The digestion of nitrogen associated with plant cell wall in the stomach and small intestine of the sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
JR Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
D Cell

The digestion of dietary cell wall constituents was estimated during measurements of the passage of digesta from the stomach and intestines of sheep. Two groups of four sheep were used, and they were fed on either mature wheaten hay at 600 g/d or immature dried ryegrass at 800 g/d. Cell wall constituents comprised c. 58.7% and 39.8% of the organic matter in the two diets, while the nitrogen associated with cell wall was equivalent respectively to 14.1 and 24.6 % of dietary nitrogen. With wheaten hay, 45 % of cell wall organic matter and 25 % of cell wall nitrogen were digested in the stomach. The corresponding values for ryegrass were, respectively, 81 and 89 %. The nitrogen in cell wall contributed about 9% of non-ammonia nitrogen in digesta leaving the stomach and 15 % in digesta leaving the ileum with wheaten hay, but only 4-5 % at each site with ryegrass. Although the release of amino acids from cell wall in the small intestine was less than from the remaining crude protein in digesta, it was concluded that the amounts involved were too small to have much effect on the apparent release of amino acids in digesta passing through the small intestine.

Digestion of two legumes and rumen bacterial growth in defaunated sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Lindsay ◽  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms

Defaunated sheep offered lucerne hay or dried red clover were used to study digestion in the stomach of dietary organic matter, plant cell wall constituents, and plant cell contents. Digestion in that section of the tract was, for dietary organic matter, 50 % with lucerne and 60% with red clover, for plant cell contents 65–70% with both diets, and for plant cell wall constituents 30% with lucerne and 60 % with red clover. Estimates of growth of rumen bacteria in these sheep indicated that about 32 g of bacterial organic matter and 23 g of bacterial crude protein were synthesized in the rumen for each 100 g of plant organic matter digested. Comparisons of apparent digestion in the stomach and intestines were made between the defaunated sheep and the same sheep carrying a normal population of rumen microorganisms. Levels of rumen ammonia were lower in the absence of protozoa. However, only small differences were observed in the flow of digesta along the tract and in the apparent digestion of organic matter and nitrogen in both the stomach and intestines as a result of defamation. Hence it is suggested that data on the digestion of forages obtained with defaunated sheep can be applied to sheep with rumen protozoa.

DIGESTION OF CORN AND ALFALFA SILAGES IN THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE OF SHEEP PREPARED WITH TWO RE-ENTRANT CANNULAS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

Four wethers, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum, were used to study digestion of corn and alfalfa silages. The four silages fed were (1) corn silage (2) corn silage with 0.6% urea (fresh weight basis) added at the time of ensiling (3) direct-cut alfalfa silage treated with formic acid (5 g/kg fresh alfalfa) and (4) wilted alfalfa silage. Urea additions to corn silage increased crude protein from 8.1 to 13.2% which resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in microbial yield from 1.99 to 3.23 g N/100 g organic matter (OM) apparently digested in the stomach. The apparent digestion of OM in the stomach was lower (P < 0.05) with formic-acid-treated alfalfa silage (48.6%) compared to the wilted alfalfa silage (56.1%), but this difference had disappeared at the ileum. The preservation of alfalfa silage with formic acid compared to wilting resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) flow from the stomach and digestion within the small intestine of non-ammonia nitrogen. This effect of formic acid on non-ammonia dynamics was unrelated to microbial yield.

Effects of lasalocid and cationomycin on the digestion of plant cell walls in sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Bogaert ◽  
L. Gomez ◽  
J. P. Jouany
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Flow Measurements

The effect of lasalocid and cationomycin on plant cell wall digestion was tested in a Latin square design experiment over three periods on six adult sheep fed three diets: a control diet (T) without antibiotics, a diet (L) with 33 mg kg−1 of lasalocid, and a diet (C) with 33 mg kg−1 of cationomycin. The dry matter and plant cell wall digestibilities were not affected by the addition of antibiotics. The digestive flow measurements at the duodenum showed that the antibiotic had no effect on the apparent digestion of dry matter, organic matter and plant cell walls along the digestive tract. This was confirmed by the in sacco feed and pure cellulose rumen degradation measurements. Lasalocid, however, decreased the true digestion of feed dry matter in the rumen, as shown by the duodenal flow measurements after being corrected for microbial dry matter. Compared with the control diet, diets (L) and (C) increased the propionate percentage in the rumen VFA mixture (T = 14.9, L = 19.4, C = 18.9) and decreased acetate (T = 66.1, L = 63.8, C = 65.7) and butyrate (T = 14.1, L = 12.7, C = 11.7) percentages. The addition of antibiotics decreased the rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration by 14%. The CO2 to CH4 ratio in the gas mixture was, however, not statistically modified, and no ionophore effect was observed on the protozoa mean population. Key words: Lasalocid, cationomycin, digestion, cell wall carbohydrates, sheep, rumen

The digestion of chopped and ground roughages by sheep. II. Digestion of nitrogen and some carbohydrate fractions in the stomach and intestines

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan ◽  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Feed Processing ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Relative Extent ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Per Se

A study of the intake and digestion of lucerne and wheaten hays was made with Merino wethers offered chopped hay near ad libitum, ground hay at the same level as the chopped hay, and ground hay near ad libitum. These treatments were imposed to separate the effects of grinding per se from those associated with the increased intakes of roughages permitted by grinding. The following conclusions were reached: (1) Grinding permitted a substantial increase in food consumption on both diets. (2) Grinding per se of both hays produced little change in the relative importance of stomach and intestines as sites of digestion of any of the feed components studied. Grinding had no effect on the digestibility of lucerne hay but reduced that of wheaten hay, mainly by reducing the digestion of the cell wall constituents. (3) When both ground hays were offered near ad libitum, digestibility was reduced, mainly because of a fall in digestibility of the cell wall constituents. With lucerne hay, grinding increased the organic matter intake by 37% above chopped hay but the organic matter digested was increased by only 27%. By contrast, on wheaten hay an increase of 42% in organic matter intake on ground hay resulted in the digestion of only 18% more organic matter than on chopped hay. On both diets the relative extent of digestion occurring in stomach and intestines was similar to that observed with chopped hay. (4) On all three lucerne diets there was a net loss of 22–25% of dietary nitrogen from the stomach. By contrast, on the wheaten hay diets a substantial gain of nitrogen occurred during the passage of digesta through the stomach; the amount of nitrogen gained was independent of feed processing and feed intake. The crude protein apparently digested in the intestines was approximately 17% of the total organic matter digested on the lucerne diets and 10–12% of that digested on the wheaten hay diets. (5) Within diets the relative proportions of individual rumen VFA were the same on chopped and ground hay offered near ad libitum. (6) Grinding probably did not cause any change in the composition of the end products of digestion. (7) On the lucerne hay diets, 16–20% of the organic matter digested in the rumen was soluble carbohydrate, on wheaten hay approximately 40–50%.

Measurement of the quantity and composition of digesta in the reticulo-rumen of sheep fed on a roughage diet

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Egan ◽  
GR Pearce ◽  
PT Doyle ◽  
R Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Cell Wall Material ◽  
Plastic Tube ◽  
Slaughter Method

In two experiments, estimates of the quantity and composition of digesta in the reticula-rumen of sheep given a roughage diet were made using a recently published marker technique. These estimates were compared with measurements made on the same sheep at slaughter. Estimates of digesta dry matter were influenced by the method of obtaining digesta samples from the rumen. When samples were withdrawn through a plastic tube, the resultant estimates underestimated the values obtained at slaughter by an average of 6%. An alternative sampling procedure is described which provided estimates within 1.5 % of values at slaughter. Values obtained for the organic matter, plant cell wall, and nitrogen content of digesta were similar for the slaughter method and the marker technique, irrespective of the method of sampling. In both experiments, the marker technique consistently underestimated the quantity of water in the rumen by 2-19 %. The importance of measures made on digesta load in the reticulo-rumen is illustrated by an examination of the variability between sheep in digestion of plant cell wall material.

scholarly journals The Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato HrpW Protein Has Domains Similar to Harpins and Pectate Lyases and Can Elicit the Plant Hypersensitive Response and Bind to Pectate

1998 ◽  
Vol 180 (19) ◽  
pp. 5211-5217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy O. Charkowski ◽  
James R. Alfano ◽  
Gail Preston ◽  
Jing Yuan ◽  
Sheng Yang He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Pectate Lyases

ABSTRACT The host-specific plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringaeelicits the hypersensitive response (HR) in nonhost plants and secretes the HrpZ harpin in culture via the Hrp (type III) secretion system. Previous genetic evidence suggested the existence of another harpin gene in the P. syringae genome. hrpW was found in a region adjacent to the hrp cluster in P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. hrpW encodes a 42.9-kDa protein with domains resembling harpins and pectate lyases (Pels), respectively. HrpW has key properties of harpins. It is heat stable and glycine rich, lacks cysteine, is secreted by the Hrp system, and is able to elicit the HR when infiltrated into tobacco leaf tissue. The harpin domain (amino acids 1 to 186) has six glycine-rich repeats of a repeated sequence found in HrpZ, and a purified HrpW harpin domain fragment possessed HR elicitor activity. In contrast, the HrpW Pel domain (amino acids 187 to 425) is similar to Pels from Nectria haematococca, Erwinia carotovora, Erwinia chrysanthemi, and Bacillus subtilis, and a purified Pel domain fragment did not elicit the HR. Neither this fragment nor the full-length HrpW showed Pel activity inA 230 assays under a variety of reaction conditions, but the Pel fragment bound to calcium pectate, a major constituent of the plant cell wall. The DNA sequence of the P. syringae pv. syringae B728a hrpW was also determined. The Pel domains of the two predicted HrpW proteins were 85% identical, whereas the harpin domains were only 53% identical. Sequences hybridizing at high stringency with the P. syringae pv. tomato hrpW were found in other P. syringaepathovars, Pseudomonas viridiflava, Ralstonia(Pseudomonas) solanacearum, andXanthomonas campestris. ΔhrpZ::nptII orhrpW::ΩSpr P. syringaepv. tomato mutants were little reduced in HR elicitation activity in tobacco, whereas this activity was significantly reduced in ahrpZ hrpW double mutant. These features of hrpWand its product suggest that P. syringae produces multiple harpins and that the target of these proteins is in the plant cell wall.

scholarly journals The nutritive value of silages Digestion of nitrogenous constituents in sheep receiving diets of grass silage and grass silage and barley.

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Thomas ◽  
D. G. Chamberlain ◽  
N. C. Kelly ◽  
M. K. Wait
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Grass Silage

Two experiments were conducted to study the digestion of nitrogenous constituents in the rumen, small intestine and caecum and colon of sheep given diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley. Three silages were used. One was made from first-harvest grass in the spring and the others from regrowth grass cut in either early autumn or late autumn. All were of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and were preserved with formic acid.Expt 1 involved a comparison between the spring silage given alone (644 g dry matter (DM)/d) and the spring silage supplemented with barley (151 g DM/d). The intakes (g/d) of total nitrogen for the silage diet and for the supplemented diet were 14.89 and 17.36. Corresponding values (g/d) for N passage were 15.55 and 18.53 (P < 0.01) at the duodenum, 6.01 and 7.09 at the ileum and 5.06 and 5.52 in the faeces. The barley supplement had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on rumen ammonia-N- concentration.Expt 2 involved a comparison between the two autumn-cut silages each offered at a level of feeding of approximately 700 g DM/d. The intakes (g/d) of total N for the early-cut silage and for the late-cut silage were 21.67 and 15.62 respectively. Corresponding values (g/d) for N passage were 17.10 and 16.96 at the duodenum, 6.65 and 6.80 at the ileum and 4.5 and 5.22 in the faeces. The concentration of NH3-N in the rumen was significantly (P < 0.001) higher with the early-cut silage than with the late-cut silage.In both experiments the rates of bacterial crude protein (N × 6.25) synthesis in the rumen, estimated using α, ε-diaminopimelic acid as a marker, were low, 142 and 161 g crude protein/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen for the spring silage and the spring silage and barley diets respectively, and 68 and 103 g crude protein/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen for the early-cut autumn silage and the late-cut autumn silage respectively. For all diets there was a relatively low contribution of bacterial crude protein to the duodenal passage of crude protein and the amounts of individual amino acids ingested in the diets had a marked influence on the amino acids passing to the duodenum and as a consequence on the mixture of amino acids taken up from the small intestine.The results are discussed in relation to the nutritive value of silage N for ruminants.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document