DIGESTION OF CORN AND ALFALFA SILAGES IN THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE OF SHEEP PREPARED WITH TWO RE-ENTRANT CANNULAS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

Four wethers, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, were used to study digestion of corn and alfalfa silages. The four silages fed were (1) corn silage (2) corn silage with 0.6% urea (fresh weight basis) added at the time of ensiling (3) direct-cut alfalfa silage treated with formic acid (5 g/kg fresh alfalfa) and (4) wilted alfalfa silage. Urea additions to corn silage increased crude protein from 8.1 to 13.2% which resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in microbial yield from 1.99 to 3.23 g N/100 g organic matter (OM) apparently digested in the stomach. The apparent digestion of OM in the stomach was lower (P < 0.05) with formic-acid-treated alfalfa silage (48.6%) compared to the wilted alfalfa silage (56.1%), but this difference had disappeared at the ileum. The preservation of alfalfa silage with formic acid compared to wilting resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) flow from the stomach and digestion within the small intestine of non-ammonia nitrogen. This effect of formic acid on non-ammonia dynamics was unrelated to microbial yield.

ORGANIC ACID DETERMINATION ON TREATED AND UNTREATED CORN SILAGE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELIZABETH CANDLISH ◽  
J. McKIRDY
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Acid Determination

Changes in levels of organic acids in corn silage were measured by gas chromatography. When corn was treated prior to ensiling with formic acid, propionic acid, Chemstor, and Hay Savor at levels of 0.75% and 1.5% on a fresh weight basis, the acids added were readily detected on the gas chromatograms. Formic acid addition lowered the pH of the corn silage to a greater extent than the other added acids. Control silages contained between 5.81 and 17.43 mmol total acids per 100 ml silage juice, whereas silages treated with propionic acid and Chemstor contained between 33.86 and 42.53 mmol total acid per 100 ml silage juice. Formic acid- and Hay Savor-treated silages contained intermediate amounts of acids. The acid treatments did not severely affect lactic acid production.

COMPARISON OF WILTED SILAGES OF ALFALFA CUT AT TWO STAGES OF MATURITY WITH FORMIC-ACID-TREATED SILAGE FROM EARLY-CUT ALFALFA

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. ATWAL
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Fiber Fractions ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Two Stages

First cut alfalfa was harvested at early bloom and stored as early-cut formic-acid-treated silage (EFS) and early-cut wilted silage (EWS). Late-cut wilted alfalfa silage (LWS) was harvested 15 days later. Dry matter (DM) yields were 2.91, 2.82 and 3.12 tonnes/ha, respectively, for EFS, EWS and LWS. In the same order, for feeding in spring of the subsequent year, recoveries from storage were 79.8, 85.6 and 86.0% of DM; 84.1, 92.3 and 88.1 of energy; and 77.6, 91.5 and 92.2% of crude protein (CP). Ad libitum DM intakes were not significantly different (102.6, 99.7 and [Formula: see text] for the three treatments, respectively). Late-cut forages (both fresh and wilted) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fiber fractions (lignin and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen) than the early-cut forages. Similar trends persisted among the silages at feeding time after 9 mo of storage. Differences in the chemical composition and digestibilities of nutrients for EFS and EWS were small and statistically not significant (P > 0.05). When fed at maintenance level, the digestibility values for DM, energy and cellulose were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for EWS than for LWS but not for EFS. However, when fed ad libitum in combination with corn silage (1:1 DM basis), there were no significant effects of either harvesting date or wilting vs. formic acid treatments on the digestibility of nutrients. Key words: Alfalfa, silages, digestibility, formic acid, maturity stage, wilted silage

The optimum level of protein in the supplement for dairy cows with access to grass silage

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Gordon ◽  
C. H. McMurray
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Grass Silage

ABSTRACTGrass silage with a dry-matter content of 19·4% and containing 16·7% crude protein was offered ad libitum to 42 first lactation British Friesian cows during the first 75 days post-calving. In addition the animals received supplementary concentrates containing either 10·3, 13·6, 17·3, 21·1, 25·2 or 30·3% crude protein on a fresh weight basis, with extracted soya bean meal being used as the main protein source. All concentrates were offered at an equal level of 8·0 kg per day. The relationship between milk yield and protein content of the supplement was curvilinear and was described by the following equation:Y= 8·95+ 1·0×–0·0205×where Y = milk yield per day in kg, and × = percentage protein in the supplement. This equation indicated that maximum milk yield was obtained with a concentrate containing 24·4 % protein on a fresh weight basis. The protein content of the milk was also curvilinearly affected by the level of protein in the supplement, and it was calculated that maximum milk protein (nitrogen × 6·38) would be obtained with a supplement containing 23·9% protein. Plasma blood urea levels increased linearly with increasing protein intake. The effects on live-weight change and blood components were also recorded.

scholarly journals Effect of Mixing Alfalfa with Whole-Plant Corn in Different Proportions on Fermentation Characteristics and Bacterial Community of Silage

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Musen Wang ◽  
Run Gao ◽  
Marcia Franco ◽  
David B. Hannaway ◽  
Wencan Ke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Fermentation Quality

The influence of mixing alfalfa with whole-plant corn in different proportions on the fermentation characteristics and bacterial community of silage was investigated. Alfalfa and whole-plant corn, harvested at dry matter content of 276.47 and 328.43 g/kg fresh weight, accordingly, were chopped to approximately 2 cm and mixed at ratios of 100:0 (C0, control), 80:20 (C20), 60:40 (C40), 40:60 (C60), 20:80 (C80) and 0:100 (C100) on a fresh weight basis, respectively. Silos of each treatment were produced in triplicate and anaerobically fermented in darkness for 100 days at room temperature (20–21 °C). At silo opening, silage fermentation characteristics and bacterial composition and diversity were analyzed. The C0 silage was weakly preserved, evidenced by a low lactic acid concentration and a high value of pH, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen. With corn proportion in the mixture increasing from 0% to 40%, silage pH, acetic acid, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen level decreased, whereas the value of lactic acid and lactic acid to acetic acid ratio increased. The C40, C60, C80 and C100 silages’ Flieg score, used to evaluate the overall fermentation quality, was above 80 and higher than C0 (25) and C20 (61) silages. The C0 silage contained a complex bacterial community at the genus level, consisting mainly of Enterococcus (38.86%), Enterobacteria (20.61%), Rhizobium (8.45%), Lactobacillus (8.15%), Methylobacterium (5.54%) and Weissella (5.24%). As corn percentage increased from 0% to 40%, the relative abundance of desirable Lactobacillus increased and undesirable Rhizobium and Methylobacterium population reduced. With corn proportion in the mixture increasing from 0% to 40%, inclusion of corn to alfalfa at ensiling significantly improved silage fermentation quality and shifted the bacterial community for better silage preservation. Overall, high quality silage was produced when alfalfa was combined with at least 40% whole-plant corn on a fresh weight basis.

The digestion of nitrogen associated with plant cell wall in the stomach and small intestine of the sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
JR Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
D Cell

The digestion of dietary cell wall constituents was estimated during measurements of the passage of digesta from the stomach and intestines of sheep. Two groups of four sheep were used, and they were fed on either mature wheaten hay at 600 g/d or immature dried ryegrass at 800 g/d. Cell wall constituents comprised c. 58.7% and 39.8% of the organic matter in the two diets, while the nitrogen associated with cell wall was equivalent respectively to 14.1 and 24.6 % of dietary nitrogen. With wheaten hay, 45 % of cell wall organic matter and 25 % of cell wall nitrogen were digested in the stomach. The corresponding values for ryegrass were, respectively, 81 and 89 %. The nitrogen in cell wall contributed about 9% of non-ammonia nitrogen in digesta leaving the stomach and 15 % in digesta leaving the ileum with wheaten hay, but only 4-5 % at each site with ryegrass. Although the release of amino acids from cell wall in the small intestine was less than from the remaining crude protein in digesta, it was concluded that the amounts involved were too small to have much effect on the apparent release of amino acids in digesta passing through the small intestine.

Yield Performance of Calocybe indica on Different Agricultural Subatrate

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Pinkal Patel ◽  
Ratna Trivedi
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Paddy Straw ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Calocybe Indica

The Milky mushroom, Calocybe Indica was cultivated on different agricultural substrate, paddy straw, wheat straw, sugarcane trace and mango dry leaves. The spawning was done by sterilization of all the four substrate. The bags were kept in mushroom growing room with the maintenance of temperature and humidity 30̊ c-35̊ c and 70-80 % respectively. The minimum days requires for completion of spawn run (18.4 days), primordial formation (25.2 days) and days for first harvest (32.4 days) was first observed on cultivation with Paddy straw.  The maximum yield on fresh weight basis and biological efficiency (134.86 %) was also found to be as the same treatment with the Paddy straw as a substrate. The biological efficiency of wheat straw was at par with Sugarcane trace as substrate which was 85.07 % and 85.02 % respectively.

Nitrogen metabolism of Picea glauca. II. Diurnal changes of free amino acids, amides, and guanidino compounds in roots, buds, and leaves during the onset of dormancy of white spruce saplings

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 921-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Guanidino Compounds

In late August during the onset of dormancy in spruce, seasonal levels of soluble nitrogen, rich in arginine, were high. On a fresh weight basis, diurnal levels of total soluble nitrogen and most component amino acids in roots, buds, and leaves showed maxima, one at sunrise and another in the afternoon or near sunset.Arginine and glutamine in the different plant parts contributed 44 to 83% to the alcohol-soluble nitrogen. In buds and leaves, percentage of arginine remained high and decreased slightly at midday, whereas in roots a continual drop occurred. In all organs examined, changes in glutamine reflected the double maxima of total soluble nitrogen and were greatest in roots.On a fresh weight basis, most amino acids accumulated at sunrise and near sunset; however a few especially in leaves, increased at midday, e.g. glutamic and aspartic acid, lysine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and serine.Comparison of levels of free guanidino compounds in different organs showed remarkable out-of-phase patterns. Levels of these compounds are known from 14C-arginine studies to be closely related to the metabolism of arginine.

Utilization of grass-silage nitrogen by growing sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Grenet
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Green Fodder

SUMMARYThe digestibility, the voluntary intake and the nitrogen balance of 108 diets corresponding to 94 silages prepared from 20 fresh crops were measured in growing sheep. Series of silages were made from the same fresh forage. Each series included two controls: a direct-cut silage without additive and a direct-cut silage with formic acid, with a variable number of experimental silages with different additives.Rumen ammonia concentration, measured on rumen-fistulated sheep, decreased when an additive was used. It increased with nitrogen intake and was inversely related to the organic-matter digestibility and the crude-fibre digestibility. It varied with the silage composition.The crude-protein digestibility of direct-cut silages without additives was similar to or slightly higher than the crude-protein digestibility of the fresh crops. The addition of formic acid depressed the digestibility, but the addition of formaldehyde decreased it even more. The urinary nitrogen loss was higher for silages without additive than for the fresh crops and was decreased by the addition of formic acid. The addition of formaldehyde to formic acid had an additive effect.Retained nitrogen was lower in silages without additives (12% of nitrogen intake) than in parent crops (15·7%). It increased when formic acid (15·8%) was added. The addition of formaldehyde at a low rate (1·5 l/t green fodder) to the formic acid did not increase the nitrogen retention whether expressed in g/day or as percentage of nitrogen intake, but the addition of formaldehyde at a high rate (3·5 l/t green fodder) to formic acid decreased nitrogen retention. The other additives based on cereals or whey did not improve the nitrogen balance compared with formic acid. Nitrogen retention differed according to plant species.Retained nitrogen increased with digestible organic-matter intake and nitrogen intake. It increased with the silage water-soluble carbohydrate content. The higher the silage fermentation product content (ammonia, lactic acid, propionic acid), the lower the retained nitrogen. It appears that the nitrogen value of silages can be high provided that the silages are well preserved and that excessive protein breakdown is avoided.

A comparison of preharvest and postharvest ethylene production and respiration rates of saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) fruit during development

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332
Author(s):  
Suzy Y Rogiers ◽  
N Richard Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Maturity Class

Changes in respiration and ethylene production rates of nine maturity classes of saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia, Nutt.) fruit after harvest were compared with those of fruit maturing and ripening on the plant. During ripening on the plant, ethylene production increased on a whole-fruit and fresh-weight basis, while respiration increased substantially on a whole-fruit basis but remained constant on a fresh-weight basis. Fruit harvested at the greenish yellow to pink stages (maturity classes four and five, respectively) increased their ethylene production until 15-20 h after harvest, and this was coincident with ripening to maturity class seven and thus a color change to red. Ethylene production then declined over the next 15 h. Respiration rates of harvested immature, mature, and ripe fruits declined over 5 days, except for a relatively brief 8-12% rise starting 15-20 h after harvest. This brief increase in respiration was characteristic of fruit of all maturity classes, likely reflecting a wound response associated with harvest rather than a ripening-induced change in metabolism. Continuous treatment of attached or detached fruit with propylene or ethylene in an open airflow system did not induce an increase in respiration earlier, relative to control fruit. The respiratory response of saskatoon fruit during postharvest ripening was thus very different from that of fruit that ripened on the plant. Thus, the increase in respiration associated with ripening could only be demonstrated on a whole-fruit basis if fruit remained on the plant. Preharvest and postharvest changes in ethylene production during ripening also differed but were both consistent with climacteric ripening.Key words: Amelanchier alnifolia, ethylene, ripening, saskatoon fruit.

scholarly journals Macro and Micro Elemental Analysis of Anethum Sowa L. (Dill) Stem By X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Moshfekus Saleh-e-in ◽  
Abida Sultana ◽  
M Abul Hossain ◽  
Mainul Ahsan ◽  
Sudhangshu Kumar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Concentration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Micro Elements ◽  
Anethum Sowa ◽  
Proximate Analyses

Anethum sowa L. (Dill) stem portions were analyzed for its macro and micro elemental concentration by XRF spectrometry collected from different places of Bangladesh. The plants were collected when those were 35 cm in height i.e. within 40-45 days of sowing. Results of proximate analyses showed that the stem parts contained highest level of moisture (93.67), ash (1.62) and dry matter (30.77%) on fresh weight basis (g/100g). The highest level of mineral contents were Ca(478.50±6.22), K(336.65±3.26), Cl(153.92±3.26), Na(114.86±1.38), S(96.65±1.76), Mg(63.96±1.15), P(49.41±0.74), Al(41.75±0.71), Fe(34.57±1.33), Si(31.03±0.18), Ni (11.98±0.22) and Ti (3.75±0.28) in mg/100g on fresh weight basis. Cu, Sr, Rb, Zn, Ba and Zr were present in small amount and Y, Cu and Mn were present in trace amount. However, the toxic elements like Co, Pb, As and Hg were not found in the present study. Presence of higher amounts of mineral contents in the stem parts could potentially be consumed as supplement as human diets or livestock feed as well as pharmaceutical preparation. Key words: Anethum sowa L., XRF spectrometry, Dill, Condiment, Macro and micro elements, Elemental composition.     doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2238   Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4), 483-494, 2008

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