A comparison of preharvest and postharvest ethylene production and respiration rates of saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) fruit during development

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332
Author(s):  
Suzy Y Rogiers ◽  
N Richard Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Wound Response ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Maturity Class

Changes in respiration and ethylene production rates of nine maturity classes of saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia, Nutt.) fruit after harvest were compared with those of fruit maturing and ripening on the plant. During ripening on the plant, ethylene production increased on a whole-fruit and fresh-weight basis, while respiration increased substantially on a whole-fruit basis but remained constant on a fresh-weight basis. Fruit harvested at the greenish yellow to pink stages (maturity classes four and five, respectively) increased their ethylene production until 15-20 h after harvest, and this was coincident with ripening to maturity class seven and thus a color change to red. Ethylene production then declined over the next 15 h. Respiration rates of harvested immature, mature, and ripe fruits declined over 5 days, except for a relatively brief 8-12% rise starting 15-20 h after harvest. This brief increase in respiration was characteristic of fruit of all maturity classes, likely reflecting a wound response associated with harvest rather than a ripening-induced change in metabolism. Continuous treatment of attached or detached fruit with propylene or ethylene in an open airflow system did not induce an increase in respiration earlier, relative to control fruit. The respiratory response of saskatoon fruit during postharvest ripening was thus very different from that of fruit that ripened on the plant. Thus, the increase in respiration associated with ripening could only be demonstrated on a whole-fruit basis if fruit remained on the plant. Preharvest and postharvest changes in ethylene production during ripening also differed but were both consistent with climacteric ripening.Key words: Amelanchier alnifolia, ethylene, ripening, saskatoon fruit.

scholarly journals Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] Fruit Ripening. I. Ethylene Biosynthesis and Production

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rumphan Koslanund ◽  
Douglas D. Archbold ◽  
Kirk W. Pomper
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Ripening Process ◽  
Acc Content

Pawpaw fruit ethylene production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS) and ACC oxidase (ACO) activities, and tissue content of the ethylene precursor ACC and conjugate malonyl-ACC (MACC) were measured during postharvest ripening. Fruit were harvested near the advent of the ripening process and were ripened at room temperature. The fruit displayed increases in ethylene production and respiration rate during ripening with maxima for both 3 days after harvest. Mean ethylene maxima on a fresh weight basis were 4.7 and 7.6 μg·kg-1·h-1 and mean respiratory (CO2 production) maxima on a fresh weight basis were 220 and 239 mg·kg-1·h-1 in 1999 and 2001, respectively. The increase in ethylene evolution coincided with an increase in respiration and a rapid decline in fruit firmness. Internal and external fruit firmness declined in a parallel manner. The ethylene climacteric peak occurred after the greatest decline in fruit firmness, indicating that low levels of ethylene may be sufficient to initiate the ripening process. The ethylene climacteric peak also coincided with the highest activities of both ACS and ACO as well as the maximum tissue ACC content. As ACC content increased, MACC content declined, suggesting a regulation of ethylene production via free ACC levels by malonylation of ACC. Thus, the climacteric development of ethylene production may be regulated by an increase of ACS activity and a decrease in ACC malonyltransferase activity, making more free ACC available for the production of ethylene by increased activity of ACO.

Yield Performance of Calocybe indica on Different Agricultural Subatrate

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Pinkal Patel ◽  
Ratna Trivedi
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Paddy Straw ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Calocybe Indica

The Milky mushroom, Calocybe Indica was cultivated on different agricultural substrate, paddy straw, wheat straw, sugarcane trace and mango dry leaves. The spawning was done by sterilization of all the four substrate. The bags were kept in mushroom growing room with the maintenance of temperature and humidity 30̊ c-35̊ c and 70-80 % respectively. The minimum days requires for completion of spawn run (18.4 days), primordial formation (25.2 days) and days for first harvest (32.4 days) was first observed on cultivation with Paddy straw.  The maximum yield on fresh weight basis and biological efficiency (134.86 %) was also found to be as the same treatment with the Paddy straw as a substrate. The biological efficiency of wheat straw was at par with Sugarcane trace as substrate which was 85.07 % and 85.02 % respectively.

Nitrogen metabolism of Picea glauca. II. Diurnal changes of free amino acids, amides, and guanidino compounds in roots, buds, and leaves during the onset of dormancy of white spruce saplings

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 921-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Guanidino Compounds

In late August during the onset of dormancy in spruce, seasonal levels of soluble nitrogen, rich in arginine, were high. On a fresh weight basis, diurnal levels of total soluble nitrogen and most component amino acids in roots, buds, and leaves showed maxima, one at sunrise and another in the afternoon or near sunset.Arginine and glutamine in the different plant parts contributed 44 to 83% to the alcohol-soluble nitrogen. In buds and leaves, percentage of arginine remained high and decreased slightly at midday, whereas in roots a continual drop occurred. In all organs examined, changes in glutamine reflected the double maxima of total soluble nitrogen and were greatest in roots.On a fresh weight basis, most amino acids accumulated at sunrise and near sunset; however a few especially in leaves, increased at midday, e.g. glutamic and aspartic acid, lysine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and serine.Comparison of levels of free guanidino compounds in different organs showed remarkable out-of-phase patterns. Levels of these compounds are known from 14C-arginine studies to be closely related to the metabolism of arginine.

scholarly journals Macro and Micro Elemental Analysis of Anethum Sowa L. (Dill) Stem By X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Moshfekus Saleh-e-in ◽  
Abida Sultana ◽  
M Abul Hossain ◽  
Mainul Ahsan ◽  
Sudhangshu Kumar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Concentration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Micro Elements ◽  
Anethum Sowa ◽  
Proximate Analyses

Anethum sowa L. (Dill) stem portions were analyzed for its macro and micro elemental concentration by XRF spectrometry collected from different places of Bangladesh. The plants were collected when those were 35 cm in height i.e. within 40-45 days of sowing. Results of proximate analyses showed that the stem parts contained highest level of moisture (93.67), ash (1.62) and dry matter (30.77%) on fresh weight basis (g/100g). The highest level of mineral contents were Ca(478.50±6.22), K(336.65±3.26), Cl(153.92±3.26), Na(114.86±1.38), S(96.65±1.76), Mg(63.96±1.15), P(49.41±0.74), Al(41.75±0.71), Fe(34.57±1.33), Si(31.03±0.18), Ni (11.98±0.22) and Ti (3.75±0.28) in mg/100g on fresh weight basis. Cu, Sr, Rb, Zn, Ba and Zr were present in small amount and Y, Cu and Mn were present in trace amount. However, the toxic elements like Co, Pb, As and Hg were not found in the present study. Presence of higher amounts of mineral contents in the stem parts could potentially be consumed as supplement as human diets or livestock feed as well as pharmaceutical preparation. Key words: Anethum sowa L., XRF spectrometry, Dill, Condiment, Macro and micro elements, Elemental composition.     doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2238   Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4), 483-494, 2008

Distribution of amylase and chymotrypsin in four regions of the rat pancreas

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 884-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrien R. Beaudoin ◽  
Pierre St-Jean ◽  
Ginette Girard
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Acinar Cell ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Secretory Proteins ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Rat Pancreas

Recent observations have confirmed the existence of more than one pool of secretory proteins in the rat pancreatic tissue. To determine if these different pools could be located in the different regions of the rat pancreas, the amylase and chymotrypsin contents have been measured in the biliary, duodenal, gastric, and splenic regions. On a tissue DNA content, protein content, or a fresh weight basis, the proportions of these two enzymes are comparable in the four regions. It is therefore postulated that heterogeneity of enzyme composition exists either within these regions or within the acinar cell itself.

Influence of different mixing ratios on in-vessel co-composting of sewage sludge with horse stable straw bedding waste: maturity and process evaluation

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1164-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. C. Wong ◽  
Ammaiyappan Selvam ◽  
Zhenyong Zhao ◽  
S. M. Yu ◽  
Alex C. W. Law ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Curing Period ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Decomposition Efficiency

Composting sewage sludge alone would reduce the decomposition efficiency due to free limited porosity in sludge. To alleviate this, the use of horse stable straw bedding waste (HSB) was evaluated as a co-composting material with sewage sludge in a 10 tonnes day−1 in-vessel composter for a period of 7 days before curing in a static aeration pile. Sludge was mixed with HSB at 1 : 1.5 (HSL) and 1 : 2.9 (LSL) on a fresh weight basis. After a composting period of 56 days, both mixing ratios demonstrated to be feasible with LSL having a better organic decomposition and a shorter time to reach maturity. The overall decomposition rates were 52.0 and 58.9% (dry weight basis) for HSL and LSL, respectively. In both treatments, temperature in the in-vessel composters could reach 65°C, which was sufficient to remove the pathogens. Although both products were free of pathogens, HSL exhibited a higher ammoniacal nitrogen contents but a lower seed germination index than that of LSL indicating a higher phytotoxicity and a longer curing period would be required. It can be concluded that HSB provided a better composting conditions at a mixing ratio of 1 : 2.9

Fresh Weight Basis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald R. Stephenson ◽  
Ian G. Ferris ◽  
Patrick T. Holland ◽  
Monica Nordberg
Keyword(s):  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis

Changes in Growth and Antioxidant Status of Alfalfa Sprouts during Sprouting as Affected by Gamma Irradiation of Seeds†

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
XUETONG FAN ◽  
DONALD W. THAYER ◽  
KIMBERLY J. B. SOKORAI
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight Basis ◽  
Nutritive Values ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Alfalfa Sprouts ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Viking 3000 alfalfa seeds irradiated with gamma rays to doses of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 kGy were sprouted and allowed to grow for up to 8 days at 23°C. Germination, growth (yield and length), antioxidant capacity, and ascorbic acid (AA) were measured during sprouting. Results showed percent germination of the seeds and the rates of growth of the sprouts were inversely related to the radiation dose absorbed by the seeds. Both antioxidant capacity and AA content expressed on a fresh weight basis decreased during growth of the sprouts. Sprouts grown from irradiated seeds had greater antioxidant capacity and AA content on a fresh weight basis than those grown from nonirradiated seeds. However, when the nutritive values were expressed on a per gram of seed basis, irradiation had no effect on the nutritive values of sprouts.

Regulation of ethylene production and ripening by saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) fruit

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 1743-1754
Author(s):  
Suzy Y Rogiers ◽  
GN Mohan Kumar ◽  
N Richard Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Aminooxyacetic Acid ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Endogenous Ethylene ◽  
Maturity Class

Changes in respiration and ethylene production were characterized during maturation and ripening of saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) fruit. On a per fruit basis, respiration and ethylene production increased 78 and 400%, respectively, as fruit ripened on the plant and trends were consistent with those for climacteric fruits. When estimated on a fresh and dry weight basis, increased rates of ethylene production were still apparent during ripening; however, respiration rate declined. Trends in respiration rates and endogenous ethylene levels of harvested fruit of nine maturity classes, from immature green (class one) to fully ripe and purple (class nine), were consistent with those of fruit growing on the plant. Tissue prints showed that ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) oxidase was distributed throughout the pericarp of fruit at all nine maturity stages and that the enzyme was most concentrated in the immature stages on a per fruit basis. On a protein basis, ACC oxidase increased progressively with development of cv. Smoky fruit but remained relatively constant over the nine maturity classes of cv. Northline fruit. In contrast, ACC oxidase levels were relatively low in cv. Pembina fruit over the first four maturity classes, increased substantially as fruits developed from class four to five, then remained constant as fruit ripened to maturity class nine. Treating immature harvested Pembina fruit (maturity classes one to three) with ACC effected a 28- to 108-fold increase in ethylene production, compared with an average of only 7-fold for ACC-treated fruit of maturity classes four through nine. Preharvest treatment of class-three fruit with ACC induced ripening to maturity class eight within 5 days, while untreated fruit required 15 days to reach class eight. Vacuum infiltrating class four fruit with alpha-aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) or aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG) inhibited ethylene production and color development substantially. The inhibiting effect of AOA on ripening was eliminated when fruit were infiltrated with equimolar concentrations of AOA and ACC. Cobalt, an ACC oxidase inhibitor, also inhibited ethylene production and ripening. Collectively, our results indicate that ethylene synthesis by preclimacteric fruit is limited by the availability of ACC, ethylene is responsible for initiating ripening, and thus, saskatoon fruit are climacteric.Key words: Amelanchier alnifolia, saskatoon, fruit ripening, ethylene.

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