SOME EFFECTS OF METHANE INHIBITION IN RUMINANTS (STEERS)

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. JOHNSON ◽  
A. S. WOOD ◽  
J. B. STONE ◽  
E. T. MORAN JR.
Keyword(s):  
Corn Oil ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Daily Gain

Four steers were used in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment to assess comparative antimethanogenic effects of including bromochloromethane (BCM) (5.5 g once daily), unsaturated fat (corn oil), and saturated fat (tallow) at 5% in experimental diets. Basic dietary ingredients were citrus pulp and beet pulp plus hay. Average daily gain (ADG) and ruminal parameters including soluble carbohydrate and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentrations, VFA’s percentages, and pH were measured. Only BCM proved significantly (P < 0.05) antimethanogenic. Maximal inhibition occurred 0–6 hr post-feeding, by 15 hr inhibition was reduced by 50% and absent at 24 hr. Ruminal TVFA, pH, and average daily gain were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by CH4 inhibition, although average daily gain showed the following trend: BCM > saturated fat > unsaturated fat > control. Inhibition caused lower (P < 0.05) ruminal acetate, and higher (P < 0.05) propionate over 24 hr post-feeding, higher (P < 0.05) butyrate from 3–15 hr post-feeding, and consistent measurable quantities of valerate and isovalerate. Soluble CHO concentration was maximal 0–6 hr post-feeding.

scholarly journals Sheep performance on perennial ryegrass cultivars differing in concentration of water-soluble carbohydrate

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Cosgrove ◽  
P.S. Taylor ◽  
A. Jonker
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
High Sugar ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Daily Gain

High-sugar perennial ryegrass cultivars (HSG) selected for higher concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate may enhance animal production and reduce emissions of methane and nitrogen. Assessing the effects on economic output and environmental footprint is most robust when related to production per unit of land. Average daily gain (ADG) and liveweight gain per hectare (LWG/ha) of sheep grazing a high-sugar perennial ryegrass cultivar, a diploid perennial ryegrass and a tetraploid perennial ryegrass were compared during measurement periods conducted in spring (84 days duration), autumn (99 days) and late springsummer (160 days). Continuous variable stocking was used, and stocking rate adjusted to maintain a target sward surface height of 6 cm. Average daily gain was higher (P=0.003) on the HSG than on either control in late spring-summer and higher on the tetraploid control than on the HSG or the diploid control in autumn (P=0.04), but the higher ADGs did not translate to significantly higher LWG/ha. These results can inform farmers on cultivar choice and support analysis of methane and nitrogen emissions on an intensity basis for inventory and regulatory purposes. Key words: water-soluble carbohydrate, perennial ryegrasses, high-sugar ryegrass, average daily gain, liveweight gain

Effect of frequency of feed delivery on the feeding behaviour, growth, and rumen temperature of limit-fed dairy heifers

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
A. M. Greter ◽  
O. Alzahal ◽  
T. F. Duffield ◽  
B. W. McBride ◽  
T. M. Widowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Rumen Temperature ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Time Spent Feeding ◽  
Daily Gain

Greter, A. M., AlZahal, O., Duffield, T. F., McBride, W. B., Widowski, T. M. and DeVries, T. J. 2014. Effect of frequency of feed delivery on the feeding behaviour, growth, and rumen temperature of limit-fed dairy heifers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 11–20. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect that frequency of provision of feed, provided in a restricted amount, had on feeding and lying behaviour, growth, and rumen temperature of growing dairy heifers. Twenty-four Holstein heifers (178.2±9.3 d of age; mean±SD), divided into six groups of four, were assigned to each of three treatments using a 3×3 Latin square design with 28-d periods (21-d adaptation, 7-d data collection). Treatments were delivery of daily allotment of total mixed ration (fed at 2.0% of body weight): (1) once per day (1×; 0800), (2) twice per day (2×; 0800 and 1600), and (3) four times per day (4×; 0800, 1200, 1600, and 2000). Average daily gain (ADG) was similar across treatments (0.8 kg d−1). There was a tendency for within-pen variation of ADG (average, per pen, of the absolute difference between individual heifer ADG and pen mean ADG) to be greater with 4× (0.3 kg d−1) and 2× (0.3 kg d−1) compared with 1× (0.2 kg d−1). Both feeding (63.1 vs. 44.2 vs. 51.5 min d−1) and unrewarded (presence at the feed bunk when no feed was present; 49.5 vs. 27.7 vs. 33.1 min d−1) time at the feed bunk decreased with increasing frequency of feed delivery (1×, 2×, and 4×, respectively). Frequency of displacements (3.1 displacements d−1) and number of displacements per unit of feeding time (0.06 displacements min−1) were similar between treatments. Lying time was similar between treatments (802.5 min d−1), while there was an increase in the amount of time spent standing without eating as frequency of feed delivery increased (558.9 vs. 590.0 vs. 604.7 min d−1 for 1×, 2×, and 4×, respectively). Thus, feeding 1× d−1 may prove beneficial for limit-fed heifers as it increases the time spent feeding, and decreases time spent standing without eating and within-pen variation in ADG.

Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande silage and concentrate levels in diets for beef cattle

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. da Silva ◽  
O. G. Pereira ◽  
R. M. Martins ◽  
M. C. N. Agarussi ◽  
L. D. da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Potential Use

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ruminal and intestinal digestion, the ruminal fermentation and the performance of beef cattle fed diets containing Stylosanthes silage (StS) and corn silage (CS). The treatments consisted of diets containing StS with different concentrate levels, based on dry matter (DM) (g/kg): 200 (StS-200), 400 (StS-400), 60 (StS-600), and a Control treatment with 600 g/kg CS and 400 g/kg concentrate (CS-400). In Experiment 1, 32 Nellore bulls, 364.28 ± 2.82 kg bodyweight, were distributed in a complete randomised design with eight replicates. Four Holstein × Zebu bulls (average bodyweight of 429 ± 15 kg) were used in Experiment 2, distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Nutrient intake was similar between StS-400 and CS-400 (P > 0.05), however, only StS-600 showed the same intake of total digestible nutrients as CS-400 (P < 0.05). Only the animals fed the StS-600 diet had similar (P > 0.05) average daily gain of carcass in comparison with those fed the Control diet. The StS-200 and StS-400 diets showed lower (P < 0.05) total tract digestibility of DM and crude protein than CS-400 (P < 0.05). Ruminal pH values of StS-200 and SE-400 were higher (P < 0.05) than in CS-400. The StS-600 diet showed a similar productive performance to CS in diets with 600 g/kg of concentrate, highlighting the potential use of this legume in diets for beef cattle in tropical conditions.

Effects of sodium bentonite supplements on growth performance of feedlot steers fed direct-cut or wilted grass silage based diets

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Berthiaume ◽  
M. Ivan ◽  
C. Lafrenière
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sodium Bentonite ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Daily Gain

Forty crossbred steers (initial liveweight: 339 ± 41 kg) were assigned to four equal groups in a 98-d feeding experiment to determine the effects of sodium bentonite supplements (2% of dietary dry matter) on their growth performance. The steers were fed ad libitum a total mixed ration based on direct-cut (two groups) or wilted (two groups) grass silage. One group of steers fed the same silage received the diet without supplementation (control), while the second group received the diet with the sodium bentonite supplement. The steers were housed in pens with electronic headgates in an unheated enclosed feedlot. Feed intake was recorded throughout the experiment and weighing conducted every 2 wk. Apparent digestibilities of dietary components were determined with four steers in a parallel 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Feed intake, average daily gain (ADG) and the efficiency of feed utilization were higher (P < 0.05) in steers fed wilted than in those fed the poorly fermented direct-cut grass silage. Bentonite increased (P = 0.04) ADG in steers fed the direct-cut grass silage, but in those fed the wilted grass silage ADG was virtually the same for both the control or the bentonite-supplemented steers. Except for energy, digestibility of nutrients was superior (P ≤ 0.05) in the wilted than in the direct-cut grass silage, but there were no effects (P > 0.05) of bentonite. It was concluded that it may be useful to supplement poorly fermented direct-cut silage diets with sodium bentonite, but not those based on wilted grass silage. Key words: Feedlot steers, sodium bentonite, grass silage, growth performance

Behaviour and productivity of pigs in groups composed of disproportionate numbers of littermates

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Gonyou
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
The Social ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Gain

Forty litters of eight pigs each were paired by age and weight and re-grouped at the beginning of a 12-wk grower/finisher period. Each pair of litters was assigned to two pens, with two pigs from one litter (Minority) and six pigs from the other (Majority) in each pen. Four pairs of litters were removed from the experiment due to loss of pigs from injury or poor health. Agonistic encounters following re-grouping were used to rank each Minority pig and to classify it as being within the Dominant or Subordinate half of the social hierarchy. Minority pigs within a pen tended to obtain similar social ranks (within two ranks in 20 of 30 pens; P < 0.05), but were as likely to be Dominant as Subordinate (11 vs. 9 pairs, respectively). The activity and position of all pigs were sampled once daily, 5 days a week. One Minority pig was designated as the focal pig for these observations. The second Minority pig was more likely to be engaged in the same activity as the focal pig than were Majority pigs (P < 0.01), and would lie closer to the focal pig than would the Majority pigs (P < 0.01). There were no differences in the proportion of Majority and Minority pigs which were removed from the experiment due to injuries, nor in the type of injuries requiring their removal. Examination of all pigs at the mid-point of the study revealed some evidence of injury on the head, ears, shoulders, back, flanks, ramp and tail of 76, 75, 87, 90, 91 and 95% of the pigs, respectively, but no differences between Majority and Minority pigs in location or severity of injuries. Average daily gain for the entire experiment was 775 g d−1, and did not differ between Majority and Minority pigs during any 2-wk period of the study. It is concluded that littermates continue to associate with each other after re-grouping and that they attain similar social status. However, the litter with the largest number of pigs present does not consistently achieve social dominance or a competitive advantage manifested in improved weight gain. Key words: Pigs, littermates, re-grouping, social status

Effect of exogenous enzymes on digestibility of barley silage and growth performance of feedlot cattle

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
S. J. Oosting ◽  
J. D. Popp ◽  
Z. Mir ◽  
L. J. Yanke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Endoglucanase Activity ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Barley Silage ◽  
Daily Gain

Barley silage was sprayed with water or with a 2:1 combination of commercial cellulase and xylanase preparations, or the enzymes were introduced directly into the rumen, in a digestibility study (replicated incomplete 3 × 3 Latin square) using 10 sheep. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were lower (P < 0.05) when enzymes were dosed intraruminally than when applied to silage, but enzymes by either route did not affect (P > 0.05) intake of DM, organic matter or digestible organic matter, or digestibilities of DM or NDF, ruminal pH, xylanase activity, endoglucanase activity or ruminal cellulolytic bacterial populations. Treating the silage portion of an 82.5% barley silage backgrounding diet with the enzyme mix at 0, 1.25, 3.5 or 5.0 L t−1 DM tended to linearly increase (P = 0.08) final weights of steers (n = 24). Average daily gain tended to be (P = 0.06) and feed intake and feed efficiency were (P = 0.04 and P = 0.03, respectively) quadratically related to these enzyme concentrations from days 0 to 56, but not overall (days 0 to 120). In contrast, treatment of both portions (forage and concentrate) of a 70% barley-ryegrass silage finishing diet at 3.5 L t−1 DM increased (P < 0.01) the average daily gain of finishing feedlot cattle by 10%. Carcass weights and traits were not affected (P > 0.1) by enzyme supplementation. In this study, treating the total mixed ration improved feedlot cattle performance more than treating the silage component alone. Key words: Enzymes, beef cattle, growth, barley silage

Different modes of food restriction and compensatory growth in double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls: animal performance, carcass and meat characteristics

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Hornick ◽  
C. van Eenaeme ◽  
A. Clinquart ◽  
O. Gerard ◽  
L. Istasse
Keyword(s):  
Food Restriction ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Muscle Ph ◽  
Restriction Diet ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Tissue Proportion ◽  
Daily Gain

AbstractFifty double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls were divided into five groups. The first group (control, CG) was given, on an ad libitum basis, a fattening diet based on sugar-beet pulp. In G2 and G3, fattening was interrupted 103 and 187 days, respectively after the beginning of the experiment, by approximately a 2-month period of food restriction during which the animals received a maintenance ration. The last two groups, namely G4 and G5, received for about 4 months a limited amount of the restriction diet to support growth of 0·5 and 0 kg/day, respectively, before being fattened as CG. The average daily gain was 1·48 kg/day in CG v. 1·33, 1·30, 1·43 and 1·61 kg/day during the period of ad libitum feeding in G2, G3, G4 and G5. Higher nitrogen (N) balance during compensatory growth in G2, G4 and G5 (78·8, 81·0 and 74·6 v. 53·3 g N per day in CG, P < 0·001) resulted mainly from a higher efficiency of N retention. In G3, however, compensatory growth was characterized by lower N digestibility and efficiency of N retention. Muscle proportion in the carcass was higher in G3 while fat plus connective tissue proportion was lower (P < 0·05). Muscle pH values in CG were lower than in the other groups (P < 0·01) but ether extract values were higher. The intramuscular fat of G2 and G3 was characterized by higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

POSTMATING FEEDING LEVEL EFFECTS ON CONCEPTION RATE AND EMBRYONIC SURVIVAL IN GILTS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. DYCK ◽  
J. H. STRAIN
Keyword(s):  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Embryonic Survival ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Daily Gain

One hundred and twenty-eight gilts were used to evaluate the effect of reducing the level of feeding at estrus on conception rate and embryonic survival. Within each of 4 yr, 16 Yorkshire and 16 Lacombe gilts were penned individually in a piggery, fed 2 kg of diet once daily and 11 days after being observed in estrus were fed 2.5 kg of diet (H). The gilts were mated on the first (day 0) and second day of estrus with two boars of the other breed. On day 1 feed intake was reduced to 1.5 kg (L) per day for one-half of the gilts of each breed. On day 11 the feeding level was switched for one-half of the gilts in each of the two groups to give four feeding level treatments of HH, HL, LH and LL. All gilts were slaughtered between days 30 and 35. The breeds did not differ in average daily gain (ADG), conception rate, or embryonic survival. The Yorkshire gilts had fewer (P < 0.01) corpora lutea (12.0 vs. 13.1) and fetuses (9.3 vs. 11.1) than the Lacombe gilts. The HH and LH gilts had higher ADG than HL and LL gilts (P < 0.01). The HH, HL and LH gilts had higher (P < 0.01) conception rates than the LL gilts (87.1, 86.2 and 87.1% vs. 64.3%, respectively). The numbers of corpora lutea and fetuses were not significantly different among treatments. However, when the H and L treatments to day 10 were compared, the L gilts had more fetuses (11.0 vs. 9.5) and a higher embryonic survival (86.2 vs. 75.8%) than the H gilts (P < 0.05). A body weight maintenance feeding level for 10 days after mating appeared to improve embryonic survival. Key words: Gilts, feed restriction, conception rate, embryonic survival

scholarly journals Feed intake, digestibility, and carcass characteristics of lambs fed a diet supplemented with soluble fibre

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bodas ◽  
S. López ◽  
A. B. Rodríguez ◽  
S. Andrés ◽  
A. R. Mantecón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Gain Ratio ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Daily Gain

Thirty-six Merino lambs (8–9 weeks of age and 15.3 ± 0.13 kg of initial liveweight) were used to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of 120 g sugar beet pulp (replacing barley) and the addition of 20 g sodium bicarbonate per kg concentrate on feed intake, digestibility, animal performance and carcass characteristics in fattening lambs. Animals were housed individually and fed barley straw and the corresponding experimental concentrate feed ad libitum [basal diet composed of (g/kg) barley (500), maize (230), soybean meal (190), molasses (50) and vitamin premix (30)]. Faeces were collected for 5 days to estimate digestibility. Lambs were slaughtered when they reached 25 kg liveweight. Carcasses were chilled at 4°C for 24 h, some carcass dimensions were calculated, the left carcass was jointed into commercial cuts and shoulder tissue composition determined. Sugar beet pulp decreased DM intake (P < 0.05) and average daily gain (P < 0.001), increasing feed : gain ratio (P < 0.001), whereas sodium bicarbonate increased neutral detergent fibre digestibility (P < 0.05) and average daily gain, reducing the feed : gain ratio (P < 0.05). Carcass characteristics were not affected (P > 0.05) by either sodium bicarbonate or sugar beet pulp. Replacing barley with 120 g sugar beet pulp/kg concentrate caused a decrease in DM intake and average daily gain, resulting in an increase in feed : gain ratio, with no detrimental effect on carcass characteristics. The addition of 20 g sodium bicarbonate/kg concentrate improved intake and animal performance without affecting carcass characteristics. Inclusion of sugar beet pulp as a replacement for barley in high-concentrate diets for fattening lambs did not produce performance responses similar to those observed by adding a buffering salt.

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