POSTMATING FEEDING LEVEL EFFECTS ON CONCEPTION RATE AND EMBRYONIC SURVIVAL IN GILTS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. DYCK ◽  
J. H. STRAIN
Keyword(s):  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Embryonic Survival ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Daily Gain

One hundred and twenty-eight gilts were used to evaluate the effect of reducing the level of feeding at estrus on conception rate and embryonic survival. Within each of 4 yr, 16 Yorkshire and 16 Lacombe gilts were penned individually in a piggery, fed 2 kg of diet once daily and 11 days after being observed in estrus were fed 2.5 kg of diet (H). The gilts were mated on the first (day 0) and second day of estrus with two boars of the other breed. On day 1 feed intake was reduced to 1.5 kg (L) per day for one-half of the gilts of each breed. On day 11 the feeding level was switched for one-half of the gilts in each of the two groups to give four feeding level treatments of HH, HL, LH and LL. All gilts were slaughtered between days 30 and 35. The breeds did not differ in average daily gain (ADG), conception rate, or embryonic survival. The Yorkshire gilts had fewer (P < 0.01) corpora lutea (12.0 vs. 13.1) and fetuses (9.3 vs. 11.1) than the Lacombe gilts. The HH and LH gilts had higher ADG than HL and LL gilts (P < 0.01). The HH, HL and LH gilts had higher (P < 0.01) conception rates than the LL gilts (87.1, 86.2 and 87.1% vs. 64.3%, respectively). The numbers of corpora lutea and fetuses were not significantly different among treatments. However, when the H and L treatments to day 10 were compared, the L gilts had more fetuses (11.0 vs. 9.5) and a higher embryonic survival (86.2 vs. 75.8%) than the H gilts (P < 0.05). A body weight maintenance feeding level for 10 days after mating appeared to improve embryonic survival. Key words: Gilts, feed restriction, conception rate, embryonic survival

Behaviour and productivity of pigs in groups composed of disproportionate numbers of littermates

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Gonyou
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
The Social ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Daily Gain

Forty litters of eight pigs each were paired by age and weight and re-grouped at the beginning of a 12-wk grower/finisher period. Each pair of litters was assigned to two pens, with two pigs from one litter (Minority) and six pigs from the other (Majority) in each pen. Four pairs of litters were removed from the experiment due to loss of pigs from injury or poor health. Agonistic encounters following re-grouping were used to rank each Minority pig and to classify it as being within the Dominant or Subordinate half of the social hierarchy. Minority pigs within a pen tended to obtain similar social ranks (within two ranks in 20 of 30 pens; P < 0.05), but were as likely to be Dominant as Subordinate (11 vs. 9 pairs, respectively). The activity and position of all pigs were sampled once daily, 5 days a week. One Minority pig was designated as the focal pig for these observations. The second Minority pig was more likely to be engaged in the same activity as the focal pig than were Majority pigs (P < 0.01), and would lie closer to the focal pig than would the Majority pigs (P < 0.01). There were no differences in the proportion of Majority and Minority pigs which were removed from the experiment due to injuries, nor in the type of injuries requiring their removal. Examination of all pigs at the mid-point of the study revealed some evidence of injury on the head, ears, shoulders, back, flanks, ramp and tail of 76, 75, 87, 90, 91 and 95% of the pigs, respectively, but no differences between Majority and Minority pigs in location or severity of injuries. Average daily gain for the entire experiment was 775 g d−1, and did not differ between Majority and Minority pigs during any 2-wk period of the study. It is concluded that littermates continue to associate with each other after re-grouping and that they attain similar social status. However, the litter with the largest number of pigs present does not consistently achieve social dominance or a competitive advantage manifested in improved weight gain. Key words: Pigs, littermates, re-grouping, social status

scholarly journals Macromineral and trace element requirements for Santa Ines sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayanne Lima Sousa ◽  
Marcos Inácio Marcondes ◽  
Luciano Pinheiro Silva ◽  
Francisco Wellington Rodrigues Lima ◽  
Caio Julio Lima Herbster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Formulated Diets ◽  
Retention Coefficient ◽  
Santa Inês ◽  
Animal Metabolism ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Main Factor

AbstractMinerals play an important role in animal metabolism. Knowledge of mineral requirements allows well-formulated diets to be provided, which is the main factor that affects performance. To determine the macromineral and trace element requirements for growth and maintenance, thirty-eight 2-month-old Santa Ines lambs with initial body weight (BW) of 13.0 ± 1.49 kg were distributed in a factorial design with feeding levels (ad libitum, 30% and 60% feed restriction) and sex classes [castrated (CM) and intact males (IM)]. The net mineral requirements for gain were higher (P < 0.05) with increasing BW and average daily gain, except for Ca and Na, which remained constant as the empty BW (EBW) increased. The macromineral net requirement for maintenance (g/kg EBW0.75) and the true retention coefficient (k; %) were 0.0784 and 65.2 for Ca, 0.0926 and 80.0 for P, and 0.0379 and 59.0 for K, respectively. The k of Mg was higher (P < 0.05) for IM (11.3 for IM and 7.9 for CM). Sex did not affect (P > 0.05) the maintenance requirement of the trace elements Co, Cu, Zn and Cr which were 0.0015, 0.037, 0.698, and 0.0055 (mg/kg EBW0.75), respectively. Our study indicated that the Santa Ines net mineral requirements are different from the main nutritional requirements established by committees for sheep, which may result in unbalanced diets.

The effect of deworming naturally infected heifers on liveweight gain, reproductive performance and fecal egg counts

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-293
Author(s):  
S. L. Boyles ◽  
L. J. Johnson ◽  
W. D. Slanger ◽  
B. J. Kreft ◽  
J. D. Kirsch
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Fecal Sample ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Age At Puberty ◽  
Daily Gain

Twenty-six of 52 heifers with an average liveweight of 318 kg were dewormed by intraruminal injection of oxfendazole and placed in drylot on 31 January. The other 26 animals served as controls. All heifers were pastured starting on 14 June and the treatment heifers were dewormed in the same manner as at the start of the experiment (31 January) on 1 July and 31 July. The groups started out with similar total worm eggs per gram of fecal sample, but the dewormed heifers had fewer counts each month thereafter. The drylot average daily gain of the treated heifers was higher (P = 0.01) and less variable (P = 0.12) and by 29 May these animals were heavier by 11.7 kg (P = 0.10). The treated animals did not gain as fast on pasture (P = 0.20), but the gain continued to be less variable (P = 0.09). Age at puberty was not different. Number of open heifers in the treated group was 4 vs. 15% for the control group (P = 0.18). Deworming by intraruminal injection resulted in faster feedlot gains, more uniform gains during both drylot and pasture, reduced parasites and no abscess at injection sites. Key words: Anthelmintics, oxfendazole, cattle, heifers

SOME EFFECTS OF METHANE INHIBITION IN RUMINANTS (STEERS)

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. JOHNSON ◽  
A. S. WOOD ◽  
J. B. STONE ◽  
E. T. MORAN JR.
Keyword(s):  
Corn Oil ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Daily Gain

Four steers were used in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment to assess comparative antimethanogenic effects of including bromochloromethane (BCM) (5.5 g once daily), unsaturated fat (corn oil), and saturated fat (tallow) at 5% in experimental diets. Basic dietary ingredients were citrus pulp and beet pulp plus hay. Average daily gain (ADG) and ruminal parameters including soluble carbohydrate and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentrations, VFA’s percentages, and pH were measured. Only BCM proved significantly (P < 0.05) antimethanogenic. Maximal inhibition occurred 0–6 hr post-feeding, by 15 hr inhibition was reduced by 50% and absent at 24 hr. Ruminal TVFA, pH, and average daily gain were not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by CH4 inhibition, although average daily gain showed the following trend: BCM > saturated fat > unsaturated fat > control. Inhibition caused lower (P < 0.05) ruminal acetate, and higher (P < 0.05) propionate over 24 hr post-feeding, higher (P < 0.05) butyrate from 3–15 hr post-feeding, and consistent measurable quantities of valerate and isovalerate. Soluble CHO concentration was maximal 0–6 hr post-feeding.

Effect of feed restriction on plasma concentration of hormones and metabolites in steers fed grass silage

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Ouellet ◽  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
J. F. Bernier ◽  
H. Lapierre
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Daily Gain

Plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites were measured in growing steers to establish their relation with degree of feed restriction. Sixty medium frame beef steers (259 ± 29 kg) were divided in groups of five and fed during 3 mo either timothy (T) or bromegrass (B) harvested at stem elongation of the first cut or at boot stage of the aftermath. Forages were fed at one of three levels of intake: ad libitum (FF), 80% of FF, or 65% of FF. Plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin, glucagon, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucose and nonesterfied fatty acids (NEFA) were measured on day 1 and day 78 before the morning meal. The effect of a meal on GH, insulin, glucagon, IGF-1, glucose and NEFA concentrations was also determined in 24 steers sampled from 3 h before to 3 h after a meal. Severity of feed restriction resulted in a linear decrease (P < 0.05) of plasma glucagon (0.139, 0.130, 0.121 ± 0.005 ng mL–1) and IGF-1 (109, 98, 84 ± 7 ng mL–1). Insulin concentration tended to be affected quadratically (0.37, 0.35, 0.27 ± 0.04ng mL–1 for FF, 80% of FF and 65% of FF, respectively, P < 0.10). Ingestion of a meal resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) of GH, NEFA and glucose, and an increase of insulin concentrations (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation (r = 0.53, P < 0.05) between IGF-1 and average daily gain, and lipid percentage of carcasses suggesting that IGF-1 is related to growth rate and fat accumulation in growing steers. Key words: Feed restriction, growth hormone, insulin, IGF-I, metabolites, grass silage

scholarly journals Effects of immunocastration on growth performance, body composition, meat quality, and boar taint

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 249-258
Author(s):  
R. Stupka ◽  
J. Čítek ◽  
K. Vehovský ◽  
K. Zadinová ◽  
M. Okrouhlá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Large White ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Daily Gain

The study objective was to evaluate the effect of immunocastration in the period between the first and second vaccinations and subsequently between the second vaccination and slaughter on growth performance, carcass composition, meat quality, and boar taint, and compare results in immunocastrated males (IC), uncastrated boars (UCM), surgically castrated barrows (CM), and gilts (FE). The study included 70 pigs of the Duroc × (Large White × Landrace) crossbreed. Upon the overall assessment of the selected fattening indicators (average daily gain, feed intake), significant differences between CM and the other groups were demonstrated. Meanwhile, no significant differences were found between the IC, UCM, and FE groups. In this test, immunocastrates showed no negative effect from the second vaccination in relation to those carcass value indicators evaluated in comparison with UCM and FE. CM showed adversely lower carcass value parameters compared the other groups. No significant differences in pH, meat colour, drip loss, shear force, and intramuscular fat were found. The values of these indicators obtained for IC converged with those measured in UCM and FE. It was demonstrated that immunocastration prevented the occurrence of undesired boar taint. Androstenone decreased by 77% and skatole by 71% in IC as compared to UCM.

scholarly journals Effects of Adding Various Silage Additives to Whole Corn Crops at Ensiling on Performance, Rumen Fermentation, and Serum Physiological Characteristics of Growing-Finishing Cattle

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang ◽  
Zhao ◽  
Chen ◽  
Zhou ◽  
Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Silage Additives ◽  
Daily Gain

This study aimed to investigate the effect of applying various silage additives to whole corn crops at ensiling on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and blood physiology in growing–finishing bulls. Sixty Simmental × Yellow Cattle crossbred bulls were blocked by initial body weight (BW; 324.0 ± 5.4 kg) into 15 blocks. Animals in each block were randomly assigned to one of four diets formulated based on the following corn silage: control (CON), inoculated with complex lactic acid bacteria (CLB), ensilaged with mixed organic acid salts (MS), and ensilaged with CLB and MS (CLBMS). The feeding experiment lasted over 155 days, with an additional 7 days for adaptation. The results showed that bulls fed CLB-inoculated silage had greater (p < 0.05) daily dry matter intake than the other groups. The experimental treatment had no significant effect on average daily gain (p = 0.33) and feed-to-gain ratio (p = 0.13), although bulls fed CLB-inoculated silage had a larger numeric average daily gain. All additive-treated silage increased ruminal NH3–N content (p < 0.05) and reduced the acetate-to-propionate ratio (p < 0.05) of bulls compared with the control group. Bulls fed CLB-inoculated silage had a lower ruminal pH value (p < 0.05) than that of the other groups. Compared with the control group, bulls fed CLB-inoculated silage had greater blood cholesterol, albumin, and urea nitrogen (p < 0.05). Blood physiological responses were similar in bulls fed MS-treated and control silage, whereas those in cattle fed CLBMS-treated silage were between bulls fed CLB- and MS-treated silages and more similar to the former. Taking animal performance and cost effectiveness into consideration, the application of CLB alone to whole corn crops at ensiling appears to be a better choice compared with the application of either MS alone or both of them together.

POSTWEANING GROWTH RATE AND FEED CONVERSION RATIO OF LAMBS FED DIETS BASED ON CONCENTRATE VERSUS ROUGHAGES

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. FAHMY ◽  
P. M. FLIPOT ◽  
M. S. WOLYNETZ ◽  
J. E. COMEAU
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Group Ranking ◽  
Group Basis ◽  
Daily Gain

Sets of twin lambs from both sexes representing 11 genetic groups were fed either concentrate (HE) or roughage (LE) diets from weaning to 32 kg liveweight. One lamb from each set received the HE diet while the other received the LE diet. Data on average daily gain (ADG), relative ADG (RADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were analyzed to test for the presence of a genotype × diet interaction; this effect was significant for RADG. Although the ranking of the genetic groups with respect to RADG depended upon diet, the group ranking highest on HE was also the highest on LE. The set of twins × diet interaction was not significant for ADG or RADG. The results support the present practice in test stations of feeding lambs concentrate rations to identify their potential for growth and basing growth comparisons on a within genetic group basis. Key words: Genotype × diet interaction, growth rate, feed conversion ratio

Preweaning growth of Brahman, Braford, and Africander first-cross calves in the subtropics of New South Wales

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
H Hearnshaw ◽  
PF Arthur ◽  
R Barlow ◽  
W Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
New South ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Preweaning Period

Preweaning growth of 435 first-cross Brahman x Hereford (BH), Braford x Hereford (BM) and Africander x Hereford (AM) calves was evaluated at Ballina in the subtropics of New South Wales. Thirty-five Brahman, 32 Braford, and 23 Africander sires were mated to Hereford females over 3 years to produce the calves. Mean gestation of BH calves (290 days) was 4 and 6 days longer than BfH and AfH calves, respectively. BH and AfH calves had more eyelid pigmentation (88 and 98%, respectively) than BM calves (59%). For males, birth weights of BH calves were higher than BfH, which, in turn, were heavier than AfH calves (38.6 v. 34.8 v. 31.5 kg). For females, birth weights of BH and BfH calves were not significantly different but were higher than those of AfH calves (33.3 and 32.6 v. 30.4 kg). BH calves had higher average daily gain (ADG) than BfH and AfH calves during the second half of the preweaning period, resulting in 200-day liveweights of 175.4, 167.5, and 167.3 kg for BH, BfH, and AfH calves. BH calves were taller and had larger girths than the other crosses at birth, but AM calves exhibited the greatest increase in height and body length from birth to weaning. For BH, BMI, and AfH calves, 34,6, and 94% were predominantly red, whereas 6, 94, and 5% were also red but had a Hereford coat colour pattern.

Evaluation of Hereford and first-cross cows on three pasture systems. II. Growth of Hereford and Brahman sired calves out of mature cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hearnshaw ◽  
P. F. Arthur ◽  
P. J. Kohun ◽  
R. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Calving Difficulty ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Sire Breed

SUMMARYThe preweaning growth of the progeny of mature cows grazing high, medium or low quality pasture was evaluated. The cows were 5–9 years of age at the beginning of the study and were either purebred Hereford (H x H), first-cross Brahman x Hereford (B x H), Simmental x Hereford (S x H) or Friesian x Hereford (F x H). Hereford and Brahman bulls were mated to these cows for three mating seasons commencing in 1982, at Grafton, New South Wales, Australia. Records on 634 calves born over three consecutive years were used.Most traits were subject to significant sire breed or dam breed effects or their interactions with one or more of the other main effects (pasture, year of birth of calf, cow age and sex of calf). The incidences of calving difficulty and stillbirths were exceptions. Stillbirths (mean of 3·8%) were not affected by any of the effects studied, while calving difficulty was affected only by sex of calf effect (males, 3·9%; females, 0·8%). The mean calving date of Brahman-sired calves was 11·4 days later (P < 0·05) than that of Hereford-sired calves. Differences between Brahman-sired and Hereford-sired calves for weaning weight were not significant for S x H (Brahman, 237 kg; Hereford, 232 kg) and FxH (Brahman, 238kg; Hereford, 238kg) dams. For HxH dams however, calves sired by Brahman were heavier at weaning (205 kg) than those sired by Hereford (193 kg) bulls, while for B x H dams the reverse was true (Brahman, 222 kg; Hereford, 231 kg). For calves with B x H dams average daily gain (ADG) was the same (957 g/day) for each sire breed, while for the other dam breeds, Brahman-sired calves had a higher ADG than Hereford-sired calves (862 v. 779, 1014 v. 946 and 1022 v. 950 g/day for H x H, S x H and FxH, respectively). Calves sired by Brahman bulls had > 90% eyelid pigmentation while Hereford-sired calves had 44–74%. On high quality pasture, the weaning weights and ADG of calves of F x H and S x H dams were higher than those of B x H and HxH dams. On medium quality pasture, weaning weight of calves of crossbred dams (B x H, S x H and FxH) were similar but higher than those of H x H dams. On low quality pasture, mean weaning weight of calves of B x H was higher than those of S x H and F x H dams, which in turn, were higher than that of H x H dams.

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