PREWEANING GROWTH OF YOUNG AND THE WEIGHT OF MAMMARY GLANDS OF MOTHER MICE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiro Nagai
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Inbred Strains Of Mice ◽  
Size Groups ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Average Body

A complete diallel using three inbred strains of mice (C3H/He, C57BL/6J and SWR/J) was made to examine preweaning growth of young, the weight of mammary glands of mothers and the relationship between them. Litter sizes were standardized to either six or eight at birth.The differences between strain-of-dam, strain-of-sire and litter size groups in average body weight of full sibs at 12 days were not significant. The difference between litter size groups in weight of dried-defatted mammary gland of mothers 12 days after delivery (DDMW) was significant. When average birth weight was fixed, the partial correlation between DDMW and 12-day weight, calculated within litter size and mating class, was +0.54. Heterosis in average birth weight and 12-day weight was observed. Relationships between preweaning growth criteria are discussed.

scholarly journals Understanding mammary activity in red-rumped agouti and implications for management and conservation of this Neotropical game species

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Singh ◽  
S. Singh ◽  
G. W. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Evolutionary Strategy ◽  
Game Species ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) produces precocial young and is the most hunted and farmed game species in several Neotropical countries. An understanding of the reproductive biology, including the relationship between litter size and teat functionality is crucial for conservation management of this animal. In precocial mammals, as the red-rumped agouti, maintaining maternal contact to learn foraging patterns may be more important than the energy demands and nutritional constraints during lactation and suckling may not play important roles when compared to altricial mammals. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the relationship between mammary functionality with litter size, litter birth weight, and parturition number in captive red-rumped agouti. Functionality was assessed by manual palpation of teats from un-sedated females (N=43). We compared the average birth weight of all newborns, male newborns and female newborns among agoutis with different litter sizes and different parturitions by one way ANOVA’s, while Pearson’s Chi-squared tests were used to detect relationships between teat functionality, litter size, and parturition number. Parturition number had no effect on the mean birth weight of all young (F0.822, P > 0.05), male young (F0.80, P > 0.05) or female young (F0.66, P > 0.05) in the litters. We found (i) no significant correlations (P > 0.05) between teat functionality and litter size and (ii) no significant correlations (P > 0.05) between teat functionality and parturition number. This suggests that whilst all teat pairs were functional, functionality was a poor indicator of litter size; suggesting that female agouti young may not have a high dependency on maternal nutrition; an possible evolutionary strategy resulting in large wild populations; hence its popularity as a game species.

Genetic and environmental control of foetal and placental growth in the mouse

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Local Effect ◽  
Uterine Horn ◽  
Placental Weight ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Inbred Strains Of Mice ◽  
Independent Effects

SUMMARYBirth weight was recorded in the first and second litters of six inbred strains of mice and of all possible crosses between them. The mean birth weight of F1 young was significantly greater than that of inbred young in most cases; in no case were they significantly lighter than inbred young at birth.Foetal weight and placental weight were recorded on the 17th day post coitum in the first litters of four strains and of two pairs of reciprocal crosses. F1 foetuses were 13–16% heavier than inbred foetuses on crossing four strains. F1 placentae were about 15% heavier than inbred placentae on crossing three strains. Crossbreeding did not affect placental weight in the fourth strain. The significance of these findings is discussed.Analyses of data from individual strains and crosses showed that foetal weight was affected by the number of implants in the same uterine horn and independently by the number in the whole litter. The two independent effects, local and systemic respectively, tended to decrease foetal weight as litter size increased. The independent local effect of litter size on placental weight was different and tended to increase placental weight slightly as the number of implants in the same uterine horn increased.Three different instances of maternal effects on foetal and placental growth were observed.The effects of the litter and the mother on foetal growth are discussed in relation to the physiological basis of environmental variation in pre-natal growth.

scholarly journals Factor responsible for spermatozoan abnormality located on the Y chromosome in mice

1969 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Krzanowska
Keyword(s):  
Karyotype Analysis ◽  
Inbred Strains ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Sperm Head ◽  
Inbred Strains Of Mice ◽  
Heterosis Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sperm Head Abnormality ◽  
Seven Generations

Two inbred strains of mice differing in the mean percentage of spermatozoa with abnormal heads were used: KE (16·1%) and CBA (5·9%). The F1 resulting from the crosses exhibited a heterosis effect, while in the backcrosses an obvious segregation of genotypes was observed; both generations showed a reciprocal difference, depending on the source of the Y chromosome. The character of sperm head abnormality seems to be polygenically determined, one of the genes being located on chromosome Y.Seven generations of backcrosses were performed in which the Y chromosome from CBA was introduced to the genetical background of the KE strain. In the seventh generation 10·2% of abnormal spermatozoa were found, which is significantly lower than in the KE strain. The difference shows the net effect of the Y-linked locus. A correlated difference was found in the fertilization rate, indicating that a factor influencing male fertility is located on chromosome Y. It does not seem to influence the shape of normal spermatozoan heads.Karyotype analysis did not reveal gross abnormalities in the KE strain.

scholarly journals Karayaka Koyunlarında Gebelikte Kondisyon Puanı ve Transabdominal Ultrasonografi Yönteminin Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Araştırma

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1789
Author(s):  
Hilal Tozlu Çelik ◽  
Fatih Ahmet Aslan ◽  
Yeliz Kaşko Arıcı ◽  
Metehan Eser Kahveci ◽  
İbrahim Kiper
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
The Body ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Pregnancy And Birth

In this study, it was aimed to determine the number of pregnancies and infants by B-Mod Real Time 3.5 MHz linear transabdominal probe ultrasonography device on the 50th day of pregnancy in 126 head Karayaka sheep. In addition, the relationship between body condition score and fry birth weight was tried to be determined on the 50th day of pregnancy and sheep age. The findings obtained by ultrasonography device were compared with the lambing records. In this study, the accuracy of ultrasound examination was 84% and sensitivity was 93%. The correlation coefficient between the average body condition score of the sheep on the 50th day of pregnancy and birth weight of the offspring was calculated as 0.234 and it was found to be statistically significant. It was determined that there was a significant relationship between the sheep age and the body condition score at the 50th day of pregnancy.

scholarly journals PRESTASI BERANAK TERNAK BABI YANG MENGGUNAKAN HORMON PMSG DAN hCG PADA PETERNAKAN KOMERSIAL DI KELURAHAN KAYAWU

ZOOTEC ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Tery Wenda ◽  
Frans A. Kairupan ◽  
Petrus R. R. I. Montong ◽  
Sjaloom E. Sakul ◽  
Mien Th. R. Lapian
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Serum Gonadotropin ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

ABSTRAKSuperovulasi merupakan salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan derajat ovulasi dengan penyuntikan hormon gonadotropin pada tubuh hewan betina. Pada umumnya hewan donor disuntik dengan preparat follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) danPregnant mare's serum gonadotropin(PMSG) atau kombinasi (Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin) dan human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).Tujuan Penelitian iniadalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana prestasi beranak babi dara (calon induk) dengan menggunakan hormon pregnant mare's serum gonadropin (PMSG) dan human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG).Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) terdiri atas dua perlakuan (menggunakan dan tanpa menggunakan hormon PMSG dan hCG) dengan masing-masing 21 ulangan. Semua data dianalisa dengan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA) Steel dan Torrie (1993).Variabel yang diamati untuk adalah litter size, berat lahir anak babi yang dilahirkan dan mortalitas anak babi yang lahir sampai disapih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah anak babi yang lahir hidup dalam satu kelahiran ada perbedaan sangat nyata bahwa yang lahir dari induk Superovulasi dibandingkan dengan induk yang tidak disuperovulasikan, rata-rata 9.19-6.66 ekor. Dan juga berat lahir rata-rata 1.53-1.40 kg Demikian juga mortalitas anak rata-rata 14.36-29.19%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunakan hormon PMSG dan hCG dapat memperbaiki litter size lahir, bobot lahir, dan menekan persentase mortalitas ternak babi. Kata Kunci:Potensi beranak babi dara,hormon PMSG dan hCG, Babi betina bunting.ABSTRACTTHE ACHIEVEMENT PIGS BEAR LIVESTOCK USING PMSG AND hCG HORMONE ON RANCH IN THE VILLAGE COMMERCIAL KAYAWU. Superovulation is an effort to increase the degree of ovulation by injection of gonadotropin hormones in the body of a female animal. In general, animal donors were injected with preparations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) or a combination (Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The objective of this research was to determine the extent of achievement farrow dara (prospective parent) using pregnant mare's serum hormone gonadropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The research using completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of two treatments (using and without using PMSG and hCG hormone) with 21 replications each. All data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) Steel and Torrie (1993). Variables was observed for litter size, birth weight piglets born and piglets born mortality until weaning. The results showed that the number of piglets born alive in the birth there is a very real difference that is born of a parent superovulation compared with the parent who does not to superovulated on average 9.19–6.66 tail. And also the average birth weight 1:53 to 1:40 kilograms likewise the average child mortality 14.36–29.19%. From the results of the study concluded that the use of PMSG and hCG hormone can improve birth litter size, birth weight and reduce the percentage of mortality of pigs. Keywords: Extent of achievement of gilt,PMSG dan hCG hormone, and Pregnant mare.

scholarly journals Performance of Booroola Merino and Finnsheep crossbred lambs and ewes

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 492-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Young ◽  
G. E. Dickerson
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Kidney Fat ◽  
The Difference

Booroola Merino (B, n= 18) and Finnsheep (F, n =31) rams were mated to F ewes and C3 ewes (1/2 Columbia, 1/4 Suffolk, 1/4 Hampshire). Progeny of these matings were evaluated for performance traits including ewe reproduction through 3 years of age. Averaged over dam breeds, there was no significant difference between B and F sires for conception rate (CR), litter size (LS) at birth or weaning or for lamb mortality to weaning. The difference among sire breeds was not large or significant for birth weight but F sired lambs were significantly heavier than B sired lambs at 63 and 147 days of age. Relative to F sired lambs, B sired lambs had a higher dressing percentage and less fat at the 12th rib but equal estimated percentage kidney fat. A significantly smaller percentage of B-C3 than F, F-C3 or B-F ewe lambs reached puberty by the end of their first breeding season. Ovulation rate at first mating was higher but embryo survival rate tended to be lower for B sired ewes than for F sired ewes. At 2 years of age, B sired ewes produced about 1 kg more wool than F sired ewes. With the exception of the very poor CR of B-C3 ewes at first parity, the differences between the four ewe genotypes were not large or significant for CR at first, second and third parity. The difference between B and F sired ewes in LS at birth was not significant at first parity but B sired ewes were more prolific at second and third parities. However, differences in lamb mortality reduced, and in some cases removed, the differences in LS by weaning time. Relative use of these breeds in commercial U.S. production schemes is discussed.

scholarly journals The birth weight of rabbits born after heterospermic insemination

1960 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Beatty
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Prenatal Growth ◽  
Mature Weight ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Object Of Study

1. Two rabbit sires were used for insemination of sixty-eight females. Insemination was either homospermic (one sire at a time) or heterospermic (mixed semen from the two sires). Each offspring could be traced to its sire by genetic marks. The sires differed in weight and were known to give offspring differing in mature weight and named Large and Small offspring. The object of study was the birth weight of these offspring in logarithmic transformation.2. After heterospermic insemination, there was no evidence of any real ‘heterospermic vigour’ in the average birth weight of the litter as a whole.3. After heterospermic insemination, the difference in birth weight between the two kinds of offspring was accentuated (enhancement effect). This confirms a previous experiment.4. The enhancement effect is ascribed to competition among embryos. It is not attributable to postulated changes in the gestation period. It appears to arise from an increase in the birth weight of Large offspring, together with a possible decrease in the birth weight of Small offspring. These changes in birth weight are attributable to changes in prenatal growth rate.5. The bearing of this work on Russian experiments with heterospermie insemination is discussed.

scholarly journals Factors affecting birth weight in sheep: maternal environment

Reproduction ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
D S Gardner ◽  
P J Buttery ◽  
Z Daniel ◽  
M E Symonds
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Maternal Characteristics ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Knowledge of factors affecting variation in birth weight is especially important given the relationship of birth weight to neonatal and adult health. The present study utilises two large contemporary datasets in sheep of differing breeds to explore factors that influence weight at term. For dataset one (Study 1;n=154 Blue-faced Leicester×Swaledale (Mule) and 87 Welsh Mountain ewes, 315 separate cases of birth weight), lamb birth weight as the outcome measure was related to maternal characteristics and individual energy intake of the ewe during specified periods of gestation, i.e. early (1–30 days; term ~147 days gestation), mid (31–80 days) or late (110–147 days) pregnancy. For dataset two (Study 2;n=856 Mule ewes and 5821 cases of birth weight), we investigated using multilevel modelling the influence of ewe weight, parity, barrenness, lamb sex, litter size, lamb mortality and year of birth on lamb birth weight. For a subset of these ewes (n=283), the effect of the ewes’ own birth weight was also examined. Interactions between combinations of variables were selectively investigated. Litter size, as expected, had the single greatest influence on birth weight with other significant effects being year of birth, maternal birth weight, maternal nutrition, sex of the lamb, ewe barrenness and maternal body composition at mating. The results of the present study have practical implications not only for sheep husbandry but also for the increased knowledge of factors that significantly influence variation in birth weight; as birth weight itself has become a significant predictor of later health outcomes.

scholarly journals Multiple-trait structured antedependence model to study the relationship between litter size and birth weight in pigs and rabbits

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid David ◽  
Hervé Garreau ◽  
Elodie Balmisse ◽  
Yvon Billon ◽  
Laurianne Canario
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Multiple Trait ◽  
The Relationship
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