EFFECT OF SODIUM BICARBONATE ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION AND FEED INTAKE BY LAMBS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. PHILLIP
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Protein Status ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Induced Changes

Eight wether lambs, four equipped with rumen cannulae and four intact, were assigned to four high-concentrate diets according to a 4 × 4 double latin square with 27-day periods. The basal diet consisted of barley and corn silage, the latter representing 30% of the dry matter (DM), and was either unsupplemented (9% dietary protein) or supplemented (15% protein) with brewers' dried grains. To each of the low protein (LP) and high protein (HP) diets, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was either not added or added at the level of 4% of the diet DM. There was a marked, though not statistically significant, improvement in nitrogen retention due to NaHCO3 inclusion, particularly when protein intake was low. Voluntary feed intake increased by 11% as a result of NaHCO3 addition but the effect was nonsignificant. Bicarbonate-induced changes in feed intake were unrelated to changes in rumen pH. A maximum ruminal osmolality of 303 mOsm/kg elicited by NaHCO3 addition did not appear to restrict feed intake. Rumen ammonia concentration tended to decrease as a result of NaHCO3 addition. Digestibility of organic matter and of DM was unaffected by the inclusion of NaHCO3 but digestibility of nitrogen tended to increase. It is suggested that NaHCO3 could have a protein-sparing effect when added to protein-deficient concentrate diets, and that bicarbonate-induced changes in feed intake may be related to its influence on protein status of ruminants. Key words: Bicarbonate, buffers, lambs, nitrogen utilization, feed intake

EFFECT OF METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTATION POSTERIOR TO THE RUMEN ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION AND SULFUR BALANCE OF STEERS ON A HIGH ROUGHAGE RATION

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. STEINACKER ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Significant Probability ◽  
Methionine Supplementation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Similar Quantity

The effect of post ruminal methionine, dietary methionine or dietary sulfur (S) supplementation on nitrogen retention and S excretion was determined by using three Holstein steers fitted with abomasal cannula in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. The basal diet was fed ad libitum and consisted of ground timothy hay and concentrate in a 5:1 ratio. The diet contained 12% crude protein with urea contributing about 40% of the total nitrogen. Elemental S (0.05%) or methionine (0.22%) was added to the diet while a similar quantity of methionine was infused into the abomasum. Abomasal infused methionine compared with supplemental dietary S or methionine resulted in a 16.6 and 23.9% increase in percent of absorbed nitrogen retained, which was not statistically significant (probability approximately 0.25). Sulfur intake and apparent S digestibility was similar for all treatments; however, urinary S concentration tended to be lower for the elemental S treatment (probability approximately 0.10). Sulfur retention was higher (P < 0.05) with supplementary elemental S than when a similar amount of S was consumed or infused in the form of methionine.

Effects of feeding or abomasal infusion of canola oil in Holstein cows. 2. Gene expression and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and leptin

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanth K Chelikani ◽  
David R Glimm ◽  
Duane H Keisler ◽  
John J Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Supplemental Fat

We determined the relative importance of cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, and fatty acid concentrations in plasma in mediating the satiety effects of supplemental fat in lactating cows. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in late lactation were used in a 3×5 incomplete Latin square design with three treatments: 1) Control: basal diet (CON), 2) Control+supplementation of canola oil at 1 kg/d in the feed (FED) and 3) Control+abomasal infusion of canola oil at 1 kg/d (INF). Relative to CON, feed intake was reduced by INF but not by FED. We provide evidence that both FED and INF treatments stimulated CCK gene expression in the duodenum and elevated plasma CCK concentrations. However, our results did not support a role for CCK in mediating satiety through an endocrine mechanism of action. We speculate that CCK might be acting either through paracrine and/or neurocrine routes to influence feed intake in cattle. Both FED and INF had no effect on the mRNA abundance of leptin, lipoprotein lipase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylase in adipose tissue. Plasma concentrations of leptin, insulin and IGF-I were not altered by FED or INF, indicating that these signals may not be involved in mediating short-term hypophagic effects of dietary fat. Plasma concentrations of 18[ratio ]1n-9 and 18[ratio ]2n-6 were significantly greater for INF than for FED or CON. We conclude that the hypophagic effects of supplemental fat in cattle depend on the amount of unsaturated fatty acids reaching the intestine and that this satiety effect is mediated through CCK, oleic acid and (or) linoleic acid, but leptin is not involved.

scholarly journals Effect of different levels of supplied cobalt on the fatty acid composition of bovine milk

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 834-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger J. Karlengen ◽  
Ole Taugbøl ◽  
Brit Salbu ◽  
Are H. Aastveit ◽  
Odd M. Harstad
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Cobalt Acetate ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Four Levels

In previous studies, administration of high amounts of Co decreased the proportion of MUFA in bovine milk. The present study was conducted to examine the amount of Co needed to obtain this effect. High-yielding dairy cows (n4), equipped with ruminal cannulas, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design study. The basal diet consisted of concentrate mixture (9 kg/d) without added Co and grass silage (ad libitum). The following four levels of Co were administrated as cobalt acetate dissolved in distilled water: no Co (treatment 1, T1); 4·0 mg Co/d (T2); 380 mg Co/d (T3); 5300 mg Co/d (T4). Each period lasted for 18 d, including 11 d of treatment. During the treatment periods, the solutions were continuously infused into the rumen. Milk yield and milk concentration of fat, fatty acids (FA), protein, lactose, Co, Zn, Fe and Cu were determined. Blood plasma was analysed with respect to FA, Co, Zn, Fe and Cu. Feed intake and total tract digestibility of feed components were also determined. There was a linear effect of increasing the level of Co on milk FA composition. The effects of Co on FA composition in blood were insignificant compared with the effects on milk. In milk fat, the concentration ofcis-9-18 : 1 was reduced by as much as 38 % on T4 compared with T1. Feed intake and milk yield were negatively affected by increasing the Co level.

scholarly journals NITROGEN RETENTION IN RAPIDLY-GROWING STEERS GIVEN UREA SUPPLEMENTED DIETS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
O. A. Ikuwegbu
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Microbial N

Four calves equipped with permanent rumen and T-piece duodenal caninulus were given four diets in a Latin square experiment carried out at two stages of development. DM flow was measured by dual-phase markers. The basal diet of hay and concentrate was calculated to be low In rumen degradable N (RDN) and. tissue N. Additional RDN was provided by ad­ding 6, 12 or 18g urea/kg concentrate. Supplementary urea did not affect OM digestion either in the stomach or In the entire digestive tract. At the older age OM digestion in the stomach and the entire tract was significantly higher. On the basal diet, N retention was low. The flow of microbial N measured by the DAPA technique was not affected by diet and it was calculated that between 3 and 7g "s/d were recycled to the rumen. The addition of supplementary urea increased N retention par­ticularly at the lowest level of supplementation due to a concomitant decrease In urinary N.

scholarly journals Effects of Dietary Betaine on Growth Performance, Digestive Function, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality in Indigenous Yellow-Feathered Broilers under Long-Term Heat Stress

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu ◽  
Yuan ◽  
Sun ◽  
Balasubramanian ◽  
Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trypsin Activity ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Betaine Supplementation

Heat stress has a profound effect on poultry health and productivity. The present study evaluated whether feeding betaine could ameliorate long-term heat stress-induced impairment of productive performance in indigenous yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 240 five-week-old male broilers were randomly allocated to five treatments with six replicates of eight broilers each. The five treatments included a thermoneutral zone control group (TN, fed basal diet), a heat stress control group (HS, fed basal diet), and an HS control group supplemented 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg betaine, respectively. The TN group was raised at 26 ± 1 °C during the whole study, HS groups exposed to 32 ± 1 °C for 8 h/day from 9:00 am to 17:00 pm. The results showed that heat stress decreased the body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake of broilers during 1–5, 6–10, and 1–10 weeks (p < 0.05). Dietary betaine tended to improve the BWG and feed intake of broilers under 5 weeks of heat stress (linear, p < 0.10), and betaine supplementation linearly increased the BWG and feed intake during 6–10 and 1–10 weeks (p < 0.05). Additionally, nitrogen retention was reduced by 5 weeks and 10 weeks of heat stress (p < 0.05), whereas dietary betaine could improve nitrogen retention in heat stressed broilers after both 5 and 10 weeks of heat stress (linear, p < 0.05). Moreover, this study observed that the trypsin activity of jejunum was decreased by 5 weeks of heat stress (p < 0.05), whereas betaine supplementation had quadratic effects on trypsin activity of jejunum in heat stressed broilers (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 10 weeks of heat stress induced a reduction of villus height of the duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05), and decreased the villus height to crypt depth ratio of the jejunum (p < 0.05). Supplementation with betaine ameliorated the adverse effects of heat stress on these parameters (p < 0.05). Compared with the TN group, 10 weeks of heat stress reduced carcass and breast yield (p < 0.05) and betaine supplementation improved carcass and breast yield of heat stressed broilers (linear, p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of betaine could reduce the detrimental effects of long-term heat stress on growth performance, digestive function, and carcass traits in indigenous yellow-feathered broilers.

THE ADDITION OF BUFFERS TO RUMINANT RATIONS: III. THE EFFECT OF ADDITIONS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, SODIUM PROPIONATE, LIMESTONE AND COD LIVER OIL ON APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION OF AN ALL-CONCENTRATE RATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
D. W. Friend ◽  
H. M. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Cod Liver Oil ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Cent Sodium ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Design Experiments

Rumen-fistulated yearling steers were used in two 4 × 4 latin square design experiments to determine the digestibility and nitrogen retention of all-concentrate rations with various supplements. The inclusion of 5.7 per cent sodium bicarbonate in either a ground- or dry-rolled-grain ration resulted in an increase in urine excretion. Digestibility of organic matter and nitrogen or nitrogen retention were not affected. The addition of 60 milliliters of cod liver oil (1200 I.U. vitamin A, 150 I.U. vitamin D per gram) per day to the bicarbonate supplemented, ground-grain ration tended to decrease organic matter digestibility while the addition of 3.6 per cent sodium propionate tended to increase organic matter digestibility. Differences between these rations and the bicarbonate ration were not statistically significant; however, the percentage of nitrogen retained on the cod liver oil supplemented ration was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than on the propionate supplemented ration.The inclusion of 5.7 per cent ground limestone significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the digestibility of dry matter, and nitrogen, but the digestibility of organic matter was not significantly lower at this probability level.

Determination of the methionine requirement of finishing double-muscled Belgian blue bulls with a three-step method

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
E. Froidmont ◽  
Y. Beckers ◽  
A. Théwis
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Step Method ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Total Amino Acids

A three-step technique was used to determine total amino acids (AA) and the first limiting AA requirements in finishing double-muscled Belgian Blue (dmBB) bulls. In a first experiment, three dmBB bulls (505 ± 21 kg) received a low metabolizable protein diet containing 25% meadow hay and 75% concentrate. Net energy supply was adequate for maximizing daily gains because of continuous infusion of dextrose into the duodenum. The intestinal apparent disappearance of essential AA (EAA) averaged 70.8% and was the lowest for histidine (61.3%) and the highest for arginine (79.9%). In a second experiment, four dmBB bulls (517 ± 16 kg) received the same diet supplemented with duodenal infusion of dextrose and four doses of Na-caseinate (17, 33, 50 and 66% of metabolizable dietary AA) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Nitrogen retention for the basal diet alone and the four increasing supplements of Na-caseinate averaged 61, 64, 74, 75 and 78 g d–1, respectively. A supply of 720 g d–1 of metabolizable AA was defined as optimising the N utilization for animal growth. Based on patterns of plasma concentrations, methionine and phenylalanine were probably the limiting AA. In a third experiment, five dmBB bulls (513 ± 60 kg) fed the basal diet received duodenal infusion of dextrose and AA, equivalent to the second dose in exp. 2 except for the supply of metabolizable methionine (12.8, 15.1, 17.6, 20.1, 22.6 and 25.1 g d–1) that varied in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with one missing animal. On the basis of N retention, the metabolizable methionine requirement was estimated to 22.8 g d–1 and corresponded to 360 mg of metabolizable methionine per gram of N retained. Key words: Ruminant, amino acid, duodenal infusion, requirement, plasma, nitrogen pollution

Evaluation of the potential protein-sparing effects of sodium bicarbonate when added to grass silage for growing steers

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Fellner ◽  
L. E. Phillip ◽  
H. Garino
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Supplemental Protein

Six Hereford-cross steers were used to determine whether or not the addition of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to grass silage (GS) would reduce the need for supplemental protein from fish meal (FM). Grass silage (31% DM; pH 4.8) was either unsupplemented or supplemented with FM (10% of silage DM); NaHCO3 was added at 0, 2, or 4% of silage DM. Supplementation with FM increased N retention (P < 0.01) but had no effects (P > 0.10) on feed intake or digestibility of organic matter (OM). Urinary N excretion decreased (P < 0.05) linearly with the addition of NaHCO3 but due to an increase in fecal N there was no significant effect (P > 0.10) of NaHCO3 on N balance. Urinary excretion of bicarbonate (HCO3) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with NaHCO3 addition, but there was no effect (P > 0.10) on urine pH or measures of blood acid-base status. Addition of NaHCO3 increased silage pH to 6.5 but had no effect (P > 0.10) on voluntary feed intake, or digestibility of OM and ADF. The results indicate that the addition of NaHCO3 to grass silage did not spare dietary protein but led to a shift in the partition of N between urine and feces. Key words: Steers, grass silage, sodium bicarbonate, nitrogen retention

Effects of supplementing low-quality hay with groundnut foliage and cassava tops on feed intake, apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation in crossbred cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pok Samkol ◽  
Keo Sath ◽  
Mikaela Patel ◽  
Mom Seng ◽  
Kjell Holtenius
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Arachis Hypogea

Four adult crossbred cattle, fitted with rumen fistula in the dorsal sac, were randomly allocated to four treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design to study the effects of supplementing sun-dried groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) foliage (DGF) and sun-dried cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) tops (DCT) on feed intake, apparent digestibility and rumen fermentation. All animals were fed a basal diet of rice straw ad libitum and para grass (Brachiaria mutica) at 1% of liveweight (LW). The four experimental diets were as follows: (1) control, basal diet without supplement; (2) DGF, basal diet + DGF; (3) DCT, basal diet + DCT; and (4) DGF+DCT, basal diet + DGF + DCT. The supplementary feeds were fed to the level of 2 g crude protein (CP)/kg LW in Diets 2 and 3 and 1 g CP/kg LW of each feed in Diet 4. The results indicated that total intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter and CP increased with DGF and DGF+DCT diets, while neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intake was highest in the DGF diet. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter, CP and NDF were improved in DGF and DGF+DCT treatments. However, the diet with DCT supplement had lowest CP and NDF digestibility. Ruminal NH3-N and total volatile fatty acids increased in all diets with supplements, but ruminal pH, volatile fatty acid profile and in sacco losses of DM, CP and NDF of sun-dried para grass in the rumen did not differ among the treatments.

scholarly journals The effect of sucrose supplements on particle-associated carboxymethylcellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) activities in cattle given grass-silage-based diet

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen ◽  
Hannele Khalili
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Cell Wall Carbohydrates ◽  
Highly Correlated

Carboxymethylcellulase (EC3.2.1.4; CMCase) and xylanase (EC3.2.1.8) activities were assayed in rumen fluid and from microbes closely associated either with rumen particulate material or with feed particles incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of cattle. The cattle were fitted with a permanent rumen cannula and a simple ‘T’-piece duodenal cannula and were given four diets in a 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment. The basal diet (diet C) consisted of grass silage, barley and rapeseed meal (700, 240 and 60 g/kg total dry matter (DM)) given at the rate of 5·3 kg/d or supplemented with 1·0 kg sucrose/d given twice daily (diet S), twice daily with 0·25 kg sodium bicarbonate/d (diet B) or as a continuous intrarumen infusion (diet I). Giving sucrose supplements decreased CMCase and xylanase activities extracted from microbes associated with rumen particulate material or feed particles incubated in nylon bags as compared with diet C. Supplementation of the sucrose diet with sodium bicarbonate resulted in higher CMCase and xylanase activities than other sucrose diets (S and I). Particle-associated CMCase and xylanase activities were found to be very sensitive in detecting differences in the rumen environment and were related to changes in cell wall digestion. The activities were highly correlated with disappearance of DM and neutral-detergent fibre from nylon bags incubated in the rumen, rumen and total digestion of cell-wall carbohydrates and rumen pool size of cell-wall carbohydrates. It was concluded that the attachment of fibrinolytic enzymes is involved in the depression of fibre digestion. Particle-associated CMCase and xylanase activities were much higher when measured from rumen particulate material than from feed particles incubated in nylon bags.

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