THREONINE AS THE SECOND LIMITING AMINO ACID IN PEACE RIVER BARLEY FOR GROWING–FINISHING PIGS AND GROWING RATS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. AW-YONG ◽  
R. M. BEAMES
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Peace River

Barley–lysine diets (0.75% total lysine, 0.37% threonine) with or without additional threonine and methionine were compared with a barley and 15.6% soybean meal control diet in a growth trial with 108 pigs and a metabolism trial with six collection periods per diet. Addition of threonine to the barley–lysine diet improved daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass quality, with the growth results obtained with the 0.10% threonine addition equalling those of the barley–soybean meal diet, except for backfat thickness, which was lower on the soybean meal diet. Nitrogen retention, however, increased up to the maximum level (0.15%) of threonine inclusion, when retention equalled that of the control diet. Addition of 0.10% methionine to the barley diet containing added lysine and threonine resulted in no responses. Growth and balance trials with weanling rats in general confirmed results obtained with the pigs. No additional beneficial effects were obtained when lysine levels were increased from 0.75 to0.90%, even when supplemented with additional threonine. However, in order to obtain results similar to those obtained on the barley–soybean meal diet, threonine additions to the barley had to be increased to 0.20% (0.57% total threonine) with the addition of a mixture containing other essential amino acids. Replacement of the essential amino acid mixture with glycine on an equal nitrogen basis did not produce adequate nitrogen retention or growth rate.

scholarly journals Effect of leucine on intestinal absorption of tryptophan in rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chisae Umezawa ◽  
Yuko Maeda ◽  
Kanji Haba ◽  
Mariko Shin ◽  
Keiji Sano
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Intestinal Absorption ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Acid Mixture

1. To elucidate the causal relation between leucine and the lowering of hepatic NAD content of rats fed on a leucine-excessive diet (Yamada et al. 1979), the effect of leucine on intestinal absorption of tryptophan was investigated.2. Co-administration of [3H]tryptophan and leucine, with leucine at ten times the level of tryptophan, delayed absorption of L-[side chain 2,3-3H]tryptophan from the digestive tract and incorporation of [3H]tryptophan into portal blood, the liver and a protein fraction of the liver. After 120 min, more than 95% of tryptophan was absorbed whether [3H]tryptophan was administered with or without leucine.3. Co-administration of a mixture of ten essential amino acids, in proportions simulating casein, with [3H]tryptophan markedly delayed absorption of tryptophan from the digestive tract. The addition of supplementary leucine to the amino acid mixture, however, caused no further delay.4. In rats prefed a leucine-excessive diet for 1 week [3H]tryptophan was absorbed at the same rate as in rats fed on a control diet.5. The results indicate that competition between tryptophan and leucine for intestinal absorption did not cause lowering of hepatic NAD.

TrophAmine

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-390
Author(s):  
WILLIAM C. HEIRD
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

In Reply.— The purpose of the study reported in the paper1 to which Zlotkin refers was to evaluate the efficacy of a new parenteral amino acid mixture (ie, TrophAmine) with respect to maintaining "normal" plasma amino acid concentrations and promoting nitrogen retention in low birth weight infants. Because the study was not a controlled trial in which this amino acid mixture was compared with another mixture, a concerted effort was made to avoid drawing conclusions or stating claims regarding the efficacy of this amino acid mixture relative to other mixtures.

Oxoproline kinetics and oxoproline urinary excretion during glycine- or sulfur amino acid-free diets in humans

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (5) ◽  
pp. E868-E876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia C. Metges ◽  
Yong-Ming Yu ◽  
Wei Cai ◽  
Xiao-Ming Lu ◽  
Sue Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Sulfur Amino Acid ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Acute Changes ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Control Study

l-5-oxoproline (l-5-OP) is an intermediate in glutathione synthesis, possibly limited by cysteine availability. Urinary 5-OP excretion has been proposed as a measure of glycine availability. We investigated whether 5 days of dietary sulfur amino acid (SAA-free) or glycine (Gly-free) restriction affects plasma kinetics of 5-OP and urinary excretion of l- andd-5-OP in 6 healthy men. On day 6, l-5-[1-13C]oxoproline and [3,3-2H2]cysteine were infused intravenously for 8 h (3 h fast/5 h fed). In a control study (adequate amino acid mixture), plasma oxoproline fluxes were 37.8 ± 13.8 (SD) and 38.4 ± 14.8 μmol ⋅ kg−1⋅ h−1; oxidation accounted for 85% of flux. Cysteine flux was 47.9 ± 8.5 and 43.2 ± 8.5 μmol ⋅ kg−1⋅ h−1for fast and fed phases, respectively. Urinary excretion ofl- and d-5-OP was 70 ± 34 and 31.1 ± 13.3 μmol/mmol creatinine, respectively, during days 3–5, and 46.4 ± 13.9 and 22.4 ± 8.3 μmol/mmol over the 8-h tracer study. The 5-OP flux for the Gly-free diet was higher ( P = 0.018) and tended to be higher for the SAA-free diet ( P = 0.057) when compared with the control diet. Oxidation rates were higher on the Gly-free ( P = 0.005) and SAA-free ( P = 0.03) diets. Cysteine fluxes were lower on the the Gly-free ( P= 0.01) and the SAA-free diets ( P = 0.001) compared with the control diet. Rates of l-5-OP excretion were unchanged by withdrawal of SAA or Gly for 5 days but increased on day 6( P = 0.005 and P = 0.019, respectively). Thus acute changes in the dietary availability of SAA and Gly alter oxoproline kinetics and urinary 5-OP excretion.

TrophAmine

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
STANLEY H. ZLOTKIN
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Amino Acid Solutions

To the Editor.— Heird et al1 recently described the use of a new parenteral amino acid mixture for low birth weight infants which included a peptide of tyrosine (N-acetyl-l-tyrosine). They concluded that infants tolerated the new mixture well and stated that it was "more efficacious with respect to nitrogen retention and weight gain than other available mixtures." It is my contention that their results do not substantiate their claims. First, the efficiency of nitrogen retention with TrophAmine (70% retention) is not superior to older amino acid solutions.

Effects on wool growth of the infusion of mixtures of amino acids into the abomasum of sheep

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Reis ◽  
D. A. Tunks
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Standard Mixture ◽  
Wool Growth

SUMMARYMerino sheep were given abomasal infusions of either mixtures of amino acids or protein during periods of 8 or 12 days. Effects on wool growth were measured using autoradiography and a clipping procedure which allowed time for the emergence of the wool fibres. Estimates of volume growth rate, from the autoradiographic measurements, and of mass of wool grown, from clipping, were in good agreement.An infusion of a standard mixture of 13 amino acids, which included ten essential amino acids in approximately the proportions in casein, consistently stimulated wool growth. The mean increases in volume and mass of wool grown, during 30 infusions, were 66 and 67% respectively. A mixture of ten essential amino acids alone appeared to be as effective as the standard mixture for stimulating wool growth, and there were no significant differences between the effects on wool growth of casein and the standard mixture of amino acids.The omission of methionine from an infusion of the standard mixture of amino acids, or from a mixture of essential amino acids only, inhibited wool growth rate; both fibre diameter and length of wool grown per day were reduced to below the control values. In addition, the strength of the fibres was considerably reduced.Infusions of zein and of an amino acid mixture simulating the essential amino acid composition of zein both inhibited wool growth rate, due to a reduction in fibre diameter. Similar effects on wool growth were observed when any one of three essential amino acids (lysine, isoleucine or leucine) was omitted from an infusion of the standard mixture of amino acids. The omission of five other essential amino acids (arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, threonine or valine) from the infusion, or variations in the proportions of leucine, lysine or methionine, had no appreciable effects on wool growth.

Beneficial Effects of an Amino Acid Mixture on Colonic Mucosal Healing in Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 2895-2905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxin Liu ◽  
Martin Beaumont ◽  
Francine Walker ◽  
Catherine Chaumontet ◽  
Mireille Andriamihaja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Mucosal Healing ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Beneficial Effects

scholarly journals AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION OF CANOLA MEAL

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. SUMMERS ◽  
M. BEDFORD ◽  
D. SPRATT
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Acid Supplementation ◽  
Methionine Supplementation

Supplementing a 15% protein diet for chickens, with all the protein coming from canola meal, with essential amino acids (EAA) to bring diet levels up to those recommended by NRC, failed to improve weight gain over that of an unsupplemented canola meal diet. While feed:gain ratio of the EAA-supplemented diet was improved, performance was markedly inferior to that of a 20% protein corn-soybean meal diet. Supplementing the canola meal basal diet with corn oil, lysine, or lysine plus arginine resulted in significant responses; however, performance was again far below that of the corn-soybean meal positive control diet. Supplementing the canola meal basal with EAA to bring levels up to close to the corn-soybean meal control diet resulted in performance which was superior to that obtained in the experiments in which EAA were supplemented to NRC requirement levels. However, performance was still markedly inferior to the corn-soybean meal control diet. A point of interest was the failure to demonstrate a need for methionine supplementation of the canola meal diet, even though by calculations it should have been deficient in this amino acid. A marked improvement in performance occurred when the level of methionine supplementation was reduced from 0.28 to 0.1% for the canola meal diet, supplemented with lysine, arginine and tryptophan. This clearly demonstrates that excess methionine or sulphur supplementation can markedly alter the performance of canola meal diets and may be one of the major reasons why EAA supplementation of semipurified diets that contain canola meal has failed to result in marked improvements in performance. Key words: Canola meal, amino acid supplementation, chickens

Amino acid imbalance in ruminant lambs

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Egan ◽  
QR Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Physiological Capacity ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Amino Acid Imbalance ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid Concentration

In a series of 14 experiments young Merino x Dorset Horn or Merino x Suffolk wethers were fed on wheaten straw or wheaten hay supplemented with a mineral mixture and, in some cases, urea and/or molasses. The diets were contrived to provide between 8 and 12% of digestible energy as protein digested in the intestines. A mixture of amino acids estimated to provide suitable proportions of essential amino acids and adequate non-essential amino acids was developed. With each diet, either the complete amino acid mixture, or a mixture from which one essential amino acid was excluded (imbalanced mixture), was infused per abomasum. In several experiments feed intake was depressed by imbalanced mixtures in which methionine, threonine, isoleucine and lysine were the respective deletions from the mixture, but was elevated by the infusion of the complete amino acid mixture. In each experiment an imbalanced infusion resulted in a decrease in plasma concentration of that amino acid excluded from the mixture to levels only 15–50% of control (pre-infusion) levels. All other essential amino acids were increased in concentration in plasma, reaching 1.5 to 6 times the concentrations in pre-infusion conditions. Infusions of greater amounts of amino acids resulted in greater changes in the plasma amino acid concentration. These results indicated that, although ruminant lambs ingesting herbage diets are unlikely to be subjected to an effective amino acid imbalance, they have the physiological capacity to respond to amino acid imbalances. This needs to be considered when rumen bypass of amino acids or proteins is being considered in practical or experimental circumstances.

Effect of amino acid meals on hepatic alpha-aminoisobutyrate transport and cyclic AMP

1975 ◽  
Vol 228 (5) ◽  
pp. 1606-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Tews ◽  
NW Colosi ◽  
AE Harper
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
Dispensable Amino Acids

Within 1.5 h after force-feeding rats one meal of enzymatic hydrolysates of casein, gelatin, lactalbumin, or yeast, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) transport in liver slices was stimulated two- to threefold. A complete amino acid mixture also increased AIB transport. Of the 15 amino acids or derivatives tested individually, the dispensable amino acids, especially glycine and alanine, were more stimulatory than the essential amino acids; feeding a mixture of amino acids lacking glycine and alanine increased AIB uptake only slightly. The effects were significantly greater in meal-fed than in ad libitum-fed rats. Increased hepatic concentrations of cyclic AM were usually associated with the increase in AIB transport. Feeding glucose inhibited the increases in transport and cyclic AMP concentration induced by casein hydrolysate or in the stimulation of AIB transport by dietary amino acids. The increases in AIB uptake appeared unrelated to the exchange of endogenous amino acids with medium AIB.

scholarly journals PLASMA PROTEIN AND HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION

1947 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Robscheit-Robbins ◽  
L. L. Miller ◽  
G. H. Whipple
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Blood Protein ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Amino Acid Mixtures ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Given healthy dogs fed abundant iron and protein-free or low protein diets with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia, we can study the capacity of these animals to produce simultaneously new hemoglobin and plasma protein. Reserve stores of blood protein-building materials are measurably depleted and levels of 6 to 8 gm. per cent for hemoglobin and 4 to 5 gm. per cent for plasma protein can be maintained for weeks or months depending upon the intake of food proteins or amino acid mixtures. These dogs are very susceptible to infection and various poisons. Dogs tire of these diets and loss of appetite terminates many experiments. Under these conditions (double depletion) standard growth mixtures of essential amino acids are tested to show the response in blood protein output and urinary nitrogen balance. As a part of each tabulated experiment one of the essential amino acids is deleted from the complete growth mixture to compare such response with that of the whole mixture. Methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, and tryptophane when singly eliminated from the complete amino acid mixture do effect a sharp rise in urinary nitrogen. This loss of urinary nitrogen is corrected when the individual amino acid is replaced in the mixture. Histidine, lysine, and valine have a moderate influence upon urinary nitrogen balance toward nitrogen conservation. Leucine, isoleucine, and arginine have minimal or no effect upon urinary nitrogen balance when these individual amino acids are deleted from the complete growth mixture of amino acids during 3 to 4 week periods. Tryptophane and to a less extent phenylalanine and threonine when returned to the amino acid mixture are associated with a conspicuous preponderance of plasma protein output over the hemoglobin output (Table 4). Arginine, lysine, and histidine when returned to the amino acid mixture are associated with a large preponderance of hemoglobin output. Various amino acid mixtures under these conditions may give a positive urinary nitrogen balance and a liberal output of blood proteins but there is always weight loss, however we may choose to explain this loss. These experiments touch on the complex problems of parenteral nutrition, experimental and clinical.

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