different fat deposits, we could observe in lambs, and to a smaller degree in rabbits, a relative growth which tends to become isometric with regard to the total fat deposits.

Carcass composition in four sheep breeds: the importance of type of breed and stage of maturity

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie ◽  
R. W. Pomeroy ◽  
D. J. Twinn
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Omental Fat ◽  
Mature Size

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the effects of type of breed on carcass composition, an examination was made of 361 lambs from four breeds: Clun Forest and Colbred (termed ewe breeds); and Suffolk and Hampshire (termed ram breeds). The animals were in four carcass weight groups averaging 15, 17, 19 and 21 kg.Percentage subcutaneous fat was influenced more by carcass weight than by breed, whereas both carcass weight and breed had similar effects on percentage lean. At the mean carcass weight of 18 kg, Colbreds, the leanest breed, had a similar value for percentage lean (about 57 % of carcass tissue weight) to the carcasses over all breeds weighing 15 kg; and Cluns, the fattest breed, had a similar value (about 54%) to those weighing 21 kg. Since the ram breeds were intermediate in composition between the two ewe breeds there was no effect of type of breed on carcass composition. The breed differences were related to eventual mature size and to the stage of maturity at each carcass weight, as judged by body length and bone weight measurements. However, Colbreds were bigger and leaner than published estimates of their mature weight suggested. Humerus weight was a good predictor of lean or total fat weight, explaining 83 % ofvariation when used as a predictor along with carcass weight.Type of breed had a marked effect on internal fat deposition, the ewe breeds having heavier weights of both kidney knob and channel fat (KKCF) and caul fat (omental fat) than the ram breeds; and on the length oflimb bones, the ewe breeds having longer but thinner bones than the ram breeds. The order of the relative growth of the tissues and fat depots was: subcutaneous fat > caul fat > KKCF > intermuscular fat > lean > bone. Therefore, the internal fat depots were later maturing than intermuscular fat.The percentage of prime cuts in the carcass was not affected by carcass weight. Colbreds had significantly lower values than the other breeds. Suffolks had the lowest lean to bone ratio.

LIPID ACCUMULATION IN YOUNG AND MATURE CULL HOLSTEIN COWS FED A HIGH ENERGY DIET

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
J. E. SZKOTNICKI
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Lipid Contents ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Major Increase

Eleven young and eight mature lean Holstein cows were fed a high energy (high moisture corn and haylage) diet to appetite. In addition, six young and six mature cows were slaughtered at the start of the trial to estimate initial body composition. The cows were slaughtered at random over a period ranging from 68 to 103 days after start on feed. The left side of each carcass was broken into eight wholesale cuts that were further separated into bone, lean tissue and fat (subcutaneous and intermuscular). The lean and fat tissues from each meat cut were ground separately and analyzed for their moisture and lipid contents. Mature cows had significantly more lipid in the fat depots of three meat cuts (average increase of 84 g lipid/kg adipose tissue) than young cows at the start of the trial, but the overall effect of cow maturity on meat cut composition was minor. The feeding period, however, resulted in large significant increases in the lipid content of all meat cuts. Averaged over the eight meat cuts, the lipid contents of lean tissue, intermuscular and subcutaneous fat increased by 55.9%, 16.5% and 17.6%, respectively. There were no maturity differences in the rate of lipid accumulation indicating that young and mature cows had a similar pattern of lipid accumulation as they increased in size. Rate of lipid accumulation in subcutaneous fat was highest for the shank and rib and lowest for the flank and hip (growth coefficients were 1.54, 1.29, 0.68 and 0.68). Rate of lipid accumulation in the intermuscular fat was highest in the chuck and flank and lowest for the brisket, plate and hip (growth coefficients were 1.92, 1.85, 0.57, 0.59, and 0.64). Rate of lipid accumulation in lean tissue from all the meat cuts (intermuscular fat) was highest for the shank and brisket and lowest in the plate (growth coefficients were 1.37, 1.19 and 0.67). It was concluded that the lipid contents of lean and fat tissue from young and mature cull Holstein cows followed a pattern of differential accumulation, and that there was a major increase in lipid concentration in all fat tissue and lean from each of the meat cuts as fattening proceeded. Key words: Cows, chemical composition, carcass, lipid

scholarly journals The share of tissues in the pig round depending on the genotype, gender and season

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-375
Author(s):  
Cedomir Radovic ◽  
Marija Gogic ◽  
Nenad Katanic ◽  
Mirko Novakovic ◽  
Dragan Radojkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Large White ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Subcutaneous Fatty Tissue ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Breed Crosses

The study included 201 offspring (108 castrated males and 93 females) of Landrace (L), Large White (LW) and Pietrain (P) sires. The studied animals were of following genotype: Landrace (L; n = 48); two breed crosses with 50:50 share of parental breeds (LWxL, n=32; and PxL, n=23), two breed crosses with 75% of paternal breed [Lx(?LWxL), n=35] and [LWx(?LxWL) n=38] and three breed crosses [Px(?LWxL) n=25]. Animals included in this study were born during four seasons: winter (n=38), spring (n=65), summer (n=40) and autumn (n=58). Studies have shown that, at an average weight of warm carcass side of 81.20 kg, the highest average values for the weight of round (RW; 10.204 kg), the weight of intermuscular fatty tissue (RINT; 0.478 kg), bone tissue (RBT; 0.850 kg) and muscle tissue (RMT, 7.552 kg) in the round, were established in three-breed crosses of Px (LWxL) genotype compared to other genotypes. The least skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue (RST; 1.269 kg) was recorded in two breed crosses PxL. They had less skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue by 454 g and 467 grams, respectively, compared to two breed crosses (LWxL) and LWx (?LxLW). Research has shown that there is a genotype on a farm that gives more muscle tissue in the round by 1.521 kg [Px (?LWxL): LWx (?LWxL)] with the same weight of warm carcass side, which is a very large difference. With the same average weight of warm carcass side, female animals had higher average weight of the round and yield of muscle tissue compared to male castrated animals. The effect of genotype (P<0.001) on all investigated traits was recorded, also the effect of the season of birth on the skin and subcutaneous fat tissue and on the weight of intermuscular fat in the round was recorded. The effect of sex/gender was significant (P<0.01) on the weight of skin and subcutaneous fat and on the weight of the muscle tissues in the round but no significant effect on other tested properties (P> 0.05) was observed.

The value of the rib joint in predicting carcass chemical composition in various breeds of cattle and buffalo

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-707
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Poor Predictor ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Fat Depot

SUMMARYLeft and right 9–10–11 rib joints from 104 Madura, Ongole, Bali, Grati (or Friesian cross) and buffalo bulls were dissected into bone, muscular and fatty tissues and then ground and chemically analysed for water, ash, ether extract and protein contents. The carcasses from 48 of these bulls were also ground and analysed for these same chemical components. Within-breed relationships between dissectible and chemical composition in the rib and between dissectible composition of the rib and chemical composition of the carcass were tested by regression analyses.There were no breed differences in the relationships between bone and ash or between muscle and protein in the rib, but at the same content of rib fatty tissue, buffaloes had less predicted rib ether extract than Bali, Ongole or Madura cattle. At the same ash content of the rib, Madura bulls had the most carcass ash. Rib-muscle content was considered to be a poor predictor of carcass protein. At the same fat content of the rib, breed differences in predicted carcass ether extract were large with Grati having higher levels than Bali and all four cattle breeds having higher levels than buffaloes. Use of rib-fat or rib-energy contents to predict carcass energy yielded relative breed differences similar to those when rib fat was used to predict carcass ether extract.Differences in the distribution of fat within the carcass, particularly in the subcutaneous fat depot, were considered to have a major bearing on differences in the within-breed relationships. Therefore, published part-whole prediction equations should be used with caution when comparing genotypes likely to differ in the distribution of tissue within the carcass.

The partition of body fat in British Friesian and Jersey steers

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Butler-Hogg ◽  
J. D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTNinety-two British Friesians and 62 Jersey castrated male cattle were slaughtered serially in five age groups at 13, 89, 170, 339 and 507 days, and dissected fully into lean, bone, intermuscular fat, subcutaneous fat, perirenal-retroperitoneal fat (kidney knob and channel fat), omental fat and mesenteric fat. The aim was to investigate the partition of body fat in these dairy breeds and the role of the partition of fat in determining carcass value.Relative to live weight, Friesians had more lean, subcutaneous fat and carcass fat (subcutaneous and intermuscular) at most ages, and Jerseys had more kidney knob and channel fat, and intra-abdominal fat. Friesians had a higher killing-out proportion and lean:bone ratio, and thicker subcutaneous fat.The order of increasing relative growth of fat depots with total body fat as the independent variable was, for Friesians: intermuscular < mesenteric < kidney knob and channel fat < subcutaneous < omental. In Jerseys the order was: intermuscular < mesenteric < subcutaneous < kidney knob and channel fat < omental. There were only small breed differences in the distribution of subcutaneous fat between eight regions. t I is suggested that, between breeds, there is a physiological link between the capacity for milk-fat production and the partition of fat within the body, with relatively high milk-fat producers depositing proportionately more fat intra-abdominally.Since the timing of slaughter is often determined by level of external finish in beef production, the breed difference in the partition of fat, which caused Jerseys to have a higher proportion of kidney knob and channel fat, and intermuscular fat, at the same proportion of subcutaneous fat, would reduce carcass value in Jerseys compared with Friesians.

Molecular mechanisms underlying regional variations of catecholamine-induced lipolysis in rat adipocytes

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (6) ◽  
pp. E1135-E1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tavernier ◽  
J. Galitzky ◽  
P. Valet ◽  
A. Remaury ◽  
A. Bouloumie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Hormone Sensitive Lipase ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
White Adipocytes ◽  
Adrenoceptor Agonists ◽  
Hormone Sensitive ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Fat Depot

The mechanisms underlying catecholamine control of lipolysis were studied in rat white adipocytes from epididymal, retroperitoneal, and subcutaneous fat depots. Sensitivity of subcutaneous adipocytes to selective beta 3-adrenoceptor agonists was lower than that of internal adipocytes. beta 3-Adrenoceptor mRNA levels were lower in subcutaneous adipocytes. A decreased beta 1/beta 2-adrenoceptor-mediated lipolysis was also observed in these adipocytes, and the number of beta 1/beta 2-adrenoceptors was lower than in the internal adipocytes. The number of alpha 2-adrenoceptors was higher in subcutaneous adipocytes without a marked difference in alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated antilipolysis between the depots. Subcutaneous adipocytes were also characterized by a lower maximal lipolytic response to drugs acting at different levels of the lipolytic cascade, suggesting differences at the postreceptor level. Lower hormone-sensitive lipase activity and mRNA levels in subcutaneous adipocytes were in agreement with the lipolysis data. These results suggest that the pattern of expression of the genes of the lipolytic pathway varies with the anatomic location of the fat depot.

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