scholarly journals The effect of sucrose supplements on particle-associated carboxymethylcellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) and xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) activities in cattle given grass-silage-based diet

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen ◽  
Hannele Khalili
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Cell Wall Carbohydrates ◽  
Highly Correlated

Carboxymethylcellulase (EC3.2.1.4; CMCase) and xylanase (EC3.2.1.8) activities were assayed in rumen fluid and from microbes closely associated either with rumen particulate material or with feed particles incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of cattle. The cattle were fitted with a permanent rumen cannula and a simple ‘T’-piece duodenal cannula and were given four diets in a 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment. The basal diet (diet C) consisted of grass silage, barley and rapeseed meal (700, 240 and 60 g/kg total dry matter (DM)) given at the rate of 5·3 kg/d or supplemented with 1·0 kg sucrose/d given twice daily (diet S), twice daily with 0·25 kg sodium bicarbonate/d (diet B) or as a continuous intrarumen infusion (diet I). Giving sucrose supplements decreased CMCase and xylanase activities extracted from microbes associated with rumen particulate material or feed particles incubated in nylon bags as compared with diet C. Supplementation of the sucrose diet with sodium bicarbonate resulted in higher CMCase and xylanase activities than other sucrose diets (S and I). Particle-associated CMCase and xylanase activities were found to be very sensitive in detecting differences in the rumen environment and were related to changes in cell wall digestion. The activities were highly correlated with disappearance of DM and neutral-detergent fibre from nylon bags incubated in the rumen, rumen and total digestion of cell-wall carbohydrates and rumen pool size of cell-wall carbohydrates. It was concluded that the attachment of fibrinolytic enzymes is involved in the depression of fibre digestion. Particle-associated CMCase and xylanase activities were much higher when measured from rumen particulate material than from feed particles incubated in nylon bags.

scholarly journals Autumn-cut grass silage as roughage component in dairy cow rations. 2. Rumen degradation, fermentation and kinetics

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-234
Author(s):  
H. De Visser ◽  
H. Huisert ◽  
A. Klop ◽  
R.S. Ketelaar
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Gluten Feed

In a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment the effects of DM content and/or the extent of fermentation in grass silages on the pattern of rumen fermentation and rumen kinetics were studied. In a separate study two cows were used to measure the rate of degradation using the dacron bag technique. Four rumen cannulated dairy cows were used to measure rumen fermentation pattern, rumen kinetics were measured in three of these animals. Basal diets (70% of total DM) consisted of maize silage, moist ensiled beet pulp, moist ensiled maize gluten feed, moist ensiled brewers' grains and a concentrate mixture. The remainder of the diet (30% of total DM) was wilted grass silage (WGS), high moisture grass silage with molasses (MGS), high moisture silage with formic acid (FGS) or wilted grass silage with additional water (WW). All diets were fed as complete feeds. pH of the rumen fluid was lower on the MGS and FGS diets. Concentrations of total VFA, acetic acid, ammonia and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) were highest on high moisture diets (MGS and FGS). Rates of clearance and digestion of the organic matter (OM) fractions were or showed tendencies towards being negatively influenced by both MGS and FGS, but remained unaffected by WGS and WW. Degradability of the grass silages was influenced by fermentation in the silo (lower digestible fractions and higher soluble fractions), as were rates of degradation (higher). Results of the degradability measured on the basal diet ingredients were in agreement with published literature and showed a strong correlation between OM digestibility in vitro and the undigestible fraction.

Increasing magnesium intakes in relation to magnesium absorption in dry cows

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surasak Jittakhot ◽  
J Thomas Schonewille ◽  
Hugo Wouterse ◽  
Anton WJ Uijttewaal ◽  
Chalermpon Yuangklang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Saturation Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

Earlier studies with temporarily isolated rumen of heifers show saturation kinetics of Mg efflux across the rumen wall. Therefore, we hypothesized that high Mg intakes would not further increase the rate of Mg absorption in cows. To test our hypothesis, six ruminally fistulated non-pregnant dry cows were given diets with different Mg concentrations in a 6×6 Latin square design. Desired concentrations of Mg were attained by adding MgO to the basal diet and the Mg concentrations in the total rations were 3·8, 6·4, 9·1, 11·8, 14·1 and 17·3 g Mg/kg dry matter, which provided Mg intakes of 27·1, 44·6, 64·6, 83·5, 100·4 and 124·3 g/d, respectively. Increasing Mg intakes were associated with increased (P<0·001) faecal Mg excretion. However, apparent Mg absorption expressed as g/d was not significantly different for Mg intakes from 100·4 to 124·3 g/d while Mg absorption expressed as a proportion of intake was not significantly different for Mg intakes ranging from 64·6 to 124·3 g/d. Mg concentrations in rumen fluid after feeding increased (P<0·001) with increasing Mg intakes. Apparent absorption of Mg appeared to become saturated at a ruminal Mg concentration of 17·5 mM (Mg intake of 83·5 g/d). Group-mean post-feeding concentrations of Mg and Na in rumen fluid were significantly correlated (Pearson's r=−0·96; P=0·003, n=6). This study showed that under conditions of practical dairy cow feeding, Mg absorption was maximal at Mg intakes [ges ]84 g/d.

scholarly journals Rumen fill and digesta kinetics in lactating Friesian cows given two levels of concentrates with two types of grass silage ad lib

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gasa ◽  
K. Holtenius ◽  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
M. S. Dhanoa ◽  
D. J. Napper
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Fibre Degradation ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Resting Period ◽  
Friesian Cows

Four lactating Friesian cows with permanent cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were given early (EC)- or late (LC)-cut grass silage ad lib., each with either 3 or 9 kg concentrate dry matter (DM)/d in a 4 x 4 Latin square design starting about 10 weeks after calving. Feed was offered twice daily at 08.30 hours and 15.30 hours. Periods lasted 5 weeks and measurements were made in the last 15 d. The higher amount of concentrates increased total DM intake but reduced silage DM intake and the fractional rate of degradation of silage-fibre DM. Later cutting date of silage had no effect on DM intake or the fractional rate of degradation of silage-fibre DM but reduced potential degradability of silage fibre. Dilution rate of CoEDTA in rumen fluid was greater during the day (eating period) than during the night (resting period). Dilution rates measured at the duodenum were lower than those measured in the rumen, but neither was affected by diet. Silage-particle passage rates were measured by use of ytterbium-labelled silage fibre (Yb-fibre) and chromium-mordanted faecal particles (Cr-faeces) and samples were taken at the duodenum and in the faeces. Values for slower rate constant (k1) and transit time were higher and for faster rate constant (k2) were lower for Yb-fibre than for Cr-faeces, but differences in total mean retention time were inconsistent. Values for k1 for both markers and k2 for Yb-fibre only were similar at both sampling sites, but values for k2 for Cr-faeces were lower in the faeces. No diet effects were established with Yb-fibre but, with Cr-faeces, k1 was reduced by more concentrates and EC-silage. Daily mean weights of wet digesta, liquid, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and indigestible NDF in the rumen were greater with LC-silage but were unaffected by the amount of concentrates whereas weight of rumen DM was increased by the amount of concentrates only. Maximum rumen fill occurred at 18.00 hours with all diets. Particle-size distribution of rumen contents did not vary markedly during the day. Mean particle size was generally greater with LC-silage than EC-silage. Very small particles, passing through the 0.3 mm screen, constituted about half the rumen DM. It is concluded that rumen fill could have limited intake of LC-silage but not EC-silage. The reduced silage intake with greater concentrate intake was associated with a reduction in fibre degradation rate and an increase in rumen DM fill but no other consistent effects on weight or kinetics of rumen fractions were established.

Effect of supplementary energy and protein feeding on the true digestion of grass-silage organic matter, cell walls and nitrogen estimated by the combined synthetic-fibre-bag method in cows

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomo Varvikko ◽  
Aila Vanhatalo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
The Individual

Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated non-lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows were used in a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square to study the effect of different concentrate supplements on the true partial and total-tract digestion (TTD) of grass silage, estimated by using the combined rumen-bag-intestinal-bag method. The cows were fed, at maintenance level, grass silage alone or supplemented with good-quality ground barley, ground barley and rapeseed meal, or ground barley and soybean meal. The determination of the proportion of grass silage degraded in the rumen (RD) was based on disappearance of feeds from nylon bags during the rumen incubation as a function of time, using the outflow rate of k = 0.0625. The intestinal digestion (ID) was estimated by the mobile-bag method with the residues that resisted degradation during the 16-h rumen incubation. Combination of these two was calculated to provide the TTD. Concentrate supplementation always caused a clear and consistent decline in rumen degradation and TTD of organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and Kjeldahl-N of grass silage but had no real influence on its ID. The type of concentrate, however, had only little effect. The average TTD of NDF was 16% lower than that of OM, but TTD of N was always very much higher than the respective value for OM. The results indicate that concentrate supplementation decreases the total-tract digestion of OM, cell walls and nitrogen of grass silage owing to impaired ruminal degradation. The combined bag method appears a convenient tool to provide digestion coefficients close to the true feed digestion of the individual feeds. Key words: Grass silage, nylon bag, mobile bag, combined bag, ruminal degradation, intestinal digestion, true digestion

scholarly journals Response of silage intake and milk production to replacement of barley by barley fibre derived from integrated starch-ethanol process

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 711-721
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen ◽  
Hannele Ala-Seppälä ◽  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum

A duplicated 4 x 4 Latin Square experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a gradually increased level of barley fibre in the diet on ad libitum grass silage intake and milk production. Barley fibre is a fibrous ethanol-starch by-product (120 g crude protein, 550 g neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 120 g starch/kg dry matter (DM)). The four supplements, given at the rate of 6.5 kg/d on DM basis, were barley (B) and barley of which 333 g/kg (BF), 667 g/kg (FB) and 1000 g/kg (F) were replaced by barley fibre. In addition the cows were given 1 kg of rapeseed meal and 0.25 kg of mineral mixture. As the proportion of barley fibre in the diet increased there was a linear (P

scholarly journals Digestibility of grass silage.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3B) ◽  
pp. 407-422
Author(s):  
A. Steg ◽  
S.F. Spoelstra ◽  
J.M. van der Meer ◽  
V.A. Hindle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Degrading Enzymes

A total of 50 grass silages were tested in digestibility trials using Texel wethers. The feed silages were wilted of varying DM contents and treated with cell-wall degrading enzymes. The accuracy of feed evaluation was studied using laboratory analyses, including cell-wall analyses, incubation in vitro with rumen fluid and the enzymic procedure. A comparison was made between these results and the current and recently suggested procedures for prediction of digestibility of grass silage. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Effects of diets formulated to contain similar amounts of ERDP with different protein sources on ruminal peptide-N concentrations in Iranian Baloochi lambs

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 110-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Danesh Mesgaran ◽  
A R H Moosavi
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Hydrolysis Rate ◽  
Peptide Structure ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Degradable Protein

Peptides are intermediates in the conversion of ingested protein to ammonia in the rumen and their accumulation depends upon the nature of dietary protein (Mesgaran & Parker, 1995). In addition, It has been demonstrated that the hydrolysis rate of peptides was influenced by peptide structure and that proline containing peptides were hydrolysed more slowly by rumen fluid (Mesgaran & Parker, 1996). The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of altering the sources of protein, in diets with similar effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP), on the ruminal peptide-N concentrations.Four Iranian Baloochi lambs weighing 33±1.3 Kg, each with a permanent rumen fistula, were fed twice daily with diets differing in protein sources in a 42 latin square design. The diets consisted of a basal diet of chopped lucerne, barely and sugar beet pulp (190, 230 and 170 g DM d–1, respectively) which was supplemented with lucerne (L), cottonseed meal (C), soybean meal (S) or molasses+urea (M+U) (210, 118, 84 and 80+9 g DM d–1, respectively).

scholarly journals Digestibility and nitrogen balance of pig diets containing gradually increasing levels of rapeseed meal

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 521
Author(s):  
A KARGOPOULOS ◽  
V DOTAS ◽  
I NIKOLAKAKIS ◽  
D DOTAS
Keyword(s):  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Large White ◽  
Apparent Digestibility Coefficient ◽  
Fattening Pigs

Rapeseed meal (RSM), a by-product of extracted rapeseed oil production, is a potential protein source for use in pig diets. To determine the best levels of RSM inclusion in diets of fattening pigs as well as the digestibility and energy value of diets containing gradually increasing levels of RSM, a digestibility trial was conducted. The trial was performed according to a 4x4 Latin square experimental design, with 4 Large White x Landrace castrated male pigs weighing on average 47.3kg. The animals were housed in metabolism cages during the whole period the duration of which was a total of 66 days. The experiment was divided into 5 periods, an adjustment period and 4 experimental periods, during which pigs consumed 4 experimental diets. The diet C (control) was a basal diet based on corn and soybean meal, while the other experimental diets included RSM at levels 90 (low- L), 180 (medium- M) and 270 (high- H) g.kg-1 of feed, respectively. Each experimental period consisted of 10 preliminary days during which the animals were adapted to the diets, followed by a 4 days period for collection of faeces, urine and feed refusal. The gradual increase in the level of RSM in the experimental diets resulted in a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the apparent digestibility of CP, but only for the diet with the highest level of RSM, compared to the control diet and this one with the lowest level of RSM . Any increase in the level of RSM in the experimental diets resulted in significant (P<0.05) increase on the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of CF and very significant (P<0.01) increase in diets M and H, compared to the control and diet L. Similar were the effects of RSM levels in the diets on the apparent digestibility coefficient of NDF, ADF and cellulose. As conclusion, the gradual increase in the level of RSM in the fattening pigs’ diets did not significantly affect ADC of DM and gross energy, caused a significant reduction in the ADC of CP, and a significant improvement in the ADC of CF as well.

THE INVESTIGATION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE OR BENTONITE AS SUPPLEMENTS IN SILAGES FED TO LACTATING COWS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 939-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
V. G. MACKAY
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows

Two experiments with lactating Holsteins were carried out to determine the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or bentonite, added to silage prior to feeding, as a means of increasing dry matter intake. In the first trials the feed, consisting of 10% grain mixture, 45% grass silage and 45% corn silage, was supplemented with 0, 0.6 or 1.2% bentonite in a 3 × 3 latin square utilizing 12 cows and 28-day test periods. Neither level of bentonite improved dry matter intake or milk yield. Milk composition, molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids, plasma calcium and phosphorus were not influenced by additions of bentonite. Apparent dry matter digestibility was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) by the addition of bentonite at the 0.6 and 1.2% levels compared to the cows fed the unsupplemented ration. The digestibility of acid detergent fiber was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the silage mixture supplemented with 1.2% bentonite than for the controls. In the second trial a silage mixture consisting of approximately 30% grass silage and 70% corn silage was supplemented with either 0.8% NaHCO3, 2.1% bentonite or neither and fed in a 3 × 3 latin square utilizing 15 cows and 28-day treatment periods. Compared to control cows, neither NaHCO3 nor bentonite had any significant (P > 0.05) influence on dry matter intake, milk yield or rumen fermentation. However, the addition of NaHCO3 to the silage improved milk yield and feed conversion (P < 0.05) when compared to cows fed the silage supplemented with bentonite. It was concluded from these trials that bentonite should not be used as a supplement to silage diets fed to lactating cows. The results suggested that NaHCO3 supplementation had little if any beneficial effect when grass silage made up approximately 30% of the total diet. Key words: NaHCO3, bentonite, lactating cows, silage intake, digestibility

Effects of intraruminal infusion of propionate on the concentrations of ammonia and insulin in peripheral blood of cows receiving an intraruminal infusion of urea

1995 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai-Jun Choung ◽  
David G. Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Urea Infusion

SUMMARYTo test the hypothesis that propionate can reduce hepatic capacity to detoxify ammonia, effects of the inclusion of propionate in intraruminal infusions of urea on the concentrations of ammonia, other metabolites and insulin in peripheral blood were investigated in two experiments with non-lactating dairy cows. Both experiments were of a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four animals, four treatments and four experimental periods of 7 d; feed was given in two equal meals each day, all intraruminal infusions were given for 1 h at the time of the morning feed, and propionic acid was partly neutralized with NaOH. In Expt 1, the treatments were a basal diet of pelleted lucerne and chopped hay alone or with the following infusions (g/d): urea 80, propionic acid 350, urea 80 plus propionic acid 350. The inclusion of propionate in the urea infusion markedly increased (P < 0·001) the concentration of ammonia in plasma compared with infusion of urea alone. Moreover, the inclusion of urea with the propionate infusion abolished (P < 0·01) the increase in blood insulin level seen with the infusion of propionate alone. In Expt 2, less severe treatments were imposed, the aim being to reproduce metabolic loads of propionate and ammonia that might be expected from a diet of high-protein grass silage rich in lactic acid. The treatments were a basal diet of grass silage alone or with the following infusions (g/d): NaCl 145, NaCl 145 plus urea 50, propionic acid 200, urea 50 plus propionic acid 200. Effects were less pronounced than in Expt 1 but, in the period immediately after infusion, similar effects were seen. It is concluded that propionate–ammonia interactions may have potentially important effects on milk production especially for diets with high proportions of grass silage containing high levels of protein and lactic acid.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document