LIPID ACCUMULATION IN YOUNG AND MATURE CULL HOLSTEIN COWS FED A HIGH ENERGY DIET

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
J. E. SZKOTNICKI
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Lipid Contents ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Major Increase

Eleven young and eight mature lean Holstein cows were fed a high energy (high moisture corn and haylage) diet to appetite. In addition, six young and six mature cows were slaughtered at the start of the trial to estimate initial body composition. The cows were slaughtered at random over a period ranging from 68 to 103 days after start on feed. The left side of each carcass was broken into eight wholesale cuts that were further separated into bone, lean tissue and fat (subcutaneous and intermuscular). The lean and fat tissues from each meat cut were ground separately and analyzed for their moisture and lipid contents. Mature cows had significantly more lipid in the fat depots of three meat cuts (average increase of 84 g lipid/kg adipose tissue) than young cows at the start of the trial, but the overall effect of cow maturity on meat cut composition was minor. The feeding period, however, resulted in large significant increases in the lipid content of all meat cuts. Averaged over the eight meat cuts, the lipid contents of lean tissue, intermuscular and subcutaneous fat increased by 55.9%, 16.5% and 17.6%, respectively. There were no maturity differences in the rate of lipid accumulation indicating that young and mature cows had a similar pattern of lipid accumulation as they increased in size. Rate of lipid accumulation in subcutaneous fat was highest for the shank and rib and lowest for the flank and hip (growth coefficients were 1.54, 1.29, 0.68 and 0.68). Rate of lipid accumulation in the intermuscular fat was highest in the chuck and flank and lowest for the brisket, plate and hip (growth coefficients were 1.92, 1.85, 0.57, 0.59, and 0.64). Rate of lipid accumulation in lean tissue from all the meat cuts (intermuscular fat) was highest for the shank and brisket and lowest in the plate (growth coefficients were 1.37, 1.19 and 0.67). It was concluded that the lipid contents of lean and fat tissue from young and mature cull Holstein cows followed a pattern of differential accumulation, and that there was a major increase in lipid concentration in all fat tissue and lean from each of the meat cuts as fattening proceeded. Key words: Cows, chemical composition, carcass, lipid

Carcass composition in four sheep breeds: the importance of type of breed and stage of maturity

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie ◽  
R. W. Pomeroy ◽  
D. J. Twinn
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Omental Fat ◽  
Mature Size

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the effects of type of breed on carcass composition, an examination was made of 361 lambs from four breeds: Clun Forest and Colbred (termed ewe breeds); and Suffolk and Hampshire (termed ram breeds). The animals were in four carcass weight groups averaging 15, 17, 19 and 21 kg.Percentage subcutaneous fat was influenced more by carcass weight than by breed, whereas both carcass weight and breed had similar effects on percentage lean. At the mean carcass weight of 18 kg, Colbreds, the leanest breed, had a similar value for percentage lean (about 57 % of carcass tissue weight) to the carcasses over all breeds weighing 15 kg; and Cluns, the fattest breed, had a similar value (about 54%) to those weighing 21 kg. Since the ram breeds were intermediate in composition between the two ewe breeds there was no effect of type of breed on carcass composition. The breed differences were related to eventual mature size and to the stage of maturity at each carcass weight, as judged by body length and bone weight measurements. However, Colbreds were bigger and leaner than published estimates of their mature weight suggested. Humerus weight was a good predictor of lean or total fat weight, explaining 83 % ofvariation when used as a predictor along with carcass weight.Type of breed had a marked effect on internal fat deposition, the ewe breeds having heavier weights of both kidney knob and channel fat (KKCF) and caul fat (omental fat) than the ram breeds; and on the length oflimb bones, the ewe breeds having longer but thinner bones than the ram breeds. The order of the relative growth of the tissues and fat depots was: subcutaneous fat > caul fat > KKCF > intermuscular fat > lean > bone. Therefore, the internal fat depots were later maturing than intermuscular fat.The percentage of prime cuts in the carcass was not affected by carcass weight. Colbreds had significantly lower values than the other breeds. Suffolks had the lowest lean to bone ratio.

Studies of fat distribution in the bovine carcass. I. The partition of fatty tissues between depots

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
HR Johnson ◽  
RM Butterfield ◽  
WJ Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Definition Of

(1) Total side fat (total dissected fat plus intramuscular fat) was examined in 23 bovine carcasses in four weight ranges. (2) The partition of fatty tissue between five depots revealed relative rises in intermuscular and subcutaneous depots and relative declines in intramuscular, kidney, and channel fats with increasing carcass weight. (3) Intermuscular and subcutaneous fats reached high levels relative to total side fat at different stages. Intermuscular fat rose quickly to c. 45.0% of total side fat at about 2.0 kg total side fat (c. 56 days) whilst subcutaneous fat reached 29.0% at c. 13.0 kg total side fat (c. 270 days). (4) Intramuscular fat did not show an increase relative to total side fat as carcass weight increased. Its contribution to total fat was greatest in the lightest sides and reached a minimal value at c. 13.0 kg total side fat, which it maintained thereafter. (5) All regressions of the weight of five fat depots on total side fat were highly significant (P < 0.01). (6) There appears to be a need for precise definition of fat distribution patterns in breeds and strains of cattle in order that carcasses of optimum composition might be produced.

The partition of body fat in British Friesian and Jersey steers

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Butler-Hogg ◽  
J. D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTNinety-two British Friesians and 62 Jersey castrated male cattle were slaughtered serially in five age groups at 13, 89, 170, 339 and 507 days, and dissected fully into lean, bone, intermuscular fat, subcutaneous fat, perirenal-retroperitoneal fat (kidney knob and channel fat), omental fat and mesenteric fat. The aim was to investigate the partition of body fat in these dairy breeds and the role of the partition of fat in determining carcass value.Relative to live weight, Friesians had more lean, subcutaneous fat and carcass fat (subcutaneous and intermuscular) at most ages, and Jerseys had more kidney knob and channel fat, and intra-abdominal fat. Friesians had a higher killing-out proportion and lean:bone ratio, and thicker subcutaneous fat.The order of increasing relative growth of fat depots with total body fat as the independent variable was, for Friesians: intermuscular < mesenteric < kidney knob and channel fat < subcutaneous < omental. In Jerseys the order was: intermuscular < mesenteric < subcutaneous < kidney knob and channel fat < omental. There were only small breed differences in the distribution of subcutaneous fat between eight regions. t I is suggested that, between breeds, there is a physiological link between the capacity for milk-fat production and the partition of fat within the body, with relatively high milk-fat producers depositing proportionately more fat intra-abdominally.Since the timing of slaughter is often determined by level of external finish in beef production, the breed difference in the partition of fat, which caused Jerseys to have a higher proportion of kidney knob and channel fat, and intermuscular fat, at the same proportion of subcutaneous fat, would reduce carcass value in Jerseys compared with Friesians.

scholarly journals Phenotypic correlations of fatty acid composition among intramuscular, subcutaneous and intermuscular fat tissues in concentrate-fed beef cattle of differing genotypes

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Aldai ◽  
M E.R. Dugan ◽  
K. Osoro ◽  
Z. Wang ◽  
D H Crews Jr. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Muscular Hypertrophy ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Total N ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Different Levels

In an attempt to predict intramuscular fatty acid composition using easily accessible fat depots, between-tissue correlations were studied in 75 Asturiana de los Valles bulls with different levels of muscular hypertrophy, and 25 Asturiana de la Montaña bulls. Trans-18:1 in intramuscular fat was highly and positively correlated with levels in subcutaneous and intermuscular fats, while levels of total n-3 were not correlated. Predicting intramuscular fatty acid composition using easily accessible depots is thus possible for some fatty acids exhibiting high between-tissue correlations (e.g., trans-18:1) but breed and tissue specific deposition may limit this for others (e.g., n-3 fatty acids). Key words: Beef, fat tissue, fatty acid, correlation

The effect of weight stasis on the dissected carcass composition of crossbred sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Murray ◽  
O Slezacek
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Group 1

A study was made of the dissected carcass composition of crossbred wethers (progeny of Dorset Horn rams and Border Leicester x Merino ewes) maintained at 30 kg liveweight for either 0, 25, 50 or 75 days. Animals were individually penned and fed a pelleted ration of 80% lucerne chaff and 20% cereal grain (89.3% dry matter, I4.8To crude protein and 18.27 kJ/g gross energy). Cold carcass weight showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in animals during weight stasis, although dry matter intake of animals during weight stasis decreased. All dissected carcass fat depots increased during weight srasis, although only subcutaneous fat showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in weight. Neither the weight of total dissected side muscle nor total dissected side bone was affected by weight stasis. Only the weight of Standard muscle group 1 showed a significant response to weight stasis, and it increased (P < 0-05). Weight stasis had no effect on the weights of separate bones. Results for fat, muscle and bone distribution are reported. Subcutaneous fat formed a significantly increasing proportion of total side fat weight (P < 0.05) as duration of weight stasis increased, while intermuscular fat showed a trend to form a decreasing proportion. Weight stasis had no effect on the proportion of total side muscle formed by each of the Standard muscle groups, except group 4 which decreased (P < 0.05). Bone distribution was not influenced by weight stasis.

A note on the use of a lumbar joint as a predictor of body fat depots in Aragonesa ewes with different body condition scores

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Delfa ◽  
A. Teixeira ◽  
F. Colomer-Rocher
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Body Condition Scores

The lumbar joint, which is handled to assess body condition scores, was taken from 52 adult Rasa Aragonesa ewes with body condition scores between 1·5 and 4·5 and dissected into muscle, bone, subcutaneous and intermuscular fat. The subcutaneous fat in the lumbar joint was highly correlated with total fat in the body (r=0·97), confirming the value of this region for assessing body condition in Rasa Aragonesa ewes.

scholarly journals Effect of breed and age on beef carcass quality, fatness and fatty acid composition

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 958-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kelava Ugarković ◽  
A. Ivanković ◽  
M. Konjačić
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Tissue ◽  
Beef Carcass

Abstract. The aim of this research was to determine differences in beef carcass fatness and in the fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue of three different breeds slaughtered at the age of 14 months and 19 months. The breed significantly affected the muscle fat content, carcass subcutaneous fat tissue thickness and fatty acid composition of the muscle and subcutaneous fat tissue. Different age at slaughter had no significant effect on analysed traits. The muscle tissue of the Herefords contained a higher (P < 0.05) percentage of C14 : 0 and C16 : 0 fatty acids and fewer long-chain fatty acids than the Simmentals and Charolais. The subcutaneous fat tissue of the Simmentals contained a higher (P < 0.05) percentage of PUFA, PUFA/SFA ratio and n-6 fatty acids. When fed with a high-energy diet, the Herefords proved to have the most fattened carcasses and the highest content of saturated fatty acids in the muscle. Changes in the diet of feedlot cattle should result in a more favourable fatty acid composition.

scholarly journals Contribution to the knowledge of the effect of back fat thickness on quality of carcass of Swedish landrace pigs

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kosovac ◽  
B. Zivkovic ◽  
Cedomir Radovic ◽  
G. Marinkov ◽  
D. Tomasevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Pig Carcasses ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Tissue

In this paper a comparative research relating to evaluation of the quality of pig carcasses originating from Swedish Landrace was carried out, total of 248 fatteners divided into two groups depending on the back fat thickness on withers and back. Quality was determined by partial dissection of left carcass sides according to procedure recommended by EU. The effect of back fat thickness on withers and back on quality of carcass sides, i.e. its effect on the share of muscle tissue, skin with subcutaneous fat tissue and intermuscular fat tissue in carcass side, was investigated. Obtained data show that exhibited difference in meat yield between groups wasn't statistically significant (P>0,05) in any of the cases. However, by testing the differences in relative yield of skin with subcutaneous fat tissue of leg, share of intermuscular fat tissue of shoulder, LSD and TRS, significance at the level of 5% was determined in fatteners with greater back fat thickness on withers. Observed differences relating to the effect of back fat thickness on share of skin with subcutaneous fat tissue in the carcass were significant and highly significant (*P<0,05 and **P<0,01). Positive correlation of medium strength was established (0,66859) between back fat thickness and content of skin with subcutaneous fat tissue. Between the content of intermuscular fat tissue and back fat thickness a strong positive correlation was established (0,76648).

scholarly journals Carcass composition and body fat depots of Galego Bragançano and crossbred lambs by Suffolk and Merino Precoce sire breeds

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Teixeira ◽  
R. Delfa ◽  
T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Intensive Management ◽  
Local Breed ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

AbstractThe main purpose of this work was to compare two breeds of improved rams (Suffolk and Merino Precoce) with the local Galego Bragangano breed for the production of crossbred slaughter lambs and to evaluate which cross was more adapted for meat production from the local breed in locations in the north-east of Portugal. The experiment was carried out over a 4-year period in three locations: (1) a farm with an intensive management; (2) an upland farm (400 to 600 m); and (3) a hill farm (above 800 m). Within each flock with 90 Galego Bragangano ewes, two rams of each of the sire breeds were used: Galego Bragangano, Suffolk and Merino Precoce. The lambs were slaughtered at 20 and 40kg, to obtain the carcass weight range of 8 to 14kg. The left sides of 151 carcasses were dissected into muscle, subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat and bone. The lambs from location 1 had the highest carcass muscle proportion and the lowest carcass intermuscular fat proportion; their differences over locations 2 and 3 were 13 and 16 g/kgfor muscle proportion and 11 and 19 g/kgfor intermuscular fat proportion, respectively. The differences between breeds were relatively small and not significant. However the Suffolk crosses had less kidney, knob and channel fat than the other genotypes (5 and Uglkg less than Merino crosses and Bragangano, respectively). The Suffolk crosses tended to have less body fat.

FAT GROWTH AND PARTITIONING AMONG THE DEPOTS IN DOUBLE MUSCLED AND NORMAL CATTLE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARIMA A. SHAHIN ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Growth Partitioning ◽  
Maturity Type ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fat Depot

Eighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic (SY) and 18 Hereford (HE) bulls were serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg liveweight to determine the influence of maturity type and "double muscling" on fat growth, partitioning and distribution. The fatty tissue was dissected into subcutaneous fat (SCF), intermuscular fat (IMF) and carcass cavity fat (CCF); the sum of these depots was used as total side fat (TSF). Relative to TSF, DM did not differ significantly from the other maturity types in growth rates of SCF, IMF and CCF, but relative to fat percent in the side, DM tended to have much lower growth rates for SCF and CCF. The common growth coefficients indicated that as TSF increased the proportion of SCF increased (b > 1; P < 0.05), the proportion of IMF decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05), and the proportion of CCF remained relatively constant (b = 1; P > 0.05). At equal TSF, as expected, HE tended to partition more of their fat to the subcutaneous depot, whereas DM and SY tended to partition more of their fat to the intermuscular and carcass cavity fat depots. Relative to HE, DM followed late-developing fat partitioning patterns. The hypodevelopment of fat depots in the carcasses of the muscular hypertrophied animals followed an inner-outer gradient which was most pronounced in the subcutaneous fat depot. Key words: Cattle, fat growth, double muscling, breed type

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