CLINICAL CHEMISTRY OF GRAIN-FED CATTLE. II. LIVER FUNCTION

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. BIDE ◽  
W. J. DORWARD
Keyword(s):  
Liver Function ◽  
Plasma Clearance ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Test Animal ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Vitamin Concentrate

The rate of plasma clearance of bilirubin (BCR), as a test of liver function, was followed in three hay-fed and four grain-fed Hereford steers over the first 77 days of a 106-day feeding period. The grain diet was 90% steam rolled barley, 5% beet pulp pellets and 5% of a protein/mineral/vitamin concentrate given together with a hay supplement of 0.9 kg/head/day. The grain was introduced slowly over a 10-day period. Fluctuations in hematocrit values occurred during the adaptation to the grain diet. Periodic episodes of markedly reduced liver function occurred synchronously in test animals during the introduction of the grain diet. Similar episodes of reduced liver function were observed with decreasing frequency and severity as the feeding progressed. After 25 days of grain feeding, loss of synchrony also occurred, so that high values were observed in only one test animal at any one time. As the feeding period progressed, the time required for the distribution and equilibration of the bilirubin in the blood increased in the grain-fed animals causing interference with the BCR tests. The effects on liver function indicated a reduction in the efficiency of the liver which probably contributes to pathologic conditions in feedlot cattle.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY OF GRAIN-FED CATTLE.: III. PLASMA THYROID PROFILES WITH NOTES ON INTERFERENCE BY EDDI AND HYPOTHYROID VALUES IN HEREFORDS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. BIDE
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Thyroid Hyperplasia

Linear thyroid profiles consisting of total plasma I (TI), protein-bound iodine (PBI), thyroxine iodine (T4I), tri-iodothyronine uptake (T3U) and the corresponding indices of T7I = T4I* T3U/100 and thyroid binding globulin estimate TBGE = T3U−1 + T4r−0.25 were prepared for 15 grain-fed (test) and 15 hay-fed (control) Hereford steers over a 186-day feeding period. The grain diet, which contained 20 mg/kg of I2 as ethylenediaminedihydriodide (EDDI), consisted of 90% steam-rolled barley, 5% beet pulp pellets and 5% protein–mineral concentrate, supplemented with local alfalfa hay fed at the rate of 0.9 kg/head/day. The control diet was local alfalfa hay given ad libitum. CoI salt blocks containing 0.028% Ca (IO3)2 were available to both groups, free choice. In the test group, TI increased threefold immediately upon introduction of the grain diet, and remained elevated. Plasma PBI increased from 5.0 to 12 μg/dl on day 50 and then fell slowly to 9.0 μg/dl by day 180. T4I, T7I and TBGE decreased during the first 30 days and returned to the original values of 4.6 ± 1.2, 2.3 ± 0.8 and 1.48 ± 0.11 μgI/dl. T3U decreased from 51 to 48% over the feeding period. The PBI and T4I values were not related, probably because EDDI or a metabolite of it interferes with the PBI test. In the control group, the profile values at the beginning and end of the feeding period were in μgI/dl: TI, 7.3 ± 1.5 and 5.6 ± 1.0; PBI, 5.9 ± 1.0 and 5.3 ± 0.7; T4I, 4.2 ± 0.4 and 2.8 ± 0.5; T3U%, 55.8 ± 8.0 and 54.4 ± 6.9. These values provided corresponding index values of T7I, 2.3 ± 0.4 and 1.5 ± 0.4 and TBGE, 1.44 ± 0.04 and 1.31 ± 0.06. The control diet did not provide enough available I2; the thyroid profiles showed a trend towards hypothyroidism, and histologic examination post-mortem revealed thyroid hyperplasia.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY OF GRAIN-FED CATTLE.: I. A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF A BASIC BIOMEDICAL PROFILE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. BIDE ◽  
W. J. DORWARD ◽  
M. E. TUMBLESON
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase ◽  
Dietary Adaptation ◽  
Clinical Chemical ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Ad Libitum

In a preliminary study, 12 Hereford range cattle were fed in a feedlot for 105 days and 14-point biomedical profiles were prepared regularly at short intervals for the week prior to and during the feeding period to provide a clinical chemical view of the effects of the regimen upon cattle. The animals were fed for a week on local hay and then adapted to the grain diet (90% steam-rolled barley, 5% beet pulp, 5% of a commercial supplement containing 32% protein) by introducing the diet at 1.0 kg feed/100 kg body weight and increasing the ration 0.45 kg/head per 2 days. The hay ration was progressively reduced at the same time so that from the 8th day onward the animals were eating 0.9 kg/head per day and the grain diet ad libitum. Plasma cholesterol, Ca++, Cl−, bilirubin, creatinine, protein, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, urea nitrogen, glucose, Na+, and K+ were estimated at close intervals to provide linear biomedical profiles. Although no changes were observed that could be classified as pathological either from the clinical chemistry or post-mortem examination, significant changes were observed in the levels of some parameters and in most parameters the variance was significantly higher during the first 40 days of the feeding period. The changes observed would indicate that metabolic adaptation requires at least 40 days following the start of grain feeding in contrast to dietary adaptation, which is generally considered complete 2 days after the animals are eating the grain diet ad libitum.

Monitoring Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Inoculated and Naturally Colonized Feedlot Cattle and Their Environment

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. STANFORD ◽  
S. J. BACH ◽  
T. H. MARX ◽  
S. JONES ◽  
J. R. HANSEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Challenge Study ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Feed Samples

On-farm methods of monitoring Escherichia coli O157:H7 were assessed in 30 experimentally inoculated steers housed in four pens over a 12-week period and in 202,878 naturally colonized feedlot cattle housed in 1,160 pens on four commercial Alberta feedlots over a 1-year period. In the challenge study, yearling steers were experimentally inoculated with 1010 CFU of a four-strain mixture of nalidixic acid–resistant E. coli O157:H7. After inoculation, shedding of E. coli O157:H7 was monitored weekly by collecting rectal fecal samples (FEC), oral swabs (ORL), pooled fecal pats (PAT), manila ropes (ROP) orally accessed for 4 h, feed samples, water, and water bowl interface. Collection of FEC from all animals per pen provided superior isolation (P < 0.01) of E. coli O157:H7 compared with other methods, although labor and animal restraint requirements for fecal sample collection were high. When one sample was collected per pen of animals, E. coli O157:H7 was more likely to be detected from the ROP than from the FEC, PAT, or ORL (P < 0.001). In the commercial feedlot study, samples were limited to ROP and PAT, and E. coli O157:H7 was isolated in 18.8% of PAT and 6.8% of ROP samples. However, for animals that had been resident in the feedlot pen for at least 1 month, isolation of E. coli O157:H7 from ROP was not different from that from PAT (P = 0.35). Pens of animals on feed for <30 days were six times more likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than were animals on feed for >30 days. However, change in diet did not affect shedding of the organism (P > 0.23) provided that animals had acclimated to the feedlot for 1 month or longer. Findings from this study indicate the importance of introduction of mitigation strategies early in the feeding period to reduce transference and the degree to which E. coli O157:H7 is shed into the environment.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Feeding Periods Required by Corn Flea Beetles to Acquire and Transmit Pantoea stewartii

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Menelas ◽  
C. C. Block ◽  
P. D. Esker ◽  
F. W. Nutter
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Pantoea Stewartii ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Relationship

The feeding periods required by corn flea beetles to acquire and transmit Pantoea stewartii were investigated in the Stewart's disease of corn pathosystem. To quantify the effect of acquisition feeding period on percentage of acquisition, field-collected corn beetles were allowed to feed for 6, 12, 24 36, 48, and 72 h on corn seedlings previously inoculated with a rifampicin- and nalidixic acid-restraint strain of P. stewartii. Acquisition of P. stewartii by corn flea beetles was considered positive if the rifampicin- and nalidixic acid-marked strain was recovered on selective media. To quantity the effect of transmission feeding period on percent transmission of P. stewartii by corn flea beetles, P. stewartii- infested corn flea beetles were allowed to feed on healthy corn seedlings for periods of 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. After the appropriate transmission feeding period, leaf tissues surrounding the sites of feeding scars were cultured for the presence of the P. stewartii-marked strain. Transmission of P. stewartii was considered positive if the marked strain was recovered on selective media. Acquisition of P. stewartii occurred within 6 h and the percentage of corn flea beetles that had acquired P. stewartii after 72 h ranged from 68 to 94%. The change in P. stewartii acquisition by corn flea beetles (Y) with respect to acquisition feeding period (X) was best described by the Gompertz model, with R2 values ranging from 91 to 99%. The mean time for acquisition by 50% of the corn flea beetles was 36.5 ± 11.6 h. The minimum transmission feeding time required for corn flea beetles to transmit P. stewartii following a 48-h acquisition feeding period was less than 3 h. The percent transmission of P. stewartii by corn flea beetles was nearly 100% after a 48-h transmission feeding period and was 100% by 72 h. Among population growth models evaluated, the monomolecular model best described the relationship between percent transmission (Y) and transmission feeding periods (X), with R 2 values of up to 84%. However, a nonlinear form of the monomolecular model better quantified the relationship between percent transmission and transmission feeding period, because pseudo-R2 values ranged between 98.1 and 99.5%. The predicted transmission feeding time required for 50% of P. stewartii-infested corn flea beetles to transmit the pathogen was 7.6 ± 0.87 h. These results suggest that the corn flea beetle is a highly efficient vector that can quickly acquire and transmit P. stewartii, thereby requiring insecticide seed treatments and foliar insecticides that act quickly to prevent corn flea beetles from acquiring and transmitting P. stewartii to corn plants.

Strategic administration of an appeasing substance to improve performance and physiological responses of Bos indicus feedlot cattle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor G L Fonseca ◽  
Bruno I Cappellozza ◽  
Osvaldo A de Sousa ◽  
Manuella Sagawa ◽  
Bruna Rett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Treatment Administration ◽  
To Receive

Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the timing of administration of the bovine appeasing substance (BAS) on performance and physiological responses of Bos indicus feedlot cattle. Nellore bulls (n = 100) were ranked by initial body weight (BW; 341 ± 18.5 kg) and assigned to receive BAS (n = 50) or placebo (CON; n = 50) on d -2 of the experiment. Treatments (5 mL) were applied topically to the nuchal skin area of each bull. Bulls were loaded into commercial livestock trailers immediately after treatment administration, transported for 880 km, and unloaded on d -1 at a commercial feedyard. On d 0, bulls within each treatment were again assigned to receive, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, BAS or CON as previously described (25 bulls/treatment combination). Upon treatment administration on d 0, bulls were housed in 12 feedlot pens (3 pens/treatment) for a 108-d feeding period, which was divided into an adaptation (d 0 – 19), growing (d 20 – 60), and finishing (d 61 – 108) phases. Dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily from d 0 to 108, whereas blood samples and hair from the tail switch were collected on d -2, 0, 19, 60, and 108. Administration of BAS prior to loading (d -2) improved ADG, FE, and DMI during adaptation and across the 108-d feeding period (P ≤ 0.08), resulting in greater (P = 0.03) hot carcass weight and dressing percentage upon slaughter on d 109. A treatment × day interaction was detected for serum glucose concentrations (P = 0.05), which was greater (P = 0.03) on d 60 of the feeding period in bulls receiving CON prior to loading. Administration of BAS at feedlot entry (d 0) improved DMI, ADG, and FE during adaptation (P ≤ 0.05), but it did not impact (P ≥ 0.18) performance and carcass traits during the 108-d feeding period. Bulls administered BAS prior to loading and at feedlot entry had less (P ≤ 0.05) mean serum cortisol concentrations across the 108-d feeding period (loading × feedlot entry interaction; P = 0.10), and greater (P ≤ 0.05) serum insulin concentration on d 60 (loading × feedlot entry × day interaction; P = 0.05). In summary, BAS administration prior to loading increased overall feedlot performance of Nellore bulls. These outcomes were noted in bulls that received or not a second BAS administration at feedlot entry, suggesting that the benefits of BAS are exploited when this substance is administered before transport to the feedlot.

Meal frequency and stereotypic behaviour in stabled horses

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 165-167
Author(s):  
J J Cooper ◽  
S Johnson ◽  
N McCall ◽  
N Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Meal Frequency ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Main Study ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Stereotypic Behaviour

Locomotor stereotypies such as weaving and nodding are commonly observed as pre–feeding activity in stabled horses (Cooper, McDonald and Mills, 2001), whilst oral activities such as crib–biting and woodchewing may be associated with the post–feeding period (McGreevy and Nicol, 1998) particularly in horses fed a low–fibre concentrate (Nicol et al., 2002). In this study, we investigated the effect of increasing the number of meals of concentrate whilst maintaining the same daily concentrate intake, on the behaviour of stabled horses with particular reference to stereotypic activities such as weaving and crib–biting. The study was carried out on a working equestrian yard with stables for up to 50 horses.A pilot study was used to record incidence of stereotypic behaviour and to select subjects for the main study. In this, the behaviour of 30 warm–blooded horses was recorded during their morning (0830h) and afternoon (1630h) concentrate meals. Each meal consisted of 0.5kg of a commercial feed, mixed with 1kg of soaked sugar beet pulp and 0.5kg of chopped hay and straw mixed in a bucket.

scholarly journals 261 Sorting strategy and effect of variation on profitability of a pen of feedlot steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
Meredith A Harrison ◽  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Frame Size ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Base Price ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
Initial Processing

Abstract Variation in feedlot cattle has a negative effect on feedlot profitability and beef products. Alternative sorting strategies may help reduce variation within a pen of feedlot cattle and improve beef product uniformity. A dynamic, deterministic model was built to predict growth, body composition, and carcass value for individual steers. Individual steer measurements for initial body weight (BW), frame size, and body fat percent were obtained from a set of Angus-based steers (n = 62; BW = 293kg) and used as initial values in the model. The model predicted individual steer BW, Yield and Quality Grades, and carcass values for each day in the feeding period. Total steer profit was calculated as carcass value minus feed costs and steer purchase price. Profitability was evaluated using four sorting strategies: 1) steers purchased, fed, and marketed as a lot without sorting; 2) steers purchased, sorted by BW at initial processing, and fed and marketed as two independent pens; 3) steers purchased and fed as a lot until midway through the feeding period, and then were sorted by BW into two pens that were marketed independently; and 4) steers purchased and fed as a lot and each individual steer was sold at the optimal time. Optimal marketing time was defined as the day profit reached a maximum value. Sensitivity analyses were conducted, changing all prices ± 10% while all other variables were held constant. Scenario 4 was most profitable, with a mean profit of $161.78 ± 144.79 per steer, representing the greatest possible profit. Scenario 1, the practice commonly used by commercial feedlots, was the least profitable ($122.45 ± 139.65). Scenario 2 ranked third ($125.10 ± 137.42), and Scenario 3 ranked second ($127.85 ± 137.73), but mean profit per head only differed by $2.75, indicating steers grew at a relatively constant rate, and there was no additional benefit in sorting mid-way through the finishing period versus at initial processing. Body weight at harvest and carcass weight varied across scenarios, but mean quality grade was similar for all four scenarios. Mean profit per was most sensitive to grid base price. In scenario 1, a ± 10% change in grid base price resulted in a 145 and –136% profit change, respectively. Sorting feedlot steers into similar feeding and marketing groups reduces pen variation, increasing carcass value, decreasing feed costs, and improving overall profitability.

Experience with a standardized bromsulfalein plasma clearance method as a sensitive test of liver function

1953 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
J.W. Culbertson ◽  
T.L. Welton ◽  
K.H. Kinard ◽  
J.G. Easton
Keyword(s):  
Liver Function ◽  
Plasma Clearance ◽  
Sensitive Test
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