NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF AMMONIATED MUSTARD MEAL FOR USE IN SWINE FEEDS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL ◽  
M. O. KEITH ◽  
J. A. BLAKE ◽  
D. I. McGREGOR
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Mustard Meal ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Daily Gain

Mustard meal was prepared in a pilot plant by expelling and hexane-extracting brown mustard seed (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.). Steam, ammonia and water were applied during the final stages in the desolventizer. Ammoniated mustard meal (MM) was compared in a swine feeding trial (60 pigs, 25–100 kg) with canola meal (CM; low glucosinolate rapeseed meal), with MM in three combinations with CM and soybean meal (SBM) and with CM + SBM as the protein supplements in six barley:wheat (2:1) diets. Each diet was also fed with and without 0.15% supplementary lysine until pigs weighed 54 kg. Pigs were penned in groups of four and individually fed. Digestibility was determined separately. Ammoniation reduced glucosinolates by over 80% and reduced lysine by 20% but increased crude protein from 44.6 to 51.1%, dry basis. Digestibility values of energy and protein in MM were 72 and 75%, respectively. Digestible energy (10.5% moisture, air-dry basis) was 13.0 MJ/kg and digestible crude protein was 30.25%. Daily gain, daily feed intake and efficiency of feed utilization were poorer with pigs fed MM as the only protein supplement than with pigs fed any other supplement. Key words: Mustard meal, ammoniation, feeding trial, digestibility, lysine, pigs

FEEDING VALUE FOR PIGS OF CANOLA MEAL DERIVED FROM WESTAR AND TRIAZINE-TOLERANT CULTIVARS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL ◽  
M. O. KEITH
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Pellet Form ◽  
Daily Gain

Oil-extracted meals from Westar (WCM) and triazine-tolerant (TCM) canola seed (B. napus) were fed at levels of 0, 10, 20 and 30% of the diet to seven barrows of 35 kg initial weight in digestibility trials conducted in four successive replicates. The digestion coefficients for energy were 66 and 69%, respectively, and for crude protein were 76 and 80%. The corresponding digestible energy values were 13.31 and 13.96 MJ kg−1, respectively, and the digestible crude protein values were 32.6 and 37.5%, indicating that the WCM sample was inferior to the TCM sample. The meals were compared in a feeding trial involving 80 pigs housed in groups of four but fed individually from 23 to 100 kg liveweight. Five protein supplement combinations (soybean meal alone (control) and WCM or TCM replacing 50 or 100% of the soy protein) were tested in barley:wheat (2:1) diets with or without supplemental lysine (0.15–0.18%) and fed in meal or pellet form to male and female pigs. There were no significant differences among meals tested in average daily gain in either the growing (0.74 kg) or the finishing period (0.81 kg) but efficiency of feed utilization during the grower period (23–57 kg) was better with soybean meal diets than with the CM diets. Lysine supplementation improved daily gains from 0.70 to 0.77 kg in the grower period and from 0.79 to 0.83 kg in the finisher period. The corresponding improvements in feed:gain ratios were from 2.89 to 2.66 and from 3.75 to 3.62. Pelleting improved daily gain from 0.75 to 0.80 kg and feed:gain from 3.39 to 3.18, over the 23- to 100-kg weight range. Key words: Canola meal, Westar, triazine-tolerant, pigs, feeding trial

AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION OF AMMONIATED MUSTARD MEAL FOR USE IN SWINE FEEDS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 937-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O. KEITH ◽  
J. M. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Mustard Meal ◽  
Serum Amino Acids ◽  
Daily Gain

Ammoniated mustard meal (MM) was prepared in a pilot plant by expelling and hexane-extracting brown mustard seed (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.) and applying steam, ammonia and water in the desolventizer. Barley-wheat (2:1)-based diets containing MM (16.8%) or MM + lysine (0.20%) or MM + lysine + isoleucine (0.1%) were compared to similar diets containing soybean meal (15.3%) or canola meal (21.6%). Each diet was fed to eight crossbred barows between 24 and 52 kg liveweight. Chemical scores indicated that the unsupplemented MM diet was first- and second-limiting in lysine and isoleucine, respectively. Compared to the unsupplemented MM diet, supplemental lysine significantly improved the feed:gain ratio (2.80 vs. 2.51) while adding both lysine and isoleucine improved daily gain (574 vs. 684 g/day). Lysine and isoleucine supplementation resulted in significant increases in serum concentrations of these amino acids, confirming observations made regarding gains and feed:gain ratio. The isoleucine deficiency associated with MM-supplemented diets may be nutritionally important only in the early part of the grower phase. However, lysine supplementation appears to be necessary throughout the grower period. Key words: Mustard meal, ammoniation, feeding trial, serum amino acids, lysine, isoleucine

NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. OWUSU-DOMFEH ◽  
J. M. BELL
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
The U.S

Pig diets for growth and finishing were formulated by linear programming for least cost, and according to the nutrient requirements specified by the U.S. NRC and the British ARC. They were fed to 72 pigs from weaning to finishing, and provided observations on the digestibility of feed, utilization of feed, digestible energy and digestible crude protein, gain in body weight, and quality of carcass. The pigs gained faster and more efficiently than expected from NRC and ARC standards. Pigs fed the ARC diets required less digestible energy per kg gain than pigs fed the NRC diets. The higher levels of protein, vitamins A and D, calcium and phosphorus of ARC standards did not enhance performance. The higher NRC level of digestible energy was not essential to maintain maximum daily gain. The ARC recommendations for lysine and methionine were found to be adequate.

RAPESEED DOCKAGE. EFFECTS OF FEEDING RAW AND PROCESSED WILD MUSTARD AND STINKWEED SEED ON GROWTH AND FEED UTILIZATION OF MICE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. SHIRES ◽  
J. M. BELL ◽  
M. O. KEITH ◽  
D. I. McGREGOR
Keyword(s):  
Factorial Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Mustard Meal

Wild mustard seed (Brassica kaber), stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense) and rapeseed (B. napus 'Tower') were fed in diets for growing mice as ground raw seed and as cooked, petroleum ether-extracted meals. In exp. 1, wild mustard seed at 0, 2 or 4% and stinkweed seed at 0, 1 or 2% were substituted for part of the rapeseed in a 3 × 3 factorial design. The control diet contained 20% rapeseed and casein was used to equalize protein levels at 16%. Growth and feed utilization were not affected (P > 0.05). The failure of diets (exp. 1) with 14 – 20% rapeseed and up to 6% weed seeds and containing active myrosinase to depress growth more markedly, is attributed to the relatively low total glucosinolate levels in the diets. In exp. 2, the meals from wild mustard, stinkweed and rapeseed were compared with soybean meal in diets in which each meal provided 3, 6 or 9% protein, with casein used to bring dietary protein to 16%, in a 3 × 4 factorial design. Weed seed meals resulted in lower feed intakes (P < 0.05), with wild mustard meal being the lowest. Increasing levels of wild mustard seed meal and stinkweed seed meal reduced growth rates (P < 0.05), but it is concluded that such meals as contaminants of normally processed commercial rapeseed meal can be fed at relatively high levels in myrosinase-free diets without risk associated with glucosinolates. Key words: Rapeseed dockage, mustard, stinkweed, growth, mice

DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDING VALUE OF HULLESS BARLEY FOR PIGS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. MITCHALL ◽  
J. M. BELL ◽  
F. W. SOSULSKI
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Daily Gain

A feeding trial and two digestibility trials were conducted to evaluate two isogenic lines of regular (covered) and hulless barley, cvs. Compana and Vantage, compared also with wheat. Eight pigs (4♀, 4♂) were fed each diet over the weight range 22–50 kg. Half of the pigs, randomly selected within sex and diet groups, were used in the digestibility trials, employing chromic oxide markers. The second digestibility trial involved different pigs from the first and a new source of hulless barley. The average daily gain was 0.62 kg and there were no significant differences between rations. Likewise, feed intakes and efficiencies of feed conversion revealed no treatment differences. The digestibility of protein in hulless barley was lower than in regular barley (70 vs. 73% in one trial, 74.8 vs. 79.3% in another) and both types of barley were lower in protein digestibility than wheat (81.4%). Energy digestibility was highest in hulless barleys (77.3 vs. 73.2; 81.8 vs. 77.1%). Hulless barley contained about 5% more digestible energy than regular barley (3,295 vs. 3,133 kcal/kg) and the same digestible crude protein (12.85 vs. 12.90%).

BEHAVIORAL ACTIVITY, SERUM PROGESTERONE AND FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS FED MELENGESTROL ACETATE AND MONENSIN

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. J. HORTON ◽  
J. G. MANNS ◽  
H. H. NICHOLSON ◽  
G. ANNE HARROP
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Melengestrol Acetate ◽  
Additive Control ◽  
Daily Gain

The effects of melengestrol acetate (MGA, The Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich.) and monensin (Rumensin, Elanco Division, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Ind.) on estrous activity and feedlot performance of 96 yearling Hereford heifers (293 kg) were evaluated. Monensin was included at 33 mg/kg diet, except during the first 14 days when 11 mg/kg was fed; heifers received 0.4 mg MGA/head/day. The four treatments were: (1) no additive (control); (2) monensin; (3) MGA; (4) monensin plus MGA. The heifers were fed a finishing diet containing 66% barley and 30% brome-alfalfa hay for 98 days. Blood samples for progesterone analysis were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21, 63, 70, 77 and 84 days after the start of the experiment. Morning and evening checks for estrous activity were made daily. Organic matter and crude protein digestion coefficients were increased (P < 0.05) by monensin, MGA and monensin plus MGA. Estrous activity was suppressed (P < 0.01) in heifers fed MGA and those fed monensin plus MGA. Serum progesterone concentrations in MGA and monensin plus MGA heifers were 42 and 51% lower (P < 0.01) than control values, respectively. Monensin improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency by 6%. MGA increased (P < 0.05) daily gain by 12% but had no effect on feed utilization. Heifers fed monensin plus MGA gained 17% (P < 0.05) faster and utilized feed 9% more efficiently than control heifers. These results show that MGA suppressed estrous activity in feedlot heifers, and that improvements in daily gain and feed efficiency were greatest with MGA and monensin, respectively.

EVALUATION OF CANDLE RAPESEED MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR SWINE

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL ◽  
D. M. ANDERSON ◽  
A. SHIRES
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Protein Supplements

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate rapeseed meal (RSM) produced from seed of Brassica campestris L. ’Candle’ in comparison with B. napus L. ’Tower’, soybean meal and fababeans (Vicia faba) as protein supplements for growing swine. In experiment 1 Candle RSM (5, 10 or 15%) was substituted for soybean meal or fababeans in barley- and wheat-based diets for 120 pigs from 23 to 88 kg liveweight. The effects of supplementary iodine (0.14 mg I/kg diet) and amino acids (0.15% lysine and 0.05% methionine) on the nutritive value of Candle RSM were also studied. The results of experiment 1 indicated that daily feed intake and carcass value index were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by diets. The growth and feed utilization responses of pigs fed diets which contained soybean meal and fababeans as the sole source of supplementary protein were similar and the replacement of these protein supplements with Candle RSM, unless supplemented with amino acids, resulted in a reduction in rate of growth and efficiency of feed utilization. Gains adjusted by regression for feed intake variations showed benefit from lysine. Diets containing 15 % of either Candle or Tower RSM, plus lysine, were utilized about 95% as efficiently as soybean meal diets. Supplementation with iodine produced no significant response. The digestibility coefficients of the protein and energy of Candle RSM and soybean meal were determined in experiment 2. The apparent digestibility of protein in Candle RSM was 81% and energy digestibility was 71%. The digestible energy content was 14.12 MJ/kg (3370 kcal/kg), dry matter basis.

Maize gluten and rapeseed meal as protein supplements to barley or wheat for intensively finished Charolais-cross bulls

1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pullar
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Weight Gain Percentage

AbstractFour diets, barley/proprietary protein concentrate (B/PC), barley/maize gluten (B/MG), barley/rapeseed meal (B/RSM) and wheat/'rapeseed meal (W/RSM) were formulated to contain 165 g crude protein and 13·0 MJ metabolizable energy per kg dry matter. In experiment 1, all four diets were offered ad libitum to Charolais × Friesian bulls from 187 kg live weight to slaughter at about 488 kg live weight. In experiment 2, the B/PC and B/RSM were offered ad libitum to Charolais × (Hereford × Friesian) bulls from 222 kg live weight to slaughter at about 491 kg live weight. There were no significant differences between treatments in daily live-weight gain, percentage fat and lean in the live animal, slaughter weight or days on experiment in either experiment. In experiment 1, the carcasses from bulls given B/PC were 14 kg heavier than carcasses from bulls given W/RSM (P<0·05), but only 10 and 7 kg heavier than from bulls given B/MG and B/RSM respectively (P<0·05). The killing-out proportion of bulls given B/PC was significantly greater (P<0·05) than bulls given B/RSM. In experiment 2, carcass weights were similar but the killing-out proportion of bulls given B/PC were again greater (P < 0·001). It is concluded that B/MG and B/RSM were as effective as B/PC as finishing diets and that wheat can be successfully substituted for barley, when offered with rapeseed meal.

NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF MEALS AND MEAL FRACTIONS DERIVED FROM RAPE AND MUSTARD SEED

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. SARWAR ◽  
J. M. BELL ◽  
T. F. SHARBY ◽  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Energy Fraction

Low glucosinolate rapeseed meal (RSM) (B. napus 'Bronowski'), rapeseed meal fractions (hulls, detailed meal, dehulled and water-washed meal, lyophilized water extract) derived from Bronowski and from a high glucosinolate rapeseed (B. napus 'Oro'), yellow mustard (B. hirta) hulls and meal were subjected to chemical and nutritional evaluations. Oat hulls and soybean meal were included for comparison. Proximate, amino acid and glucosinolate analyses and feeding experiments were conducted. The processed meals, hulls and extracts were included in diets to provide 8, 12 and 16% dietary crude protein in conjunction with a purified basal fraction containing 5% casein. The toxic effects of glucosinolates fed with active myrosinase were confirmed. Glucosinolates included in soybean meal (SBM) control diets were innocuous. Removal of rapeseed hulls increased digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible crude protein contents, but the inclusion of the hulls in high energy, non-rapeseed meal (RSM) diets had no adverse effects on growth of mice or efficiency of feed utilization. Dehulled RSM had lower DE than SBM, partly due to lower digestibility of the non-hull, non-protein energy fraction. Dehulling increased the protein content of RSM, decreased the lysine content of the protein and improved the digestibility of protein. Protein quality tests (Protein Efficiency Ratio and Apparent Biological Value) showed protein of RSM to be equal to that of soybean meal.

Nutritional evaluation of very low glucosinolate canola meal

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bell ◽  
M. O. Keith ◽  
D. S. Hutcheson
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Ad Libitum

Two very low glucosinolate (VLG) canola meals from crop years 1987 and 1988 (CM; 1.66 and 0.53 μmol g−1) and two Tobin CM (B. campestris) (10.71 and 15.62 μmol g−1) were evaluated in experiments with pigs. In exp. 1, 1987 Tobin CM, VLG-CM and soybean meal (SBM) were compared in individually fed meal and pelleted diets. Daily gains from 23 to 57 kg were similar for the CMs (VLG-CM 662 g, Tobin CM 645 g) but lower than those obtained with SBM (730 g; P < 0.01). Daily feed intakes of pigs fed CM were lower than for those fed SBM (P < 0.05). Plasma thyroxine (T4) levels were similar for SBM and VLG-CM and were above those from pigs fed Tobin (P < 0.05) CM. Triiodothyronine (T3) levels were lower for VLG-CM than for SBM (P < 0.05) and the T3 value for Tobin CM was intermediate. Pelleting enhanced T3 (0.70 vs 0.94 ng mL−1) and T4 (50 vs. 60 ng mL−1) levels with all protein supplements (P < 0.01). In exp. 2, similar diets were fed ad libitum. Daily gains for SBM were greater than for Tobin CM (803 vs. 744, P < 0.05) and gains for pigs fed VLG-CM was 774 g. Daily feed intakes were similar (2.01, 1.99 and 1.92 kg). In exp. 3 energy digestibility of 1987 VLG-CM was greater (P < 0.01) than for Tobin CM (75.0 vs 67.4% for 30-kg pigs). Apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein (CP) were 71.9, 71.2 and 71.6 in 16% CP diets. In exp. 4 Tobin and VLG-CMs from 1987 and 1988 crops were compared with SBM and commercial CM using 96 pigs (48M, 48F). Daily gains and feed intakes were similar for the CMs but T3 and T4 values were below those of SBM (P < 0.05). Key words: Canola meal, very low glucosinolate, digestibility, feeding value, pigs

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