LOW- AND HIGH-GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED FLOURS AND RAPESEED OIL IN MILK REPLACERS FOR CALVES: THEIR EFFECTS ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT DIGESTION AND NITROGEN RETENTION

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Low Erucic Acid ◽  
Milk Replacers

Calf milk replacers were formulated to contain up to 50% of the total nitrogen from dehulled rapeseed meal (RF), or up to 60% from dehulled, heated, water- and solvent-extracted Bronowski rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC). Apparent digestion coefficients of RF were less than for RPC or all-milk protein diets. Nitrogen digestibilities of the diets were 86, 80, 78 and 72%, respectively, when high-glucosinolate RF supplied 0, 12.5, 25 or 50% of the nitrogen (P < 0.01). When low-glucosinolate RF supplied 50% of the nitrogen, the calves digested 79% of the total diet nitrogen compared with 73.8% when high-glucosinolate RF was used. The inclusion of 5 or 10% low-erucic acid rapeseed oil to replace an equivalent weight of tallow in the high-glucosinolate RF diet increased the digestion coefficients to values nearly equal to those for the same level of nitrogen from low-glucosinolate RF. Milk replacer containing 60% of the protein from RPC reduced (P < 0.05) apparent nitrogen digestion and retention by bull calves and growth of heifer calves to weaning compared with an all-milk protein milk replacer. However, growth of heifer calves to 15 or 26 wk of age was equal for both milk replacers. The use of RPC to supply 30% of the protein in the milk replacer had no significant effects on calf performance before or after weaning.

THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND TRYPSIN INHIBITOR CONTENT OF PROCESSED SOYBEANS FOR LAMB MILK REPLACERS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Rat Growth ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

Full-fat soybean flour (FFSF) was prepared from dehulled soybeans by extraction with water and NaHCO3, colloid milling, cooking and spray-drying. The apparent destruction of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) prior to cooking was variable. A rat bioassay for SBTI was conducted with diets containing 1.6% nitrogen from cooked and uncooked FFSF. Cooking the FFSF for 1 h markedly improved rat growth (4.0 vs. 2.6 g/day, P < 0.01) and weight gain/protein intake (3.3 vs. 2.5, P < 0.01). The cooked FFSF was also used in three lamb experiments to supply 0, 30, 50 or 60% of the nitrogen in milk replacers. Apparent digestion coefficients for energy were 88, 92 and 92% (P < 0.05), and for nitrogen were 94, 95 and 92% for lambs fed milk replacers containing 0, 30 or 60% of the nitrogen from FFSF. The percent of total nitrogen intake retained was 61, 63 and 55, respectively. The lower energy digestion by lambs on the zero FFSF diet was attributed to the fat being supplied only by tallow. In another experiment, when unrefined soybean oil, equal to that supplied by FFSF, was used in place of the tallow in an all-milk protein milk replacer, energy digestion by lambs was greater than with a milk replacer containing FFSF. Milk replacers containing a mixture of spray-dried skim milk and whey powders resulted in higher nitrogen digestion and retention by lambs than did a mixture of roller-dried buttermilk and whey powders, when 50% of the nitrogen was supplied by FFSF. It was concluded that milk replacers containing up to 60% of the total dietary nitrogen from FFSF were utilized satisfactorily by milk-fed lambs.

EFFECTS OF MILK, FISH, AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS IN MILK REPLACEES, AND FEEDING FREQUENCY ON PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY CALVES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
H. E. POWER
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Two experiments were carried out with Holstein heifer calves to determine the effect of supplying a major portion of the protein in milk replacers by isopropanol-extracted protein concentrate from whole herring (FPC) or a mixture of FPC and soybean protein concentrate (SPC). Milk replacers were compared with whole milk in experiment 1. All calves were abruptly weaned when consuming 0.5 kg starter/day, or by 5 weeks of age. Calf performance was similar when the pre-weaning liquid diet was whole milk, or milk replacers containing either milk protein or 50% of the protein from FPC. Average daily gains to weaning and to 26 weeks of age for all calves were 377 and 692 g/day, respectively. Calves in experiment 2 were fed either an all-milk protein milk replacer or one containing 98% of the protein equally from FPC and SPC. Both milk replacers were fed once daily either six or seven times per week. Calf growth to weaning was lower on the FPC–SPC formula (283 vs. 364 g/day, P < 0.01), but was not significantly different (P < 0.05) to 15 weeks of age (618 vs. 643 g/day). Feeding milk replacer six vs. seven times per week had no significant effect on calf growth. Digestibility coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were similar in bull calves fed the all-milk or FPC–SPC protein milk replacers, but retention of absorbed nitrogen was less on the latter diet (54 vs. 45%, P < 0.10).

EFFECTS OF FEEDING MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING LOW-ERUCIC ACID RAPESEED OIL ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY, MEAT QUALITY AND HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN TISSUES OF VEAL CALVES

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. SEOANE ◽  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
E. LARMOND ◽  
R. G. STEVENSON
Keyword(s):  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Low Erucic Acid ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Milk Replacers

Sixteen Holstein bull calves were used during 62–82 days to study the long-term effects of substituting 0, 25, 50 and 75% of the animal fat (tallow) with low-erucic acid rapeseed oil (Span) in milk replacers for veal calves. Growth rates and feed efficiency were affected by the dietary treatments. The highest level of substitution (75%) did not affect the digestibility of the energy or the dry matter, but did decrease average daily gains, feed efficiency and the apparent digestibility of dietary nitrogen (P < 0.05). Nitrogen retention and utilization were not affected by the dietary treatments. The histological analyses of various internal organs did not reveal any treatment effects. The evaluation of carcass quality showed no differences in flavor but there was a non-linear decrease in tenderness of the meat with increasing levels of rapeseed oil in the diets. The 75% level of substitution resulted in tougher meat than the 25% level treatment.

DIGESTIBILITY OF MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING RAPESEED OIL, FED TO DAIRY CALVES UNDER A MONTH OLD

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL ◽  
SANDRA C. M. ADAMS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Fish Protein ◽  
Brewers Yeast ◽  
Time Utilization ◽  
Milk Replacers

Sixteen calves 3–28 days of age were fed milk replacers containing 15% added fat with 0, 5, 10 or 15% rapeseed oil (27% erucic acid) substituting for lard. The protein in these replacers was entirely of milk origin. The rapeseed oil was 69% digestible, compared to 94% for the lard, and its use resulted in depression of the digestibility of protein from 80 to 66% as the portion of rapeseed oil rose from 0 to 15%. Three calves were fed a milk replacer containing 10% lard and 10% rapeseed oil, in which 60% of the protein of milk origin was replaced by protein from fish protein concentrate and from brewers’ yeast. The calves showed progressive improvement in their ability to digest amino acids in successive 2-day periods. Average amino acid digestibility increased from 72% at 4–6 days of age to 87% at 16–18 days of age, at which time utilization about equalled that expected on milk-origin diets.

A COMPARISON OF WEANING DAIRY CALVES BY BODY WEIGHT VERSUS AGE FROM WHOLE MILK OR MILK-REPLACER

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Milk Replacers

Ayrshire bull calves were weaned from whole milk or milk-replacer at 7 weeks of age, and at two different body weights, namely 55 and 46 kg. A maximum of 1.82 kg starter was fed daily to 15 weeks of age and 1.82 kg grower concentrate to 180 days of age.Calf performance did not differ significantly by weaning at 7 weeks or 55 kg. Weight gains to weaning and to 15 weeks were significantly lower for calves weaned at 46 kg. The average 180-day body weights for calves weaned at 7 weeks, 55, and 46 kg were 150, 146, and 140 kg, respectively.Whole milk or milk-replacer feeding produced identical calf growth to 180 days of age. Milk-replacer tended to increase preweaning and decrease post-weaning growth of calves weaned at 46 kg compared with whole milk. The augmented preweaning starter intake by calves fed replacer is discussed in relation to the digestible energy content of milk-replacers. It is suggested that energy supplied by plant carbohydrates should not be included in replacers for early-weaned calves, due to the low digestibility of starch by calves until 3 or 4 weeks of age.

scholarly journals Effects of fat concentration of a high-protein milk replacer on calf performance

2009 ◽  
Vol 92 (10) ◽  
pp. 5147-5153 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M. Hill ◽  
H.G. Bateman ◽  
J.M. Aldrich ◽  
R.L. Schlotterbeck
Keyword(s):  
High Protein ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Protein Milk

ALKALI TREATMENT OF SOYBEAN PROTEIN CONCENTRATE IN MILK REPLACERS: ITS EFFECTS ON DIGESTION, NITROGEN RETENTION, AND GROWTH OF LAMBS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Alkali treatment to disperse a soybean protein concentrate (SPC) was studied in two milk replacer experiments, in which the SPC supplied 50% of the total nitrogen. In experiment 1, six lambs were used in a double 3 × 3 latin square digestion and nitrogen balance trial. The three treatments of the SPC in the milk replacer were: control (no alkali), alkali 1 (0.05 N NaOH at 40 C, neutralized with HCl after 15 min), and alkali 2 (same as 1, but neutralized after 18 hr at 5 C). The remainder of the diet ingredients were homogenized with a Polytron. Alkali treatment increased digestibility of dry matter (91, 93, and 95%, P < 0.01, on the three treatments, respectively), nitrogen, and energy, but tended to reduce the percent of absorbed nitrogen that was retained (63, 61, and 60%, P < 0.20). The control (complete diet prepared with the Polytron) and alkali 1 treatments were compared in a growth and metabolism trial in experiment 2. Growth of a total of 19 lambs from about 4 days to weaning from milk replacer at 26 days of age tended to be lower on the alkali-treated than the control SPC milk replacer (179 vs. 215 g/day, P < 0.20); however, growth to 10 weeks of age was similar for both groups and averaged 250 g/day.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF FISH PROTEIN SOURCES AND MILK BY-PRODUCTS IN MILK REPLACERS FOR CALVES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
ELIZABETH LARMOND ◽  
H. E. POWER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Fish Protein ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Acid Whey ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
By Products

Three fish protein sources and milk by-products were used in milk replacers. Thirty Holstein heifer calves were fed five different milk replacers as follows: all-milk nitrogen control, and four with 65% of the nitrogen supplied by steam-dried herring meal and the remaining nitrogen from milk as: (a) skim milk powder, (b) skim milk and acid whey powders; and (c) acid whey powder partially neutralized with NaOH or (d) Ca(OH)2. Body weight gains were greater for calves fed the control milk replacer; from birth to 26 wk of age, calves weaned from this milk replacer gained 822 g/day, compared with 662, 731, 741 and 699 g/day, respectively, on diets a to d noted above (P < 0.05). A digestion and nitrogen balance trial with four bull calves fed the four herring meal milk replacers in a 4 × 4 latin square showed relatively poor utilization of the herring meal, especially for calves at 2–4 wk of age. The apparent dry matter digestibility was 75% when the acid whey in the diet was neutralized with Ca(OH)2, compared with 81% when it was neutralized with NaOH. Three milk replacers containing 62% of the total nitrogen from herring meal, isopropanol-extracted fish protein concentrate (FPC), or predigested FPC were compared using six Holstein bull calves in two 3 × 3 latin squares. Apparent digestion of dry matter and energy by the calves was similar for the three diets. Nitrogen digestibility was 82% in the herring meal and 86% in the predigested FPC diet (P < 0.05). At the end of the digestion trial, the calves were continued on the same diet to 91 kg body weight. Body weight gains by all calves averaged 1 kg/day. Loin roasts from the calves fed the herring meal diet were tougher and had an objectionable odor compared with those from calves fed the two FPC diets or whole milk. It was concluded that FPC could be a useful ingredient in calf milk replacers, and that herring meal was not well utilized by calves at 2–4 wk of age.

GROWTH, DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION BY CALVES FED MILK REPLACERS CONTAINING MILK AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS, SUPPLEMENTED WITH METHIONINE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. Gorrill ◽  
J. W. G. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Soy Milk ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Milk replacers containing zero (all-milk) or 70% of the total protein from a soybean protein concentrate (soy-milk), with or without methionine supplementation, were fed to Holstein calves. Bull calves digested 91 and 89% of the dry matter (P < 0.05), and 87 and 82% of the nitrogen (P < 0.01) supplied by the all-milk and soy-milk replacers, respectively. Nitrogen retention averaged 41% of that consumed, with no difference due to protein source. DL-methionine (0.1% of the dry replacer) did not increase calf growth or nitrogen retention. Heifer calves fed whole milk, the all-milk replacer or soy-milk replacer plus methionine, and hay and concentrates, gained 496, 550 and 526 g/day, respectively, to weaning at 7 weeks of age (treatment means not significantly different at P < 0.05). Weight gains for these three groups of heifers from 7 to 15 weeks of age were 723, 650 and 599 g/day (significant difference between whole milk and soy-milk at P < 0.05), respectively. It was concluded that the soybean protein concentrate could supply a major portion of the protein in milk replacers for rearing dairy calves.

UTILIZATION OF FULL-FAT RAPESEED AND RAPESEED MEALS IN RATIONS FOR BROILER CHICKS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. OLOMU ◽  
A. R. ROBBLEE ◽  
D. R. CLANDININ ◽  
R. T. HARDIN
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Retention ◽  
Low Erucic Acid

Two experiments were conducted to assess the use of full-fat rapeseed (RS) or rapeseed meal (RSM) in rations for broiler chicks. The first experiment included comparisons between Span (a low erucic acid variety) and Bronowski (a low glucosinolate variety) RS and the effects of addition of two types of fat (crude Span rapeseed oil and stabilized tallow) in the rations used. Parameters studied included rate of gain, feed conversion, size of thyroids, livers and hearts and composition of carcasses, hearts and livers. The second experiment studied the effects of protein level and amino acid supplementation on nutrient retention in broiler chicks fed Span RS. Inclusion of 20% raw Span or Bronowski RS in broiler rations resulted in depressed weight gain and feed conversion, increased thyroid size and production of leaner carcasses as compared to those obtained when a control ration or rations containing autoclaved RS were fed. Raw Bronowski RS resulted in superior weight gain and feed conversion as compared to raw Span RS. Use of 12% Span RSM with either RSO or stabilized tallow or 12% Bronowski RSM with RSO gave performance similar to that of chicks fed the control ration. When stabilized tallow was used with Bronowski RSM, performance was improved over that obtained with the control ration. The use of full-fat RS, RSM or RSO did not cause fat accumulation in the hearts and livers of chicks. The percentage of dry matter, fat and energy retained by chicks fed the control ration was significantly higher than in chicks fed raw or autoclaved RS. Protein retention was not affected by inclusion of RS in the rations.

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