LYSINE AND FAT SUPPLEMENTATION OF WEANLING PIG DIETS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Anderson ◽  
F. P. Bowland
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Fat Supplementation ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs

Three experiments, each of 6 weeks duration, were conducted with 23-day-old pigs averaging 5.9 kg initial weight. Three and four successive 0.2% additions of L-lysine to a 0.45% lysine, 14.2% protein basal diet improved feed consumption, gain, and the efficiency of feed and energy utilization. Adding 5% fat to the diets resulted in greater responses in gain and feed intake and conversion with male than with female pigs. No difference was observed between Yorkshire and Lacombe × Yorkshire pigs. A calorie-lysine ratio of 4000-kcal digestible energy per kg per unit percentage lysine was shown to be adequate for maximum efficiency of feed utilization, but a ratio of at least 3500:1 was needed for maximum gains.Metabolism trials were conducted when pigs were 5 and 9 weeks of age. Supplemental lysine increased the digestibility of lysine and the retention of nitrogen. The nitrogen digestibility improved with age of both sexes, but lysine digestibility improved with aging of the male pigs only. More energy and nitrogen were digested and more nitrogen was retained from the diets by the Yorkshire than by the Lacombe × Yorkshire pigs, especially at 5 weeks of age. The addition of fat did not influence any of the metabolism measures. The better diets were compared with a 22% protein, 1.18% lysine practical prestarter. Results did not differ between the diets.

SUPPLEMENTAL FAT AS AN ENERGY SOURCE IN THE DIETS OF SWINE AND RATS: I. FOOD AND ENERGY UTILIZATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Kuryvial ◽  
J. P. Bowland ◽  
R. T. Berg
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Supplemental Fat

Experiments with castrate male Landrace × Lacombe – Yorkshire and Yorkshire × Lacombe – Yorkshire pigs, weighing 15 to 195 pounds, and with weanling male rats, were designed to study the value of stabilized tallow as an energy source. A 3 × 3 factorial design was used with rations containing 0, 15 and 30 per cent supplemental fat (gross energy levels of 4.0, 4.8 and 5.4 kcal./gm. of ration) and 14, 18 and 22 per cent protein.The addition of 15 or 30 per cent supplemental fat to the rations of pigs decreased feed consumption, increased average daily gain, and improved efficiency of digestible energy and feed utilization. Generally the higher levels of protein in the ration resulted in increased feed consumption, increased rate of gain, and improved efficiency of digestible energy and feed utilization as compared to the lower level of protein. The results from the rat experiment were similar, except that fat levels in the rations did not influence rate of gain or efficiency of digestible energy utilization.Carcasses of pigs receiving supplemental fat in their rations had an increased thickness of backfat and higher dressing percentage. As protein levels in the rations increased, average backfat thickness decreased and area of loin muscle increased. Several significant interactions occurred which were associated with breeding or with replicate differences.

scholarly journals Effect of Herbal Liver Stimulants on the Performance of Hy-line Commercial Layer

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Damodar Neupane ◽  
Mukesh Karki ◽  
C. R. Upreti ◽  
Tribhuveneshor Dhaubhadel
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Additional Income ◽  
Calculated Average ◽  
Observation Period

An investigation was undertaken on 180 day-old Hy-line layer chicks to assess the effect of herbal products on feed consumption, egg production and profitability. The experimental chicks were randomly divided in three groups with three replicates in each and were housed in identical management and environmental conditions. Dietary treatments were prepared by addition of herbal liver stimulants such as Livoliv 250 @500 g/ton (D2) and Superliv @500g/ton (D3) in the basal diet (D1). Feed intake, egg production and mortality were recorded throughout the observation period of 50 weeks. Feed per unit of egg production, hen day percentage, additional income of supplemented diet over the basal diet were calculated. Average daily intake (g) of the diets per bird were observed as 59.19±1.05 g, 58.31±0.337 g and 57.67±0.163 g up to 20 weeks and 108.94±0.06 g, 109.01±0.05 g and 108.26±0.41 g during the laying period fed with D3, D1 and D2 diets respectively. Similarly, higher hen day egg % (76.9%) was recorded in the birds fed with Superliv supplemented diet (D3), followed by Livoliv supplemented diet (D2) (73.4%) and Basal diet (D1) (72.1%) with feed intake per unit egg production of 179.3 g, 178.1 g and 193.0 g, respectively. Total egg production was found higher with D3 (161.49 egg), followed by D2 (154.15 egg) and basal diet (151.45 egg) with layer house cumulative mortality only in D3 (3.75%). Additional profits of Rs. 35.18 and Rs. 12.86 in terms of egg selling over feed cost per layer were calculated for the bird fed with Superliv supplemented diet (D3) and Liveloliv supplemented diet (D2) than that of the basal diet. Key words: layer; herbal products; liver stimulant; feed efficiency; profit DOI: 10.3126/njst.v9i0.3162 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 9 (2008) 37-40

Substitution of sorghum grain for molasses increases the liveweight gain of steers given molasses-based diets

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. PEIRIS ◽  
R. ELLIOTT ◽  
B. W. NORTON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Sorghum Grain

Sorghum grain was included in a basal diet of molasses (molasses 505, urea 21, sunflower meal 191, pangola grass hay 250, minerals 31 g/kg as fed) at rates of 0, 202, 391 and 707 g/kg, generating diets in which grain replaced 0 (diet A), 33 (diet B), 66 (diet C) and 100% (diet D) of the molasses and hay. The four diets were fed to groups of four Hereford steers (293–334 kg liveweight) over a 96-day period. One half of each treatment group was implanted with a growth promotant (zeranol), and all were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir at the end of the trial. The inclusion of 33% grain increased voluntary feed consumption, digestible dry matter (DM) intake (from 57·6 to 82·0 g digestible DM/kg0·75 per day and significantly increased liveweight gain from 592 to 900 g/day. Zeranol implantation also increased liveweight gain but not feed intake. Steers given only grain (diet D) had the highest liveweight gains (1127 g/day). The addition of grain to molasses diets decreased urinary N excretion and increased ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in rumen fluid. Molar proportions of propionic acid in total VFA increased from 0·15 to 0·20, and butyric acid decreased from 0·36 to 0·29 when 33% of the molasses was replaced by sorghum grain. The fat content (depth at sacral position) of the carcasses of steers given grain only (diet D) was significantly greater (14 mm) than that of steers given the basal diet of molasses (4 mm), and carcass fat contents were intermediate (10 and 11 mm) for steers given diets B and C respectively. It was concluded that the inclusion of small amounts of grain in molasses-based diets increased cattle growth principally by increasing digestible energy intake without decreasing molasses intake, thus improving the efficiency of utilization of molasses in molasses-based diets.

Bromocriptine-induced reduction of body fat in pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Southern ◽  
A. H. Cincotta ◽  
A. H. Meier ◽  
T. D. Bidner ◽  
K. L. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Intact Female ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Fat Thickness

Abstract An experiment was conducted with 36 crossbred finishing pigs (18 male castrates and 18 females) to evaluate the effect of bromocriptine implants on growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and carcass characteristics. Three levels of bromocriptine (0, 5 and 10 mg/[pig·d]) were administered, via implants at the base of the ear, to six (two replicates of three) male castrates or to six (two replicates of three) intact female pigs (2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments). Average initial weight of pigs at the time of implantation was 89.7 kg, and the implants remained in the pigs for 28 (replicate 1) or 30 (replicate 2) d prior to slaughter. Gain, feed intake and efficiency of feed utilization were not affected (P > .10) by bromocriptine. Plasma urea nitrogen was lower in female pigs administered 10 mg bromocriptine; bromocriptine did not affect PUN of male pigs (gender × bromocriptine, P < .08). Tenth rib fat thickness and average backfat thickness were lower (P < .06) and percentage of muscling was higher (P < .06) in pigs implanted with bromocriptine. Female pigs had less 10th rib fat but larger loin eye areas and a greater percentage of muscling than male pigs.

RAPESEED MEAL AS A REPLACEMENT FOR SOYBEAN MEAL IN DIETS OF PROGENY FROM SOWS FED EITHER PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Bowland ◽  
F. W. Schuld
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Initial Weight

First- and second-litter progeny from sows fed either 0 or 8% solvent-extracted rapeseed meal in replacement for isonitrogenous amounts of soybean meal and wheat was used to evaluate solvent-extracted rapeseed meal as a protein source. There was no influence of the dam’s diet on gain, efficiency of feed utilization, digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) or digestible nitrogen (DN) and nitrogen retention in the progeny. In pigs from first litters, the feeding of 8% rapeseed meal, compared with 0% rapeseed meal, depressed feed intake and rate of gain in the finishing period from 55 to 90 kg liveweight, and resulted in reduced gain and poorer efficiency of feed utilization for the overall experiment from 6 kg initial weight. Carcasses from rapeseed meal-fed pigs were leaner. Gilt carcasses were leaner than barrow carcasses. With second-litter pigs, there were no significant differences associated with dietary treatment or sex. There were no significant differences in DE or ME or in DN and nitrogen retention between pigs receiving 0 or 8% rapeseed meal in either the starting diets at 6 weeks of age or the growing diets at 40 kg liveweight.

Effect of methionine and lysine supplementation of diets for laying hens, on production and feed intake

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW McDonald ◽  
IJ Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Multiple Regression Equation ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Egg Weight

Six diets containing five levels of methionine and two of lysme were each fed to 12 Leghorn and 12 Australorp pullets for a period of 16 weeks Body weight changes, egg production, egg weight and feed intake were measured Although responses to the diets did not differ significantly In univariate analyses, multrvarrate analysis lndicated a srgnificant interaction between breeds and diets. Increased methionine produced small, significant Increases In egg weight, although responses were inconsistent at different levels Body weight gains were not significantly different between diets. Egg production and feed consumption were significantly affected by diet?, but the pattern of response was also inconsistent. A discriminate function analysis showed a consistent response to increased methionine, which indicated that the basal diet was deficient and that the pullets required a total of 0 275% methionine in their diet Lysine supplementation produced a 'significant decrease In feed intake but had no significant effect on any other variable.A multiple regression equation relating metabolizable energy intake to the variables measured in the experiment was calculated and compared with others reported In the literature This was used to predict the requirements of the pullets for a number of essential amino acids.

scholarly journals INGREDIENT AND PROCESSING INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN SWINE FEEDS: IV. EFFECTS OF VARIOUS LEVELS AND KINDS OF FIBROUS DILUENTS IN FINISHER RATIONS, FED AS MEAL OR PELLETS, ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS QUALITY OF SWINE

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Troelsen ◽  
J. M. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Corn Cobs ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Alfalfa Meal

A feeding experiment, of 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 factorial design (two sexes, pellets versus meal, three levels of fiber and five sources of fiber) involving 60 gilts and 60 barrows, weighing initially 100 ± 5 pounds, and individually fed to 200 ± 5 pounds, was carried out. The basal ration was composed of equal parts wheat and barley with soybean oil meal and meat meal as the protein supplement. This ration was diluted with three levels each of oat hulls, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, cellulose and ground corn cobs so as to obtain estimated T.D.N. levels in the ration of 62, 65 and 68 per cent. All rations were supplemented with vitamins and minerals. Each ration was fed as meal and as 3/16-inch pellets. Feed was allowed during two 1-hour periods daily and was, therefore, partially restricted.A Cr2O3-marker digestibility study was carried out in mid-test and the carcasses were assessed following slaughter.Daily feed intakes varied, depending on the diluent used, thus revealing that factors other than T.D.N. levels per se influence feed consumption by pigs self-fed rations balanced in other respects. The net effect on digestible energy intake was interpreted for each type of diluent in relation to the attainment of desirable rates of gain and carcass quality of Yorkshire pigs. Digestible energy intakes per day decreased by 43, 43, 36, 56 and 92 kcal. for each 1 per cent increase in the amount of oat hulls, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, cellulose or corn cobs, respectively.Pelleting was found to increase digestible energy intakes by 10 to 15 per cent, mainly as a result of improved digestibility of energy components.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADDING PENICILLIN TO A MIXTURE OF CHLORTETRACYCLINE AND SULFAMETHAZINE TO IMPROVE GROWTH OF WEANLING PIGS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. BRIDGE ◽  
B. D. OWEN ◽  
R. M. BEAMES
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Similar Growth

Three groups, each of five pigs, of initial age 5–6 weeks and initial weight 12 kg, were placed on each of three wheat-soybean-meal-based diets of 18% crude protein content. The diets contained either (a) no antibiotic, (b) 110 mg/kg chlortetracycline hydrochloride, 110 mg/kg sulfamethazine and 55 mg/kg penicillin, or (c) diet (b) minus penicillin. Both antibiotic treatments produced a similar growth response of approximately 12%, which resulted partly from an increased feed intake and partly from an improved efficiency of feed utilization. Key words: Antibiotic, pigs, growth

The response of pigs weaned at 5 weeks of age to digestible energy and lysine concentrations in the diet

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Lower Energy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Lower Energy Density

AbstractEight-hundred-and-fifty-two pigs were weaned at 5 weeks of age, and at an average weight of 8·5 kg were allocated in pens of 14 or 15 to diets having 13·6 or 14·6 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg combined with 11·0 or 11·8 g lysine per kg.Over a 5-week experimental period, pigs receiving the diet with the higher DE content had a lower daily feed intake, improved feed conversion efficiency (FCE) but a similar rate of gain to those getting less DE/kg. Efficiency of utilization of energy was poorer when DE content was higher.Increasing lysine level increased daily feed intake and rate of gain while improving FCE. There were significant energy x lysine interactions. At the lower energy density, increasing the lysine level resulted in increased daily feed intakes whereas the reverse was the case at the higher energy density. Daily gain increased when lysine level was increased at the lower energy density but was unaffected at the higher density. Efficiency of energy utilization was improved by increasing lysine at the higher but not at the lower energy level.

Blood prolactin depression in growing pigs fed sorghum ergot (Claviceps africana)

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Blaney ◽  
J. S. Kopinski ◽  
M. H. Magee ◽  
R. A. McKenzie ◽  
G. W. Blight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Claviceps Africana ◽  
Full Trial

The toxicity of sorghum ergot (Claviceps africana) was assessed in young pigs over 28 days. Forty-eight pigs of both sexes and 2 breeds (Large White and Duroc) were allocated across 6 grower diets, balanced for fibre and predicted digestible energy, and containing 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.3, 2.5, or 5% ergot sclerotia [the 5% sclerotia diet contained 70 mg alkaloids/kg (>90% dihydroergosine)]. Blood samples taken on Days 0 and 28 were analysed for prolactin and clinical, biochemical, and haematological indices of health. Feed consumption and liveweight were individually monitored. There were no clinical signs of illness attributable to ergotism in the pigs. Blood prolactin concentrations were significantly depressed in pigs receiving 9 mg alkaloids/kg (0.6% sclerotia) and by >80% in pigs receiving 35 and 70 mg alkaloids/kg, clearly indicating a potential to interfere with lactation in sows. Reductions in feed intake and poor feed conversion were observed over the first 7 days with >9 mg alkaloids/kg, but some tolerance developed later. Feed refusal was more pronounced for pigs of the Duroc breed. Over the full trial period, growth was reduced by about 30% in pigs receiving 70 mg alkaloids/kg, as a result of poor feed intake and feed conversion. Digestible energy of diets containing ergot was later found to be lower than predicted, which contributed to this result.

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