NUTRITIVE VALUE OF LEAF PROTEIN CONCENTRATES PREPARED FROM Amaranthus SPECIES

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. CHEEKE ◽  
R. CARLSSON ◽  
G. O. KOHLER
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Leaf Protein ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
The Poor

Leaf protein concentrate (LPC) samples were prepared from several species of Amaranthus. Their proximate composition and phenolic content were determined. In vitro nitrogen digestibility was low (28–48%) and was negatively correlated with phenolic content. The amino acid content of one sample of A. hypochondriacus LPC was measured, and compared favorably with reported values for essential amino acids for alfalfa LPC and soybean meal. The nutritional values of the LPC samples were assessed in a rat feeding trial. Compared to a soybean meal control diet, the gains with Amaranthus LPC were poor, ranging from 18 to 72% of the control value. The cause of the poor growth remains to be determined. The high ash content of the samples, or the presence of organic factors such as saponins, phenolics and oxalates are possibilities to account for the poor growth rate of rats.

Supplementation of a low protein diet in an attempt to optimize egg mass output

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Summers ◽  
J. L. Atkinson ◽  
D. Spratt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Low Protein

Pullets were brought into production on a low-protein corn, soybean meal diet to which various nutrients including essential amino acids, choline, corn oil and feathermeal were supplemented. Production commenced between 18 and 20 wk of age and up to at least 60% production, hens fed the low protein diets (10% CP) produced at least as many eggs and as great an egg mass as these given a 17% protein corn, soybean meal control diet. Pullets fed the corn, soybean meal test diets, peaked at around 80% as compared to slightly over 90% for the control. Egg production immediately fell for birds fed the test diets to around 70% for most of the test treatments. Body weight remained constant or fell after peak production for birds fed the test diets as compared to a normal increase for birds on the control diet. Egg size increased for the test diets at a rate which was comparable to that of the control birds. In a second experiment, with older hens, supplementation of the 10% protein test diet with methionine, lysine, arginine and tryptophan, resulted in intakes of these amino acids which met NRC minimum requirement levels. However, egg mass output was reduced approximately 11% compared to the 17% protein control diet. While intakes of several essential amino acids fell below requirement levels, the degree that valine was calculated to be deficient in both experiments corresponded closely with the reduction in egg mass output of hens fed the test as compared to the control diet. Key words: Lysine, methionine, egg weight, body weight, hens.

The effect of protein content of wheat grain on its nutritive value in pig diets

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (68) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Williams ◽  
RM Beames
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Essential Amino Acid Content

In two experiments pigs were individually and restrictively fed from approximately 24 to 83 kg liveweight. The diets consisted of wheats of varying protein content supplemented with four levels of soybean meal. In experiment 1, wheats of 19.2 per cent and 11.5 per cent crude protein were compared and in experiment 2, the per cent crude protein content of the wheats was 14.9 and 13.1. Average daily gains, feed conversion ratios and carcase characteristics were not significantly affected by source of wheat in experiment 1, whereas in experiment 2, the 14.9 per cent protein wheat resulted in average daily gains and feed conversion ratios significantly superior to the 13.1 per cent protein wheat. Average daily gains and feed conversion ratios in both experiments and carcase quality in experiment 2 improved with increasing level of soybean meal supplementation. The interaction of wheat source x soybean meal level was significant only for backfat thickness in experiment 2. The level of soybean meal at which backfat thickness significantly increased was 6 per cent and 3 per cent with wheats of 14.9 per cent and 13.1 per cent protein respectively. The observed growth performance and carcase quality between the wheats fed appeared to be unrelated to the determined essential amino acid content of the wheat.

EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HEAT AND MOISTURE TREATMENTS ON MYROSINASE ACTIVITY AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SOLVENT-EXTRACTED CRAMBE SEED MEAL

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Korsrud ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Growth Depression ◽  
Crambe Abyssinica ◽  
Crambe Meal

Solvent-extracted crambe meal, uncooked, dry-heated, autoclaved or steam-stripped, was fed as 0, 5 or 10% of the diet to weanling mice. Ground rapeseed (1% of the diet) was fed in a cross-treatment as a source of myrosinase.Uncooked crambe meal significantly depressed (P < 0.05) feed intakes and gains. Heating by any method tested resulted in significant improvement, but feeding value remained below that of the casein-soybean protein control diet. The addition of the myrosinase source had little effect.In a second experiment, ground seed of crambe, rape and camelina (Crambe abyssinica Hochst., Brassica napus L. and Camelina sativa Crantz) were compared as myrosinase sources when incorporated 1:4 into cooked crambe meal and allowed to react overnight at room temperature with 0 or 30% moisture in the mixture. After this enzyme treatment, half of each mixture was autoclaved to destroy myrosinase prior to ration mixing and feeding.Appreciable hydrolysis of thioglucosides occurred in vitro at 30% moisture, resulting in marked growth depression. The feeding of active myrosinase similarly depressed animal responses, apparently through in vivo thioglucoside hydrolysis. All sources of enzyme were effective.The failure to obtain more enzyme response in the first experiment was attributed to lower enzyme concentration and inferior enzyme-substrate proximity during the time when conditions were otherwise appropriate for thioglucoside hydrolysis.

scholarly journals 163 Xylanase and fermentable xylo-oligosaccharides improve performance in grower-finisher pigs fed a corn-soybean meal based diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 91-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Cordero ◽  
Jae Cheol Kim ◽  
Natasha Whenham ◽  
Helen Masey-O’Neill ◽  
Saksit Srinongkote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Large White ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Average Body

Abstract Cecal inoculum collected from broilers fed a diet supplemented with xylanase showed increased gas production in an in vitro fermentation study with arabinoxylan-based substrates, indicating that intestinal microbiota can adapt to increase the capability to ferment arabinoxylans when pre-exposed to xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) produced by xylanase. As the most abundant non-starch polysaccharides in a corn-soybean meal-based diet is arabinoxylan, this study tested the hypothesis that a blend of a xylanase and XOS will improve growth performance of pigs compared with those fed a diet supplemented with xylanase alone. One hundred twenty male crossbred (Landrace x Large white x Duroc) pigs (77 days average age; 30 kg average body weight -BW) were allocated to one of three treatments: CTR (control diet), XYL (CTR diet supplemented with 100 g/t of xylanase [Econase XT, AB Vista]) and XYL+XOS [CTR diet supplemented with 100 g/t of xylanase and XOS (Signis, AB Vista)]. Each treatment had ten replicates, with 4 animals each. The control diet was formulated with corn, soybean meal, DDGS and cassava meal as major ingredients. Pelleted diets were fed over 3 phases: grower (30–60 kg), finisher 1 (60–80 kg) and finisher 2 (80–100 kg). Average daily gain (ADG) and daily feed intake (ADFI) were measured from 30 to 100 kg and feed efficiency calculated (FCR). No treatment effects were observed on ADFI. Pigs offered the XYL+XOS had increased ADG (CTR = 1.058 vs XYL+XOS= 1.086 g/pig/d; P = 0.02) compared with those supplemented with xylanase alone (CTR = 1.058 vs XYL = 1.067 g/pig/d; P = 0.40). Feed efficiency was improved with XYL (2.65; P = 0.042) and XYL+XOS (2.60; P < 0.001) compared with CTR (2.71). These results suggest that xylanase in combination with XOS further improves daily gain and FCR compared with a xylanase alone. Interestingly the differences between XYL and XYL+XOS become more apparent in older animals, when the microbiome matures and possibly digests fiber more effectively.

scholarly journals By-products from integrated starch-ethanol production from barley in the diets of growing cattle

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-462
Author(s):  
Pekka Huhtanen ◽  
Matti Näsi ◽  
Hannele Khalili
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Barley Protein ◽  
By Products

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the nutritive value for growing cattle of by-products from a new process for integrated starch-ethanol production from barley. Experiment 1 was a 4 x 4 Latin Square, in which the effects of barley protein (375 g crude protein (CP)/kg dry matter (DM)) on digestibility and N retention were examined in four male cattle (initial live weight(LW) 147 kg). The control diet (C) consisted of hay and rolled barley (1 : 1). In isonitrogenous experimental diets, soybean meal (S), a mixture of soybean meal and barley protein (SB) or barley protein (B) was substituted for barley to increase the dietary CP content from 125 to 150 g/kg DM. Replacement of barley with protein supplements increased (P

THREONINE AS THE SECOND LIMITING AMINO ACID IN PEACE RIVER BARLEY FOR GROWING–FINISHING PIGS AND GROWING RATS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. AW-YONG ◽  
R. M. BEAMES
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Peace River

Barley–lysine diets (0.75% total lysine, 0.37% threonine) with or without additional threonine and methionine were compared with a barley and 15.6% soybean meal control diet in a growth trial with 108 pigs and a metabolism trial with six collection periods per diet. Addition of threonine to the barley–lysine diet improved daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass quality, with the growth results obtained with the 0.10% threonine addition equalling those of the barley–soybean meal diet, except for backfat thickness, which was lower on the soybean meal diet. Nitrogen retention, however, increased up to the maximum level (0.15%) of threonine inclusion, when retention equalled that of the control diet. Addition of 0.10% methionine to the barley diet containing added lysine and threonine resulted in no responses. Growth and balance trials with weanling rats in general confirmed results obtained with the pigs. No additional beneficial effects were obtained when lysine levels were increased from 0.75 to0.90%, even when supplemented with additional threonine. However, in order to obtain results similar to those obtained on the barley–soybean meal diet, threonine additions to the barley had to be increased to 0.20% (0.57% total threonine) with the addition of a mixture containing other essential amino acids. Replacement of the essential amino acid mixture with glycine on an equal nitrogen basis did not produce adequate nitrogen retention or growth rate.

scholarly journals AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION OF CANOLA MEAL

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. SUMMERS ◽  
M. BEDFORD ◽  
D. SPRATT
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Acid Supplementation ◽  
Methionine Supplementation

Supplementing a 15% protein diet for chickens, with all the protein coming from canola meal, with essential amino acids (EAA) to bring diet levels up to those recommended by NRC, failed to improve weight gain over that of an unsupplemented canola meal diet. While feed:gain ratio of the EAA-supplemented diet was improved, performance was markedly inferior to that of a 20% protein corn-soybean meal diet. Supplementing the canola meal basal diet with corn oil, lysine, or lysine plus arginine resulted in significant responses; however, performance was again far below that of the corn-soybean meal positive control diet. Supplementing the canola meal basal with EAA to bring levels up to close to the corn-soybean meal control diet resulted in performance which was superior to that obtained in the experiments in which EAA were supplemented to NRC requirement levels. However, performance was still markedly inferior to the corn-soybean meal control diet. A point of interest was the failure to demonstrate a need for methionine supplementation of the canola meal diet, even though by calculations it should have been deficient in this amino acid. A marked improvement in performance occurred when the level of methionine supplementation was reduced from 0.28 to 0.1% for the canola meal diet, supplemented with lysine, arginine and tryptophan. This clearly demonstrates that excess methionine or sulphur supplementation can markedly alter the performance of canola meal diets and may be one of the major reasons why EAA supplementation of semipurified diets that contain canola meal has failed to result in marked improvements in performance. Key words: Canola meal, amino acid supplementation, chickens

scholarly journals In vivo and in vitro methods of measuring nutritive value of leaf-protein preparations

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Leaf Protein ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Net Protein

1. Several in vitro methods were compared with in vivo methods for estimating the nutritive value of leaf-protein concentrates (LPC), using a freeze-dried preparation from wheat (A) fresh, (B) after heating moist, (C) after heating moist and then extraction with chloroform, and (D) after extraction with an acidified solvent.2. The treatments had little effect on the biological value (BV) of the samples for rats.3. Heating moist decreased true digestibility (TD), net protein utilization (NPU) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), but the original values were almost restored by lipid extraction. Acidified solvent extraction decreased TD, NPU and PER of LPC perhaps by making it brittle and difficult to wet.4. Papain solubility and TD were well correlated. Pepsin-pancreatin solubility and TD were less well correlated.5. Microbiological estimations of available amino acids, involving predigestion with pepsin, correlated poorly with TD determinations.6. Unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linolenic, formed complexes during heating of LPC. The effect of this on enzyme solubilization procedures and on digestion in vivo is discussed.7. Some comparisons are made between the effect of heat and of extraction with solvents on LPC and on fish meal.

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