THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND TRYPSIN INHIBITOR CONTENT OF PROCESSED SOYBEANS FOR LAMB MILK REPLACERS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Rat Growth ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

Full-fat soybean flour (FFSF) was prepared from dehulled soybeans by extraction with water and NaHCO3, colloid milling, cooking and spray-drying. The apparent destruction of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) prior to cooking was variable. A rat bioassay for SBTI was conducted with diets containing 1.6% nitrogen from cooked and uncooked FFSF. Cooking the FFSF for 1 h markedly improved rat growth (4.0 vs. 2.6 g/day, P < 0.01) and weight gain/protein intake (3.3 vs. 2.5, P < 0.01). The cooked FFSF was also used in three lamb experiments to supply 0, 30, 50 or 60% of the nitrogen in milk replacers. Apparent digestion coefficients for energy were 88, 92 and 92% (P < 0.05), and for nitrogen were 94, 95 and 92% for lambs fed milk replacers containing 0, 30 or 60% of the nitrogen from FFSF. The percent of total nitrogen intake retained was 61, 63 and 55, respectively. The lower energy digestion by lambs on the zero FFSF diet was attributed to the fat being supplied only by tallow. In another experiment, when unrefined soybean oil, equal to that supplied by FFSF, was used in place of the tallow in an all-milk protein milk replacer, energy digestion by lambs was greater than with a milk replacer containing FFSF. Milk replacers containing a mixture of spray-dried skim milk and whey powders resulted in higher nitrogen digestion and retention by lambs than did a mixture of roller-dried buttermilk and whey powders, when 50% of the nitrogen was supplied by FFSF. It was concluded that milk replacers containing up to 60% of the total dietary nitrogen from FFSF were utilized satisfactorily by milk-fed lambs.

EFFECTS OF MILK, FISH, AND SOYBEAN PROTEINS IN MILK REPLACEES, AND FEEDING FREQUENCY ON PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY CALVES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
H. E. POWER
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Soybean Protein ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Soybean Proteins ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Soybean Protein Concentrate ◽  
Milk Replacers

Two experiments were carried out with Holstein heifer calves to determine the effect of supplying a major portion of the protein in milk replacers by isopropanol-extracted protein concentrate from whole herring (FPC) or a mixture of FPC and soybean protein concentrate (SPC). Milk replacers were compared with whole milk in experiment 1. All calves were abruptly weaned when consuming 0.5 kg starter/day, or by 5 weeks of age. Calf performance was similar when the pre-weaning liquid diet was whole milk, or milk replacers containing either milk protein or 50% of the protein from FPC. Average daily gains to weaning and to 26 weeks of age for all calves were 377 and 692 g/day, respectively. Calves in experiment 2 were fed either an all-milk protein milk replacer or one containing 98% of the protein equally from FPC and SPC. Both milk replacers were fed once daily either six or seven times per week. Calf growth to weaning was lower on the FPC–SPC formula (283 vs. 364 g/day, P < 0.01), but was not significantly different (P < 0.05) to 15 weeks of age (618 vs. 643 g/day). Feeding milk replacer six vs. seven times per week had no significant effect on calf growth. Digestibility coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy were similar in bull calves fed the all-milk or FPC–SPC protein milk replacers, but retention of absorbed nitrogen was less on the latter diet (54 vs. 45%, P < 0.10).

LOW- AND HIGH-GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED FLOURS AND RAPESEED OIL IN MILK REPLACERS FOR CALVES: THEIR EFFECTS ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT DIGESTION AND NITROGEN RETENTION

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
J. D. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Low Erucic Acid ◽  
Milk Replacers

Calf milk replacers were formulated to contain up to 50% of the total nitrogen from dehulled rapeseed meal (RF), or up to 60% from dehulled, heated, water- and solvent-extracted Bronowski rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC). Apparent digestion coefficients of RF were less than for RPC or all-milk protein diets. Nitrogen digestibilities of the diets were 86, 80, 78 and 72%, respectively, when high-glucosinolate RF supplied 0, 12.5, 25 or 50% of the nitrogen (P < 0.01). When low-glucosinolate RF supplied 50% of the nitrogen, the calves digested 79% of the total diet nitrogen compared with 73.8% when high-glucosinolate RF was used. The inclusion of 5 or 10% low-erucic acid rapeseed oil to replace an equivalent weight of tallow in the high-glucosinolate RF diet increased the digestion coefficients to values nearly equal to those for the same level of nitrogen from low-glucosinolate RF. Milk replacer containing 60% of the protein from RPC reduced (P < 0.05) apparent nitrogen digestion and retention by bull calves and growth of heifer calves to weaning compared with an all-milk protein milk replacer. However, growth of heifer calves to 15 or 26 wk of age was equal for both milk replacers. The use of RPC to supply 30% of the protein in the milk replacer had no significant effects on calf performance before or after weaning.

Milk products and substitutes

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
S. J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Protein Separation ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Drying Technology ◽  
Milk Replacers

AbstractRefinements in the techniques used for incorporation of fat and spray drying have improved the nutritional value of milk substitutes. The significance of these developments in protein separation and evaporation/spray drying technology are demonstrated in the new range of substitutes for colostrum which not only have a high nutritional value but also contain active immunoglobulins.Whilst milk replacers still remain a necessary outlet for excess skim milk powder production, progress has been made in the quality of novel ingredients available. The effect of European Community policy on the formulations used has been to divide milk replacers into two groups, those which do, and those which do not, contain at least 500 g/kg skim milk powder.A whole range of products based on high protein whey powders has been developed in order to replace skim milk protein in milk replacers. Differences in these whey products reflect the method of manufacture and this has repercussions on their nutritional value. The benefits of ultrafiltration technology, developed for the human food industry, have recently become available to the whey-based milk replacer market.Although the majority of milk substitutes are used for feeding calves, specific products have been developed for other species. Milk substitutes for lambs were introduced in the 1970s but there has been little commercial incentive for the use of alternatives to skim milk protein in the United Kingdom. Sow milk replacers are a more recent innovation and have taken advantage of developments in whey processing technology.

EFFECTS OF FAT LEVELS IN MILK REPLACERS AND PROTEIN LEVELS IN CREEP FEED ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED LAMBS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-381
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
T. M. MACINTYRE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Milk Replacers

Two growth trials were conducted to determine an optimum level of fat in milk replacer and an optimum level of protein in creep feed for artificially reared lambs. In experiment 1, milk replacers containing 31 or 36% fat (dry matter, DM, basis) were fed ad libitum to 58 lambs at 1 day of age. The protein was supplied by low-heat spray-dried skim milk powder and Na caseinate and the fat from a mixture of 10% coconut oil and 90% tallow. A finely ground unpelleted creep feed with 20% protein, on a DM basis, was fed ad libitum. The lambs consumed more of the 31% fat milk replacer and gained more live weight (288 vs. 254 g/day; P < 0.025) to weaning at 25–30 days of age than did lambs fed the 36% fat formula. Weight gains to 10 wk of age were 190 and 170 g/day, respectively (P < 0.10). In experiment 2, 84 lambs were fed a 26% fat milk replacer ad libitum, and creep feeds with 15, 20 or 25% protein (DM basis). The supplementary protein was supplied by herring meal and soybean meal. Weight gains of lambs to weaning at 24 days of age were similar on the three creep feeds. However, gains to 10 wk of age averaged 218, 235 and 244 g/day (P < 0.05) on the 15, 20 and 25% protein diets, respectively. One and 2 kg of DM were consumed/kg lamb body weight gain to weaning and to 10 wk of age, respectively. It was concluded that the milk replacer should contain 26–31% fat, and the creep feed 20% protein or more for maximal performance of artificially reared lambs.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF FISH PROTEIN SOURCES AND MILK BY-PRODUCTS IN MILK REPLACERS FOR CALVES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. L. GORRILL ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON ◽  
ELIZABETH LARMOND ◽  
H. E. POWER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Fish Protein ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Acid Whey ◽  
Milk Replacers ◽  
By Products

Three fish protein sources and milk by-products were used in milk replacers. Thirty Holstein heifer calves were fed five different milk replacers as follows: all-milk nitrogen control, and four with 65% of the nitrogen supplied by steam-dried herring meal and the remaining nitrogen from milk as: (a) skim milk powder, (b) skim milk and acid whey powders; and (c) acid whey powder partially neutralized with NaOH or (d) Ca(OH)2. Body weight gains were greater for calves fed the control milk replacer; from birth to 26 wk of age, calves weaned from this milk replacer gained 822 g/day, compared with 662, 731, 741 and 699 g/day, respectively, on diets a to d noted above (P < 0.05). A digestion and nitrogen balance trial with four bull calves fed the four herring meal milk replacers in a 4 × 4 latin square showed relatively poor utilization of the herring meal, especially for calves at 2–4 wk of age. The apparent dry matter digestibility was 75% when the acid whey in the diet was neutralized with Ca(OH)2, compared with 81% when it was neutralized with NaOH. Three milk replacers containing 62% of the total nitrogen from herring meal, isopropanol-extracted fish protein concentrate (FPC), or predigested FPC were compared using six Holstein bull calves in two 3 × 3 latin squares. Apparent digestion of dry matter and energy by the calves was similar for the three diets. Nitrogen digestibility was 82% in the herring meal and 86% in the predigested FPC diet (P < 0.05). At the end of the digestion trial, the calves were continued on the same diet to 91 kg body weight. Body weight gains by all calves averaged 1 kg/day. Loin roasts from the calves fed the herring meal diet were tougher and had an objectionable odor compared with those from calves fed the two FPC diets or whole milk. It was concluded that FPC could be a useful ingredient in calf milk replacers, and that herring meal was not well utilized by calves at 2–4 wk of age.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Colostrum Supplement, With or Without Trypsin Inhibitor, and an Egg Protein Milk Replacer for Dairy Calves,

2004 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 1739-1746 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M. Santoro ◽  
P.S. Erickson ◽  
N.L. Whitehouse ◽  
A.M. McLaughlin ◽  
C.G. Schwab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Egg Protein ◽  
Protein Milk

Fish-protein hydrolysate as a substitute for milk protein in calf feeding

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Dodsworth ◽  
J. B. Owen ◽  
I. M. Mackie ◽  
A. Ritchie ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fish Protein ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Fish Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Milk Replacers

SUMMARYTwo milk replacers identical in composition except for the protein source, which was either fish-protein hydrolysate (FPH) or dried skim milk, were offered either twice or four times daily to castrated British Friesian male calves in four ratios: 100 FPH 0 Milk; 67 FPH 33 Milk; 33 FPH 67 Milk and 0 FPH 100 Milk. Concentrates and hay were offered ad libitum, and the calves were weaned at 42 days of age. Feed intake and calf live weight were recorded to 100 days of age.There were no differences in growth rate up to weaning due to frequency of feeding. Up to 67% FPH there were no differences in growth rate but calves on the 100% FPH diet showed a 40% depression in growth compared with the other three levels. Up to 100 days there was no apparent effect of treatment on live-weight gain, but only differences of 12 to 13% would be significant.The results indicate that at least two-thirds of the milk protein could be replaced by FPH. The need for further work using dried material and FPH from other species is discussed.

FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATE (CONMAR 80) OR REFINED SOY FLOUR AS SUBSTITUTES FOR SKIM MILK POWDER IN CALF MILK REPLACERS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1155-1161
Author(s):  
H. DEBOER ◽  
R. R. HACKER ◽  
S. LEESON ◽  
V. WAGEMANS
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Holstein Calves ◽  
Milk Replacers

A new commercial hexane-extracted fish meal, Conmar 80, (80% CP) and soy flour were used as protein sources in milk replacer diets for young dairy calves. Three milk replacers, identical in composition except for the diet protein source, were offered in two experiments to Holstein Friesian male calves. The three treatments were: 50% skim milk (SM), 27% whey (W); 22% SM, 47% W, 9% Conmar 80; and 22% SM, 42% W, 15% soy flour. The first experiment compared calf performance parameters and a second experiment compared digestibility parameters for the three diets. A total of 132 Holstein calves were involved in trial 1 and 12 Holstein calves in trial 2. Calf performance, feed efficiency and mortality were not different from controls when Conmar 80 was included as a protein source (36%) in milk replacer. Partial replacement of skim milk powder with soy flour as 37% of the protein source gave lower average daily gains, a higher feed conversion and mortality rate. The digestibility data for all rations were similar. The results indicated that approximately one-third of the protein in milk replacer could be provided by fish protein concentrate in place of skim milk powder without any reduction in calf performance. Key words: Dairy calves, milk replacer, performance, Conmar 80

scholarly journals Macronutrient and amino acids composition of milk replacers for dairy calves

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Maris Machado Bittar ◽  
Jackeline Thais da Silva ◽  
Hugh Chester-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Feeding System ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Amino Acids Composition ◽  
Protein Milk ◽  
Milk Replacers

SUMMARY Other than crude protein (CP), crude energy (CE) and crude fiber (CF) content, the adequate supply of essential amino acids (EAA) is an important factor in milk replacer evaluation. The aim of this study was to analyze milk replacer samples as regard to nutrients, especially EAA, composition and simulate the attainability of calves' requirements in different feeding systems. Forty-one milk replacer samples were collected from 14 brands and analyzed for nutrient composition. The near infrared spectroscopy technique was used for AA content estimation. Samples presented adequate levels of CP (21.2±2.90%) and ether extract (14.5±3.41%) for calves fed according to the conventional (4L/d), but not for intensive milk feeding system (>6L/d). High values of CF were observed in the samples (1.6±0.86%). The EAA composition of milk replacer samples was lower than expected for a liquid feed supposed to replace whole milk. None of the analyzed samples presented adequate lysine (5.72±1.09% CP) or methionine (1.65±0.38% CP) to meet calves' daily requirements, regardless of feeding system. Higher crude protein milk replacers are needed. Alternatively, supplementation of milk replacers with EAA is recommended.

SUBSTITUTION OF MILK PROTEIN WITH SOYFLOUR OR MEAT-SOLUBLES N CALF MILK REPLACERS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. KHORASANI ◽  
W. C. SAUER ◽  
F. MAENHOUT ◽  
J. J. KENNELLY
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Replacers

Five Holstein male calves were fitted with ileo-cecal re-entrant cannulae. Calves were fed five milk replacers according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The control milk replacer (SM-100) was formulated so that 80% of the crude protein originated from skim milk powder and the remainder from whey proteins. In the test milk replacers, 40 or 60% of the skim milk protein was replaced by protein from soyflour (SF-40; SF-60) or meat-solubles (MS-40; MS-60). Diets were supplied at a rate of 50 g dry matter per unit metabolic body size (BWkg0.75) d−1. Average daily gain (ADG) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) decreased when SM was replaced by SF or MS. This depression was greater (P < 0.05) with higher levels of substitution and more marked for MS than SF. Plasma methionine concentration was lowest in calves fed the SF-60 and MS-60 diets. Average ileal digestibilities of the total of the indispensable amino acids were highest in SM-100 (94.6%), intermediate in MS-40 (88.0%) and MS-60 (86.8%) and lowest in SF-40 (83.8%) and SF-60 (82.1%). Fecal amino acid digestibilities did not differ between diets (P > 0.05). In summary, there was a decrease in ADG and PER when milk protein was replaced by protein from SF or MS. The inferior performance of calves fed SF- or MS-containing milk replacers is, in part, related to a lower digestible amino acid supply as measured in digesta collected from the distal ileum. Key words: Calf, milk replacers, soyflour, meat-solubles, amino acid digestibility

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