Determination of the methionine requirement of finishing double-muscled Belgian blue bulls with a three-step method

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
E. Froidmont ◽  
Y. Beckers ◽  
A. Théwis
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Step Method ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Animal Growth ◽  
Total Amino Acids

A three-step technique was used to determine total amino acids (AA) and the first limiting AA requirements in finishing double-muscled Belgian Blue (dmBB) bulls. In a first experiment, three dmBB bulls (505 ± 21 kg) received a low metabolizable protein diet containing 25% meadow hay and 75% concentrate. Net energy supply was adequate for maximizing daily gains because of continuous infusion of dextrose into the duodenum. The intestinal apparent disappearance of essential AA (EAA) averaged 70.8% and was the lowest for histidine (61.3%) and the highest for arginine (79.9%). In a second experiment, four dmBB bulls (517 ± 16 kg) received the same diet supplemented with duodenal infusion of dextrose and four doses of Na-caseinate (17, 33, 50 and 66% of metabolizable dietary AA) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Nitrogen retention for the basal diet alone and the four increasing supplements of Na-caseinate averaged 61, 64, 74, 75 and 78 g d–1, respectively. A supply of 720 g d–1 of metabolizable AA was defined as optimising the N utilization for animal growth. Based on patterns of plasma concentrations, methionine and phenylalanine were probably the limiting AA. In a third experiment, five dmBB bulls (513 ± 60 kg) fed the basal diet received duodenal infusion of dextrose and AA, equivalent to the second dose in exp. 2 except for the supply of metabolizable methionine (12.8, 15.1, 17.6, 20.1, 22.6 and 25.1 g d–1) that varied in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with one missing animal. On the basis of N retention, the metabolizable methionine requirement was estimated to 22.8 g d–1 and corresponded to 360 mg of metabolizable methionine per gram of N retained. Key words: Ruminant, amino acid, duodenal infusion, requirement, plasma, nitrogen pollution

Effects of feeding or abomasal infusion of canola oil in Holstein cows. 2. Gene expression and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and leptin

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanth K Chelikani ◽  
David R Glimm ◽  
Duane H Keisler ◽  
John J Kennelly
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Canola Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Supplemental Fat

We determined the relative importance of cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, and fatty acid concentrations in plasma in mediating the satiety effects of supplemental fat in lactating cows. Five ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in late lactation were used in a 3×5 incomplete Latin square design with three treatments: 1) Control: basal diet (CON), 2) Control+supplementation of canola oil at 1 kg/d in the feed (FED) and 3) Control+abomasal infusion of canola oil at 1 kg/d (INF). Relative to CON, feed intake was reduced by INF but not by FED. We provide evidence that both FED and INF treatments stimulated CCK gene expression in the duodenum and elevated plasma CCK concentrations. However, our results did not support a role for CCK in mediating satiety through an endocrine mechanism of action. We speculate that CCK might be acting either through paracrine and/or neurocrine routes to influence feed intake in cattle. Both FED and INF had no effect on the mRNA abundance of leptin, lipoprotein lipase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylase in adipose tissue. Plasma concentrations of leptin, insulin and IGF-I were not altered by FED or INF, indicating that these signals may not be involved in mediating short-term hypophagic effects of dietary fat. Plasma concentrations of 18[ratio ]1n-9 and 18[ratio ]2n-6 were significantly greater for INF than for FED or CON. We conclude that the hypophagic effects of supplemental fat in cattle depend on the amount of unsaturated fatty acids reaching the intestine and that this satiety effect is mediated through CCK, oleic acid and (or) linoleic acid, but leptin is not involved.

scholarly journals Efficiency of utilization of volatile fatty acids for maintenance and energy retention by sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. ØRskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
W. Corrigall
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Retention ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Energy Retention

1. Two experiments were conducted with lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA), protein, minerals and vitamins.2. In the first experiment to determine the effects of VFA on nitrogen retention four mixtures of VFA (B, C, D and E) were used containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 45,45 and 10; 55,35 and 10; 65,25 and 10; 75, 15 and 10.The level of infusion was 836 kJ/live weight0.75 per d and the design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with 14 d periods. There were no significant differences in the N balance between the different mixtures of VFA though mixture B tended to give the highest N retention.3. Thirty-two lambs were used in the second experiment for measurements of heat production in closed- circuit respiration chambers. Six mixtures of VFA were used. These included mixtures B-E from Expt I and in addition two mixtures (A and F) containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 35, 55 and 10; 85, 5 and 10. The heat production was measured both at 450 and 900 kJ/W0.75 per d, except for mixture F, where it was not possible to achieve a rate of infusion in excess of 675 kJ/W0.75 per d.4. The energy required for maintenance was determined to be 0.45±0.02 MJ/kg live weight0.75 per d regardless of the mixture used.5. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) values for the six mixtures were 0.78, 0.64, 057, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.59 for mixtures A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Only mixture A was significantly better utilized than the other mixtures. This mixture also gave the most efficient N utilization.6. It is concluded from this evidence that differences in k, for diets normally given to ruminants cannot be attributed to differences in utilization of volatile fatty acids.

scholarly journals Leucine and isoleucine requirements of the kitten

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane M. Hargrove ◽  
Quinton R. Rogers ◽  
James G. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Maximal Growth ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Asymptotic Curves ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Plasma Leucine

1. In separate experiments the isoleucine and leucine requirements of the kitten were determined on the basis of growth and nitrogen retention. The dietary concentrations of isoleucine tested were (g/kg diet) 1.4, 2.2, 3.0, 3.8, 4.6 and 9.0 with adequate (12.0 g/kg diet) leucine. The levels of leucine tested were (g/kg diet) 5.0, 7.5, 9.0, 10.5, 12.0 and 20.0 in diets containing adequate (9.0 g/kg diet) isoleucine. In both experiments six male and six female kittens received each dietary level of isoleucine or leucine for periods of 10 d in a balanced 6 x 6 Latin-square experimental design.2. Asymptotic curves were fitted to the response relationships and the minimal dietary requirements for maximal response were estimated from the values at 0.95 of the asymptote. On this basis, the requirements for maximal growth were 6.2 g isoleucine/kg and 7.8 g leucine/kg diet. The requirements for maximal N retention were higher; 8.4 g isoleucine and 10.6 g leucine/kg diet. The isoleucine requirements suggested by this method are probably overestimations and might be slightly above 4.6 g/kg diet.3. Plasma isoleucine and leucine concentrations were not useful in estimating the requirements. Plasma leucine increased rectilinearly with increasing dietary leucine while the response of plasma isoleucine to increasing dietary isoleucine was non-rectilinear. Neither response relationship exhibited a breakpoint at the level of requirement. Below the suggested minimal requirement for leucine there were significant increases in the concentrations of isoleucine and valine in the plasma. Dietary isoleucine below the level of requirement had no effect on plasma valine and leucine. Dietary leucine had no effect on the plasma concentrations of methionine, phenylalanine and threonine, suggesting that the effect of decreasing dietary leucine on plasma isoleucine and valine is a result of decreased oxidation rather than decreased protein anabolism.4. In a separate experiment six kittens, presented a diet containing 2.2 g isoleucine/kg, developed crusty exudates around their eyes within 27 d and six kittens, presented diets containing 3.8 g isoleucine/kg, showed this clinical sign but with less severity within 47 d. Cultures of conjunctival swabs taken from the most severely affected kittens showed the presence of staphylococcal species, suggesting that in isoleucine-deficient kittens there was impaired resistance to these dermal microbes.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF ENSILING UPON FREE AMINO ACIDS AND AMINES IN WHOLE-PLANT CORN, AND ON ITS SUBSEQUENT NUTRITIVE VALUE FOR LAMBS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. PHILLIP ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Voluntary Intake

In a replicated 2 × 2 double latin square, 16 lambs were fed whole-plant corn harvested at 26% or 38% dry matter (DM) and either ensiled or frozen. Corn was supplemented with urea (1.25%, DM basis). Voluntary intake was measured during a 17-day period of ad libitum feeding, after which the lambs were restricted on feed (65 g DM/Wkg0.75) for 14 days for the determination of nitrogen (N) balance and digestibility. Ensiling resulted in an increase in nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), mainly as amino acid-N, from 21% to 48% of the total N in the low DM corn, and from 25% to 43% in the high DM corn. Basic and acidic amino acids were selectively degraded during ensilage. Amine-N accounted for less than 5% of total N in the silages. Voluntary intake (g DM/Wkg0.75) of ensiled corn was not significantly different from that of frozen corn (77.3 vs. 81.7) but was higher (P < 0.05) for the low DM than the high DM corn (85.1 vs. 73.9). Estimates of N balance and digestibility of DM and organic matter were not affected (P < 0.05) by ensiling or by stage of harvest. There appears to be no adverse effect of ensiling whole-plant corn on its voluntary intake and N utilization by ruminants, provided the silage is supplemented with urea. Key words: corn, ensiling, intake, Digestibility, ruminants, nonprotein nitrogen

scholarly journals NITROGEN RETENTION IN RAPIDLY-GROWING STEERS GIVEN UREA SUPPLEMENTED DIETS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
O. A. Ikuwegbu
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Dual Phase ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Microbial N

Four calves equipped with permanent rumen and T-piece duodenal caninulus were given four diets in a Latin square experiment carried out at two stages of development. DM flow was measured by dual-phase markers. The basal diet of hay and concentrate was calculated to be low In rumen degradable N (RDN) and. tissue N. Additional RDN was provided by ad­ding 6, 12 or 18g urea/kg concentrate. Supplementary urea did not affect OM digestion either in the stomach or In the entire digestive tract. At the older age OM digestion in the stomach and the entire tract was significantly higher. On the basal diet, N retention was low. The flow of microbial N measured by the DAPA technique was not affected by diet and it was calculated that between 3 and 7g "s/d were recycled to the rumen. The addition of supplementary urea increased N retention par­ticularly at the lowest level of supplementation due to a concomitant decrease In urinary N.

The bioavailability of magnesium from different types of calcined magnesites of Greek origin

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Zervas ◽  
G. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Particle Size Fractions ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate Solution ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Apparent Bioavailability

AbstractThe objective of this work was to determine the apparent bioavailability of magnesium from four different types of calcined magnesites of Greek origin. These four types (A, B, C, D) were different in particle size fractions and production process. The solubility of the above four magnesium samples and their fractions were determined: (a) in the laboratory using ammonium nitrate solution after 24-h shaking and (b) in vivo using a nylon bag technique after 24-h incubation.Solubility was correlated with apparent bioavailability as determined in a balance experiment with five wether sheep in a 5×5 Latin-square design.Sheep were kept in metabolism cages and were given daily a basal diet (500 g hay + 700 g concentrate) plus 2 g magnesium supplements from types A to D. The magnesium bioavailability of the basal diet was used as a base for the determination of the bioavailability of magnesium in A, B, C and D supplements.Magnesium apparent bioavailability of the basal diet was found to be 0·203 and, for the supplements A, B, C and D, 0·381, 0·339, 0·315 and 0·292 respectively. The solubility of supplements A, B, C and D in ammonium nitrate solution and in vivo (using the nylon-bag technique) was found to be 0·812, 0·805, 0·784 and 0·773 or 0·294, 0·152, 0·102 and 0·200 respectively.The solubilities of the magnesium supplements in ammonium nitrate solution and in vivo both reflected dietary bioavailability differences up to a point, but neither was well enough correlated with the apparent bioavailability as determined by the balance experiment, this being judged to be the most precise method for bioavailability determination.

scholarly journals Ergot alkaloids reduce circulating serotonin in the bovine

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eriton E L Valente ◽  
James L Klotz ◽  
Gyuchul Ahn ◽  
Kyle R McLeod ◽  
Hannah M Herzing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ergot Alkaloid ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Dietary Concentration ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid

Abstract Ergot alkaloids can interact with several serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) receptors provoking many physiological responses. However, it is unknown whether ergot alkaloid consumption influences 5-HT or its metabolites. Thus, two experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of ergot alkaloid feeding on 5-HT metabolism. In exp. 1, 12 Holstein steers (260 ± 3 kg body weight [BW]) were used in a completely randomized design. The treatments were the dietary concentration of ergovaline: 0, 0.862, and 1.282 mg/kg of diet. The steers were fed ad libitum, kept in light and temperature cycles mimicking the summer, and had blood sampled before and 15 d after receiving the treatments. The consumption of ergot alkaloids provoked a linear decrease (P = 0.004) in serum 5-HT. However, serum 5-hydroxytryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid did not change (P &gt; 0.05) between treatments. In exp. 2, four ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (318 ± 3 kg BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to examine the difference between seed sources on 5-HT metabolism. Treatments were: control—tall fescue seeds free of ergovaline, KY 32 seeds (L42-16-2K32); 5Way—endophyte-infected seeds, 5 way (L152-11-1739); KY31—endophyte-infected seeds, KY 31 (M164-16-SOS); and Millennium—endophyte-infected seeds, 3rd Millennium (L108-11-76). The endophyte-infected seed treatments were all adjusted to provide an ergovaline dosage of 15 μg/kg BW. The basal diet provided 1.5-fold the net energy requirement for maintenance. The seed treatments were dosed directly into the rumen before feeding. The experiment lasted 84 d and was divided into four periods. In each period, the steers received seeds for 7 d followed by a 14-d washout. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (baseline) and day 7 for evaluating the treatment response in each period. A 24 h urine collection was performed on day 7. Similar to exp. 1, serum 5-HT decreased (P = 0.008) with the consumption of all endophyte-infected seed treatments. However, there was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) between the infected seeds. The urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the urine was not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by the presence of ergot alkaloids. In conclusion, the consumption of ergot alkaloids decreases serum 5-HT with no difference between the source of endophyte-infected seeds in the bovine.

Nutrition of the bacon pig XVII. The nutritive value of condensed fish solubles

1954 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Rate Of Growth

Investigations have been carried out in this department in recent years with the object of establishing the minimum protein requirements of the bacon pig. The results were recently summarized in this Journal (Woodman & Evans, 1948). The minimum protein standards recorded in that communication are consistent with the attainment of the maximum rate of growth compatible with the net energy content of the diet. The basal foods employed consisted throughout of 2 parts of barley meal and 1 part of middlings (fine bran), together with a little lucerne meal and minerals. Briefly, it was found that such a diet, when supplemented with 7% of white-fish meal, supplied the minimum amount of digestible protein required for the quickest possible rate of growth between weaning and 90 lb. live weight, when the level of feeding was such as is shown in the feeding chart (see Table 7). It was also found unnecessary to include any protein concentrate in the diet beyond 90 lb. live weight to ensure the maximum rate of growth over this later period. The requirements were based on the results of statistically designed growth trials, and were confirmed by nitrogen-balance determinations carried out in metabolism crates. It was found that nitrogen retention was just as favourable on the basal diet supplemented with 7% of white-fish meal as when the protein level was increased by feeding higher amounts offish meal.

EFFECT OF SODIUM BICARBONATE ON NITROGEN UTILIZATION AND FEED INTAKE BY LAMBS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. PHILLIP
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Protein Status ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Induced Changes

Eight wether lambs, four equipped with rumen cannulae and four intact, were assigned to four high-concentrate diets according to a 4 × 4 double latin square with 27-day periods. The basal diet consisted of barley and corn silage, the latter representing 30% of the dry matter (DM), and was either unsupplemented (9% dietary protein) or supplemented (15% protein) with brewers' dried grains. To each of the low protein (LP) and high protein (HP) diets, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was either not added or added at the level of 4% of the diet DM. There was a marked, though not statistically significant, improvement in nitrogen retention due to NaHCO3 inclusion, particularly when protein intake was low. Voluntary feed intake increased by 11% as a result of NaHCO3 addition but the effect was nonsignificant. Bicarbonate-induced changes in feed intake were unrelated to changes in rumen pH. A maximum ruminal osmolality of 303 mOsm/kg elicited by NaHCO3 addition did not appear to restrict feed intake. Rumen ammonia concentration tended to decrease as a result of NaHCO3 addition. Digestibility of organic matter and of DM was unaffected by the inclusion of NaHCO3 but digestibility of nitrogen tended to increase. It is suggested that NaHCO3 could have a protein-sparing effect when added to protein-deficient concentrate diets, and that bicarbonate-induced changes in feed intake may be related to its influence on protein status of ruminants. Key words: Bicarbonate, buffers, lambs, nitrogen utilization, feed intake

scholarly journals Nutritive value of enzyme-supplemented carinata meal for growing pigs1

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1359-1368
Author(s):  
Jinsu Hong ◽  
Jung Wook Lee ◽  
Dan Pettersson ◽  
Tofuko A Woyengo
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Livestock Feeding ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Carinata meal is increasingly available for livestock feeding. However, the effects of supplemental phytase and fiber degrading enzymes on nutritive value of carinata meal for pigs have not been reported. Objective of the study was to evaluate the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid (AA), and digestible energy (DE) and net energy (NE) values of phytase- and fiber-degrading enzymes-supplemented carinata meal for growing pigs. Ten ileal-cannulated pigs (initial body weight = 53.9 ± 4.76 kg) were fed 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with two additional columns to give 10 replicates per diet. Diets included a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diet, basal diet with 25% carinata meal, basal diet with 25% carinata meal plus phytase at 2,000 FTU/kg and multi-carbohydrase at 0.2 g/kg, and in addition a nitrogen-free diet. The multicarbohydrase supplied 4 units of xylanase, 10 units of β-glucanase, and 1,000 units of pectinase per kilogram of diet. The ratio of corn to SBM and soybean oil in carinata meal-containing diets was identical to that in the corn-SBM-based basal diet to allow calculation of AA and energy digestibility of carinata meal by the difference method. On a dry matter basis, carinata meal contained 50.2% crude protein, 0.88% ether extract, 15.37% acid detergent fiber, 1.82% Lys, 0.96% Met, 1.89% Thr, and 0.64% Trp, respectively. The SID of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp for carinata meal were 51.4%, 82.2%, 65.9%, and 85.9%, respectively. The DE and NE values for carinata meal were 3,427 and 1,828 kcal/kg of dry matter, respectively. Supplementation of a combination of phytase and multicarbohydrase did not affect the apparent ileal digestibility of AA and SID of AA for the corn-SBM-carinata meal-based diet, and for the carinata meal. However, the combination of phytase and multicarbohydrase did improve (P &lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility, and DE and NE values for carinata meal by 9.4%, 9.5%, and 12.4%, respectively. In conclusion, the enzymes used in the current study could be added in carinata meal-based diets for growing pigs to improve the energy value.

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